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windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/privilege-escalation-abusing-tokens.md
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# Privilege Escalation Abusing Tokens
<details> <details>
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</details> </details>
## Tokens
# Tokens
If you **don't know what are Windows Access Tokens** read this page before continuing: If you **don't know what are Windows Access Tokens** read this page before continuing:
@ -27,39 +22,47 @@ If you **don't know what are Windows Access Tokens** read this page before conti
**Maybe you could be able to escalate privileges abusing the tokens you already have** **Maybe you could be able to escalate privileges abusing the tokens you already have**
## SeImpersonatePrivilege (3.1.1) ### SeImpersonatePrivilege (3.1.1)
Any process holding this privilege can **impersonate** (but not create) any **token** for which it is able to gethandle. You can get a **privileged token** from a **Windows service** (DCOM) making it perform an **NTLM authentication** against the exploit, then execute a process as **SYSTEM**. Exploit it with [juicy-potato](https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato), [RogueWinRM ](https://github.com/antonioCoco/RogueWinRM)(needs winrm disabled), [SweetPotato](https://github.com/CCob/SweetPotato), [PrintSpoofer](https://github.com/itm4n/PrintSpoofer). Any process holding this privilege can **impersonate** (but not create) any **token** for which it is able to gethandle. You can get a **privileged token** from a **Windows service** (DCOM) making it perform an **NTLM authentication** against the exploit, then execute a process as **SYSTEM**. Exploit it with [juicy-potato](https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato), [RogueWinRM ](https://github.com/antonioCoco/RogueWinRM)(needs winrm disabled), [SweetPotato](https://github.com/CCob/SweetPotato), [PrintSpoofer](https://github.com/itm4n/PrintSpoofer):
## SeAssignPrimaryPrivilege (3.1.2) {% content-ref url="roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md" %}
[roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md](roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
{% content-ref url="juicypotato.md" %}
[juicypotato.md](juicypotato.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
### SeAssignPrimaryPrivilege (3.1.2)
It is very similar to **SeImpersonatePrivilege**, it will use the **same method** to get a privileged token.\ It is very similar to **SeImpersonatePrivilege**, it will use the **same method** to get a privileged token.\
Then, this privilege allows **to assign a primary token** to a new/suspended process. With the privileged impersonation token you can derivate a primary token (DuplicateTokenEx).\ Then, this privilege allows **to assign a primary token** to a new/suspended process. With the privileged impersonation token you can derivate a primary token (DuplicateTokenEx).\
With the token, you can create a **new process** with 'CreateProcessAsUser' or create a process suspended and **set the token** (in general, you cannot modify the primary token of a running process). With the token, you can create a **new process** with 'CreateProcessAsUser' or create a process suspended and **set the token** (in general, you cannot modify the primary token of a running process).
## SeTcbPrivilege (3.1.3) ### SeTcbPrivilege (3.1.3)
If you have enabled this token you can use **KERB\_S4U\_LOGON** to get an **impersonation token** for any other user without knowing the credentials, **add an arbitrary group** (admins) to the token, set the **integrity level** of the token to "**medium**", and assign this token to the **current thread** (SetThreadToken). If you have enabled this token you can use **KERB\_S4U\_LOGON** to get an **impersonation token** for any other user without knowing the credentials, **add an arbitrary group** (admins) to the token, set the **integrity level** of the token to "**medium**", and assign this token to the **current thread** (SetThreadToken).
## SeBackupPrivilege (3.1.4) ### SeBackupPrivilege (3.1.4)
This privilege causes the system to **grant all read access** control to any file (only read).\ This privilege causes the system to **grant all read access** control to any file (only read).\
Use it to **read the password hashes of local Administrator** accounts from the registry and then use "**psexec**" or "**wmicexec**" with the hash (PTH).\ Use it to **read the password hashes of local Administrator** accounts from the registry and then use "**psexec**" or "**wmicexec**" with the hash (PTH).\
This attack won't work if the Local Administrator is disabled, or if it is configured that a Local Admin isn't admin if he is connected remotely.\ This attack won't work if the Local Administrator is disabled, or if it is configured that a Local Admin isn't admin if he is connected remotely.\
You can **abuse this privilege** with: [https://github.com/Hackplayers/PsCabesha-tools/blob/master/Privesc/Acl-FullControl.ps1](https://github.com/Hackplayers/PsCabesha-tools/blob/master/Privesc/Acl-FullControl.ps1) or with [https://github.com/giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege/tree/master/SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets/bin/Debug](https://github.com/giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege/tree/master/SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets/bin/Debug) or following IppSec in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfCysW0Od8w\&t=2610\&ab\_channel=IppSec](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfCysW0Od8w\&t=2610\&ab\_channel=IppSec) You can **abuse this privilege** with: [https://github.com/Hackplayers/PsCabesha-tools/blob/master/Privesc/Acl-FullControl.ps1](https://github.com/Hackplayers/PsCabesha-tools/blob/master/Privesc/Acl-FullControl.ps1) or with [https://github.com/giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege/tree/master/SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets/bin/Debug](https://github.com/giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege/tree/master/SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets/bin/Debug) or following IppSec in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfCysW0Od8w\&t=2610\&ab\_channel=IppSec](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfCysW0Od8w\&t=2610\&ab\_channel=IppSec)
## SeRestorePrivilege (3.1.5) ### SeRestorePrivilege (3.1.5)
**Write access** control to any file on the system, regardless of the files ACL.\ **Write access** control to any file on the system, regardless of the files ACL.\
You can **modify services**, DLL Hijacking, set **debugger** (Image File Execution Options)… A lot of options to escalate. You can **modify services**, DLL Hijacking, set **debugger** (Image File Execution Options)… A lot of options to escalate.
