# macOS Objective-C
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## Objective-C
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Napomena da programi napisani u Objective-C **zadržavaju** svoje deklaracije klasa **kada** su **kompilirani** u [Mach-O binarne datoteke](macos-files-folders-and-binaries/universal-binaries-and-mach-o-format.md). Takve deklaracije klasa **uključuju** ime i tip:
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* Klase
* Metode klase
* Varijable instanci klase
Možete dobiti ove informacije koristeći [**class-dump**](https://github.com/nygard/class-dump):
```bash
class-dump Kindle.app
```
Napomena da bi ova imena mogla biti obfuskovana kako bi se otežalo obrnuto inženjerstvo binarnog koda.
## Klase, Metode i Objekti
### Interfejs, Svojstva i Metode
```objectivec
// Declare the interface of the class
@interface MyVehicle : NSObject
// Declare the properties
@property NSString *vehicleType;
@property int numberOfWheels;
// Declare the methods
- (void)startEngine;
- (void)addWheels:(int)value;
@end
```
### **Klasa**
```objectivec
@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject
// No need to indicate the properties, only define methods
- (void)startEngine {
NSLog(@"Engine started");
}
- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
self.numberOfWheels += value;
}
@end
```
### **Objekat & Pozivanje Metode**
Da biste kreirali instancu klase, poziva se metoda **`alloc`** koja **alokira memoriju** za svaku **svojstvo** i **postavlja** te alokacije na **nulu**. Zatim se poziva **`init`**, koja **inicijalizuje svojstva** na **potrebne vrednosti**.
```objectivec
// Something like this:
MyVehicle *newVehicle = [[MyVehicle alloc] init];
// Which is usually expressed as:
MyVehicle *newVehicle = [MyVehicle new];
// To call a method
// [myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]
[newVehicle addWheels:4];
```
### **Class Methods**
Klasa metode se definišu sa **plus znakom** (+) a ne sa crticom (-) koja se koristi sa instancama metoda. Kao što je **NSString** klasa metoda **`stringWithString`**:
```objectivec
+ (id)stringWithString:(NSString *)aString;
```
### Setter & Getter
Da **postavite** i **dobijete** svojstva, možete to uraditi sa **tačkom** ili kao da **pozivate metodu**:
```objectivec
// Set
newVehicle.numberOfWheels = 2;
[newVehicle setNumberOfWheels:3];
// Get
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", newVehicle.numberOfWheels);
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", [newVehicle numberOfWheels]);
```
### **Instance Variables**
Alternativno setter i getter metodama možete koristiti instance varijable. Ove varijable imaju isto ime kao svojstva, ali počinju sa "\_":
```objectivec
- (void)makeLongTruck {
_numberOfWheels = +10000;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfLeaves);
}
```
### Протоколи
Протоколи су сет декларација метода (без својстава). Класа која имплементира протокол имплементира декларисане методе.
Постоје 2 типа метода: **обавезни** и **опционални**. По **дефиницији** метод је **обавезан** (али то можете и да назначите са **`@required`** ознаком). Да бисте назначили да је метод опционалан, користите **`@optional`**.
```objectivec
@protocol myNewProtocol
- (void) method1; //mandatory
@required
- (void) method2; //mandatory
@optional
- (void) method3; //optional
@end
```
### Sve zajedno
```objectivec
// gcc -framework Foundation test_obj.m -o test_obj
#import
@protocol myVehicleProtocol
- (void) startEngine; //mandatory
@required
- (void) addWheels:(int)value; //mandatory
@optional
- (void) makeLongTruck; //optional
@end
@interface MyVehicle : NSObject
@property int numberOfWheels;
- (void)startEngine;
- (void)addWheels:(int)value;
- (void)makeLongTruck;
@end
@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject
- (void)startEngine {
NSLog(@"Engine started");
}
- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
self.numberOfWheels += value;
}
- (void)makeLongTruck {
_numberOfWheels = +10000;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfWheels);
}
@end
int main() {
MyVehicle* mySuperCar = [MyVehicle new];
[mySuperCar startEngine];
mySuperCar.numberOfWheels = 4;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
[mySuperCar setNumberOfWheels:3];
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
[mySuperCar makeLongTruck];
}
```
### Osnovne klase
#### String
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
// NSString
NSString *bookTitle = @"The Catcher in the Rye";
NSString *bookAuthor = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"J.D. Salinger" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSString *bookPublicationYear = [NSString stringWithCString:"1951" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
```
{% endcode %}
Osnovne klase su **nepromenljive**, tako da da biste dodali string postojećem, potrebno je **napraviti novi NSString**.
