# Sandbox do macOS

<details>

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## Informações básicas

O Sandbox do macOS (inicialmente chamado de Seatbelt) **limita as aplicações** em execução dentro do sandbox às **ações permitidas especificadas no perfil do Sandbox** com o qual a aplicação está sendo executada. Isso ajuda a garantir que **a aplicação esteja acessando apenas os recursos esperados**.

Qualquer aplicativo com a **permissão** **`com.apple.security.app-sandbox`** será executado dentro do sandbox. **Binários da Apple** geralmente são executados dentro de um Sandbox e, para publicar na **App Store**, **essa permissão é obrigatória**. Portanto, a maioria das aplicações será executada dentro do sandbox.

Para controlar o que um processo pode ou não fazer, o **Sandbox tem hooks** em todas as **syscalls** em todo o kernel. **Dependendo** das **permissões** do aplicativo, o Sandbox permitirá **determinadas ações**.

Alguns componentes importantes do Sandbox são:

* A **extensão do kernel** `/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext`
* O **framework privado** `/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework`
* Um **daemon** em execução no espaço do usuário `/usr/libexec/sandboxd`
* Os **containers** `~/Library/Containers`

Dentro da pasta containers, você pode encontrar **uma pasta para cada aplicativo executado no sandbox** com o nome do bundle id:
```bash
ls -l ~/Library/Containers
total 0
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
[...]
```
Dentro de cada pasta de identificação de pacote, você pode encontrar o arquivo **plist** e o diretório **Data** do aplicativo:
```bash
cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
ls -la
total 104
drwx------@   4 username  staff    128 Mar 24 18:08 .
drwx------  348 username  staff  11136 May 23 20:57 ..
-rw-r--r--    1 username  staff  50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
drwx------   13 username  staff    416 Mar 24 18:05 Data

ls -l Data
total 0
drwxr-xr-x@  8 username  staff   256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
drwx------   2 username  staff    64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
drwx------  35 username  staff  1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
drwx------   2 username  staff    64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
drwx------   2 username  staff    64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp
```
{% hint style="danger" %}
Note que mesmo que os links simbólicos estejam lá para "escapar" do Sandbox e acessar outras pastas, o aplicativo ainda precisa **ter permissões** para acessá-las. Essas permissões estão dentro do **`.plist`**.
{% endhint %}
```bash
# Get permissions
plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -

# In this file you can find the entitlements:
<key>Entitlements</key>
	<dict>
		<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
		<true/>
[...]

# Some parameters
<key>Parameters</key>
	<dict>
		<key>_HOME</key>
		<string>/Users/username</string>
		<key>_UID</key>
		<string>501</string>
		<key>_USER</key>
		<string>username</string>
[...]

# The paths it can access
<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
	<array>
		<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
		<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
		<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
		<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
[...]
```
### Perfis de Sandbox

Os perfis de Sandbox são arquivos de configuração que indicam o que será **permitido/proibido** nessa **Sandbox**. Ele usa a **Linguagem de Perfil de Sandbox (SBPL)**, que usa a linguagem de programação [**Scheme**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme\_\(programming\_language\)).

Aqui você pode encontrar um exemplo:
```scheme
(version 1) ; First you get the version

(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies

(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything

(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
    (subpath "/Users/username/")
    (literal "/tmp/afile")
    (regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
)

(allow mach-lookup
    (global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
)
```
{% hint style="success" %}
Confira esta [**pesquisa**](https://reverse.put.as/2011/09/14/apple-sandbox-guide-v1-0/) **para verificar mais ações que podem ser permitidas ou negadas.**
{% endhint %}

Serviços importantes do **sistema** também são executados dentro de seus próprios **perfis de sandbox personalizados**, como o serviço `mdnsresponder`. Você pode visualizar esses **perfis de sandbox personalizados** em:

* **`/usr/share/sandbox`**
* **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles`**
* Outros perfis de sandbox podem ser verificados em [https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles](https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles).

Os aplicativos da **App Store** usam o **perfil** **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb`**. Você pode verificar neste perfil como as permissões, como **`com.apple.security.network.server`**, permitem que um processo use a rede.