## SeCreateTokenPrivilege (3.1.6) ### SeCreateTokenPrivilege (3.1.6)
This token **can be used** as EoP method **only** if the user **can impersonate** tokens (even without SeImpersonatePrivilege).\ This token **can be used** as EoP method **only** if the user **can impersonate** tokens (even without SeImpersonatePrivilege).\
In a possible scenario, a user can impersonate the token if it is for the same user and the integrity level is less or equal to the current process integrity level.\ In a possible scenario, a user can impersonate the token if it is for the same user and the integrity level is less or equal to the current process integrity level.\
In this case, the user could **create an impersonation token** and add to it a privileged group SID. In this case, the user could **create an impersonation token** and add to it a privileged group SID.
## SeLoadDriverPrivilege (3.1.7) ### SeLoadDriverPrivilege (3.1.7)
**Load and unload device drivers.**\ **Load and unload device drivers.**\
You need to create an entry in the registry with values for ImagePath and Type.\ You need to create an entry in the registry with values for ImagePath and Type.\
@ -67,61 +70,53 @@ As you don't have access to write to HKLM, you have to **use HKCU**. But HKCU do
So, you have to **create all that path inside HKCU and set the ImagePath** (path to the binary that is going to be executed) **and Type** (SERVICE\_KERNEL\_DRIVER 0x00000001).\ So, you have to **create all that path inside HKCU and set the ImagePath** (path to the binary that is going to be executed) **and Type** (SERVICE\_KERNEL\_DRIVER 0x00000001).\
[**Learn how to exploit it here.**](../active-directory-methodology/privileged-accounts-and-token-privileges.md#seloaddriverprivilege) [**Learn how to exploit it here.**](../active-directory-methodology/privileged-accounts-and-token-privileges.md#seloaddriverprivilege)
## SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege (3.1.8) ### SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege (3.1.8)
This privilege is very similar to **SeRestorePrivilege**.\ This privilege is very similar to **SeRestorePrivilege**.\
It allows a process to “**take ownership of an object** without being granted discretionary access” by granting the WRITE\_OWNER access right.\ It allows a process to “**take ownership of an object** without being granted discretionary access” by granting the WRITE\_OWNER access right.\
First, you have to **take ownership of the registry key** that you are going to write on and **modify the DACL** so you can write on it. First, you have to **take ownership of the registry key** that you are going to write on and **modify the DACL** so you can write on it.
## SeDebugPrivilege (3.1.9) ### SeDebugPrivilege (3.1.9)
It allows the holder to **debug another process**, this includes reading and **writing** to that **process' memory.**\ It allows the holder to **debug another process**, this includes reading and **writing** to that **process' memory.**\
There are a lot of various **memory injection** strategies that can be used with this privilege that evade a majority of AV/HIPS solutions. There are a lot of various **memory injection** strategies that can be used with this privilege that evade a majority of AV/HIPS solutions.
# Check privileges ## Check privileges
``` ```
whoami /priv whoami /priv
``` ```
The **tokens that appear as **_**Disabled**_** can be enable**, you you actually can abuse _Enabled_ and _Disabled_ tokens. The **tokens that appear as \_Disabled**\_\*\* can be enable\*\*, you you actually can abuse _Enabled_ and _Disabled_ tokens.