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
NSString *bookDescription = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ by %@ was published in %@", bookTitle, bookAuthor, bookPublicationYear];
```
{% endcode %}
Ili možete koristiti i **mutable** klasu stringa:
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
NSMutableString *mutableString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"The book "];
[mutableString appendString:bookTitle];
[mutableString appendString:@" was written by "];
[mutableString appendString:bookAuthor];
[mutableString appendString:@" and published in "];
[mutableString appendString:bookPublicationYear];
```
#### Broj
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
// character literals.
NSNumber *theLetterZ = @'Z'; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithChar:'Z']
// integral literals.
NSNumber *fortyTwo = @42; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithInt:42]
NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsigned = @42U; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:42U]
NSNumber *fortyTwoLong = @42L; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLong:42L]
NSNumber *fortyTwoLongLong = @42LL; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLongLong:42LL]
// floating point literals.
NSNumber *piFloat = @3.141592654F; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithFloat:3.141592654F]
NSNumber *piDouble = @3.1415926535; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithDouble:3.1415926535]
// BOOL literals.
NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]
NSNumber *noNumber = @NO; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:NO]
```
#### Nizovi, Skupovi i Rečnici
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
// Inmutable arrays
NSArray *colorsArray1 = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"red", @"green", @"blue", nil];
NSArray *colorsArray2 = @[@"yellow", @"cyan", @"magenta"];
NSArray *colorsArray3 = @[firstColor, secondColor, thirdColor];
// Mutable arrays
NSMutableArray *mutColorsArray = [NSMutableArray array];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"red"];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"green"];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"blue"];
[mutColorsArray addObject:@"yellow"];
[mutColorsArray replaceObjectAtIndex:0 withObject:@"purple"];
// Inmutable Sets
NSSet *fruitsSet1 = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"apple", @"banana", @"orange", nil];
NSSet *fruitsSet2 = [NSSet setWithArray:@[@"apple", @"banana", @"orange"]];
// Mutable sets
NSMutableSet *mutFruitsSet = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:@"apple", @"banana", @"orange", nil];
[mutFruitsSet addObject:@"grape"];
[mutFruitsSet removeObject:@"apple"];
// Dictionary
NSDictionary *fruitColorsDictionary = @{
@"apple" : @"red",
@"banana" : @"yellow",
@"orange" : @"orange",
@"grape" : @"purple"
};
// In dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys you specify the value and then the key:
NSDictionary *fruitColorsDictionary2 = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
@"red", @"apple",
@"yellow", @"banana",
@"orange", @"orange",
@"purple", @"grape",
nil];
// Mutable dictionary
NSMutableDictionary *mutFruitColorsDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:fruitColorsDictionary];
[mutFruitColorsDictionary setObject:@"green" forKey:@"apple"];
[mutFruitColorsDictionary removeObjectForKey:@"grape"];
```
{% endcode %}
### Blokovi
Blokovi su **funkcije koje se ponašaju kao objekti** tako da mogu biti prosleđeni funkcijama ili **smešteni** u **nizove** ili **rečnike**. Takođe, mogu **predstavljati vrednost ako im se dodele vrednosti** pa je to slično lambdama.
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
returnType (^blockName)(argumentType1, argumentType2, ...) = ^(argumentType1 param1, argumentType2 param2, ...){
//Perform operations here
};
// For example
int (^suma)(int, int) = ^(int a, int b){
return a+b;
};
NSLog(@"3+4 = %d", suma(3,4));
```
{% endcode %}
Takođe je moguće **definisati tip bloka koji će se koristiti kao parametar** u funkcijama:
```objectivec
// Define the block type
typedef void (^callbackLogger)(void);
// Create a bloack with the block type
callbackLogger myLogger = ^{
NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my block");
};
// Use it inside a function as a param
void genericLogger(callbackLogger blockParam) {
NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my function");
blockParam();
}
genericLogger(myLogger);
// Call it inline
genericLogger(^{
NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my second block");
});
```
### Datoteke
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```objectivec
// Manager to manage files
NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
// Check if file exists:
if ([fileManager fileExistsAtPath:@"/path/to/file.txt" ] == YES) {
NSLog (@"File exists");
}
// copy files
if ([fileManager copyItemAtPath: @"/path/to/file1.txt" toPath: @"/path/to/file2.txt" error:nil] == YES) {
NSLog (@"Copy successful");
}
// Check if the content of 2 files match
if ([fileManager contentsEqualAtPath:@"/path/to/file1.txt" andPath:@"/path/to/file2.txt"] == YES) {
NSLog (@"File contents match");
}
// Delete file
if ([fileManager removeItemAtPath:@"/path/to/file1.txt" error:nil]) {
NSLog(@"Removed successfully");
}
```
{% endcode %}
Takođe je moguće upravljati datotekama **koristeći `NSURL` objekte umesto `NSString`** objekata. Imena metoda su slična, ali **sa `URL` umesto `Path`**.
```objectivec
{% hint style="success" %}
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)\
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: [**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
Support HackTricks
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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{% endhint %}hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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