O SIP é um perfil de sandbox chamado platform\_profile em /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf

### Exemplos de Perfil de Sandbox

Para iniciar um aplicativo com um **perfil de sandbox específico**, você pode usar:
```bash
sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application
```
{% code title="touch.sb" %}
# Sandboxed touch utility

(version 1)

(deny default)

(import "system.sb")

;; Allow reading and writing to the user's home directory
(allow file-read* file-write*
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Pictures/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Music/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Movies/$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Public/$")
)

;; Allow reading and writing to /tmp
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/tmp/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /var/folders
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/var/folders/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /Library/Preferences
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Library/Preferences/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /Library/Caches
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Library/Caches/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /usr/share
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/usr/share/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /usr/local/share
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/usr/local/share/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /Applications
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Applications/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /System/Library
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/System/Library/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/folders
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/folders/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/tmp
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/tmp/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/tmp
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/uuidtext
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/diagnostics
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/diagnostics/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/displaypolicyd
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/displaypolicyd/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/fseventsd
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/fseventsd/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/mds
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/Spotlight
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/Spotlight/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/TimeMachineResults
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/TimeMachineResults/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/lockdown
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/lockdown/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/locationd
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/locationd/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/ConfigurationProfiles
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/ConfigurationProfiles/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/DuetKnowledge
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/DuetKnowledge/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Contacts
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Contacts/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Events
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Events/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Places
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Places/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Topics
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Topics/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Addresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Addresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/EmailAddresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/EmailAddresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/PhoneNumbers
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/PhoneNumbers/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Photos
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Photos/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Relationships
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Relationships/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/JobTitles
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers
(allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))

;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
```
{% endcode %} (This is not a text to be translated, it's a markdown tag)
```bash
# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
# Check logs
log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
[...]
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
[...]
```
{% code title="touch2.sb" %}
```
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-write*
    (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Library/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Movies/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Music/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Pictures/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Public/.*")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Sites/.*")
    (regex #"^/Applications/.*")
    (regex #"^/usr/share/.*")
    (regex #"^/usr/lib/.*")
    (regex #"^/Library/.*")
    (regex #"^/System/.*")
    (regex #"^/bin/.*")
    (regex #"^/sbin/.*")
    (regex #"^/usr/bin/.*")
    (regex #"^/usr/sbin/.*")
    (regex #"^/usr/libexec/.*")
    (regex #"^/usr/local/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/db/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/root/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/tmp/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/folders/.*")
    (regex #"^/dev/.*")
    (regex #"^/etc/.*")
    (regex #"^/tmp/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/run/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/postfix/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/cups/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/fax/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucp/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/squid/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/at/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/cron/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/opendirectory/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/postgresql/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/imap/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/lpd/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/mqueue/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/samba/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/ssh/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
    (regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
; This will also fail because:
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /
```
{% code title="touch3.sb" %}
```
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-write*
    (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp$")
    (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp\.lock$"))
(allow file-read*
    (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp$"))
(allow file-read-metadata file-write-metadata
    (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp$"))
```
{% endcode %}
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
; This one will work
```
{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

{% hint style="info" %}
Observe que o **software** **desenvolvido pela Apple** que roda no **Windows** **não possui precauções de segurança adicionais**, como o sandboxing de aplicativos.
{% endhint %}

Exemplos de bypasses:

* [https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html](https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html)
* [https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c](https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c) (eles conseguem escrever arquivos fora do sandbox cujo nome começa com `~$`).

### Depurar e Bypass Sandbox

**Os processos não nascem sandboxed no macOS: ao contrário do iOS**, onde o sandbox é aplicado pelo kernel antes da primeira instrução de um programa ser executada, no macOS **um processo deve optar por se colocar no sandbox.**

Os processos são automaticamente sandboxed a partir do userland quando iniciam se tiverem a entitlement: `com.apple.security.app-sandbox`. Para uma explicação detalhada desse processo, verifique:

{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass/" %}
[macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass](macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### **Verificar Privilégios PID**

[De acordo com isso](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG715HcDgO8\&t=3011s), o **`sandbox_check`** (é um `__mac_syscall`), pode verificar **se uma operação é permitida ou não** pelo sandbox em um determinado PID.

A [**ferramenta sbtool**](http://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings\&file=sbtool.c) pode verificar se um PID pode executar uma determinada ação:
```bash
sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
sbtool <pid> all
```
### SBPL personalizado em aplicativos da App Store

Pode ser possível para empresas fazer seus aplicativos rodarem com **perfis de Sandbox personalizados** (em vez do padrão). Eles precisam usar o direito **`com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl`** que precisa ser autorizado pela Apple.

É possível verificar a definição desse direito em **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb:`**.
```scheme
(sandbox-array-entitlement
  "com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl"
  (lambda (string)
    (let* ((port (open-input-string string)) (sbpl (read port)))
      (with-transparent-redirection (eval sbpl)))))
```
Isso **avaliará a string após essa permissão** como um perfil de Sandbox.

<details>

<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>

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</details>