# Table ## Table
Full token privileges cheatsheet at [https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin](https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin), summary below will only list direct ways to exploit the privilege to obtain an admin session or read sensitive files.\ Full token privileges cheatsheet at [https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin](https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin), summary below will only list direct ways to exploit the privilege to obtain an admin session or read sensitive files.\\
| Privilege | Impact | Tool | Execution path | Remarks |
| ---------------------- | ----------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `SeAssignPrimaryToken` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | _"It would allow a user to impersonate tokens and privesc to nt system using tools such as potato.exe, rottenpotato.exe and juicypotato.exe"_ | Thank you [Aurélien Chalot](https://twitter.com/Defte\_) for the update. I will try to re-phrase it to something more recipe-like soon. |
| `SeBackup` | **Threat** | _**Built-in commands**_ | Read sensitve files with `robocopy /b` | <p>- May be more interesting if you can read %WINDIR%\MEMORY.DMP<br><br>- <code>SeBackupPrivilege</code> (and robocopy) is not helpful when it comes to open files.<br><br>- Robocopy requires both SeBackup and SeRestore to work with /b parameter.</p> |
| `SeCreateToken` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | Create arbitrary token including local admin rights with `NtCreateToken`. | |
| `SeDebug` | _**Admin**_ | **PowerShell** | Duplicate the `lsass.exe` token. | Script to be found at [FuzzySecurity](https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Conjure-LSASS.ps1) |
| `SeLoadDriver` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | <p>1. Load buggy kernel driver such as <code>szkg64.sys</code><br>2. Exploit the driver vulnerability<br><br>Alternatively, the privilege may be used to unload security-related drivers with <code>ftlMC</code> builtin command. i.e.: <code>fltMC sysmondrv</code></p> | <p>1. The <code>szkg64</code> vulnerability is listed as <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-15732">CVE-2018-15732</a><br>2. The <code>szkg64</code> <a href="https://www.greyhathacker.net/?p=1025">exploit code</a> was created by <a href="https://twitter.com/parvezghh">Parvez Anwar</a></p> |
| `SeRestore` | _**Admin**_ | **PowerShell** | <p>1. Launch PowerShell/ISE with the SeRestore privilege present.<br>2. Enable the privilege with <a href="https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/blob/master/Misc/EnableSeRestorePrivilege.ps1">Enable-SeRestorePrivilege</a>).<br>3. Rename utilman.exe to utilman.old<br>4. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe<br>5. Lock the console and press Win+U</p> | <p>Attack may be detected by some AV software.</p><p>Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege</p> |
| `SeTakeOwnership` | _**Admin**_ | _**Built-in commands**_ | <p>1. <code>takeown.exe /f "%windir%\system32"</code><br>2. <code>icalcs.exe "%windir%\system32" /grant "%username%":F</code><br>3. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe<br>4. Lock the console and press Win+U</p> | <p>Attack may be detected by some AV software.</p><p>Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege.</p> |
| `SeTcb` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | <p>Manipulate tokens to have local admin rights included. May require SeImpersonate.</p><p>To be verified.</p> | |
| Privilege | Impact | Tool | Execution path | Remarks | ## Reference
| ---------------------- | ------------ | ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `SeAssignPrimaryToken` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | _"It would allow a user to impersonate tokens and privesc to nt system using tools such as potato.exe, rottenpotato.exe and juicypotato.exe"_ | Thank you [Aurélien Chalot](https://twitter.com/Defte\_) for the update. I will try to re-phrase it to something more recipe-like soon. |
| `SeBackup` | **Threat** | _**Built-in commands**_ | Read sensitve files with `robocopy /b` | <p> - May be more interesting if you can read %WINDIR%\MEMORY.DMP<br><br>- <code>SeBackupPrivilege</code> (and robocopy) is not helpful when it comes to open files.<br><br>- Robocopy requires both SeBackup and SeRestore to work with /b parameter.</p> |
| `SeCreateToken` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | Create arbitrary token including local admin rights with `NtCreateToken`. | |
| `SeDebug` | _**Admin**_ | **PowerShell** | Duplicate the `lsass.exe` token. | Script to be found at [FuzzySecurity](https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Conjure-LSASS.ps1) |
| `SeLoadDriver` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | <p> 1. Load buggy kernel driver such as <code>szkg64.sys</code><br>2. Exploit the driver vulnerability<br><br>Alternatively, the privilege may be used to unload security-related drivers with <code>ftlMC</code> builtin command. i.e.: <code>fltMC sysmondrv</code></p> | <p> 1. The <code>szkg64</code> vulnerability is listed as <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2018-15732">CVE-2018-15732</a><br>2. The <code>szkg64</code> <a href="https://www.greyhathacker.net/?p=1025">exploit code</a> was created by <a href="https://twitter.com/parvezghh">Parvez Anwar</a></p> |
| `SeRestore` | _**Admin**_ | **PowerShell** | <p> 1. Launch PowerShell/ISE with the SeRestore privilege present.<br>2. Enable the privilege with <a href="https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/blob/master/Misc/EnableSeRestorePrivilege.ps1">Enable-SeRestorePrivilege</a>).<br>3. Rename utilman.exe to utilman.old<br>4. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe<br>5. Lock the console and press Win+U</p> | <p>Attack may be detected by some AV software.</p><p>Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege</p> |
| `SeTakeOwnership` | _**Admin**_ | _**Built-in commands**_ | <p> 1. <code>takeown.exe /f "%windir%\system32"</code><br>2. <code>icalcs.exe "%windir%\system32" /grant "%username%":F</code><br>3. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe<br>4. Lock the console and press Win+U</p> | <p>Attack may be detected by some AV software.</p><p>Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege.</p> |
| `SeTcb` | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | <p>Manipulate tokens to have local admin rights included. May require SeImpersonate.</p><p>To be verified.</p> | |
# Reference
* Take a look to this table defining Windows tokens: [https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin](https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin) * Take a look to this table defining Windows tokens: [https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin](https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin)
* Take a look to [**this paper**](https://github.com/hatRiot/token-priv/blob/master/abusing\_token\_eop\_1.0.txt) about privesc with tokens**.** * Take a look to [**this paper**](https://github.com/hatRiot/token-priv/blob/master/abusing\_token\_eop\_1.0.txt) about privesc with tokens\*\*.\*\*
<details> <details>
<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary> <summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
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</details> </details>