GITBOOK-4307: No subject

SUMMARY.md

@@ -712,6 +712,9 @@
 * [Integer Overflow](binary-exploitation/integer-overflow.md)
 * [Format Strings](binary-exploitation/format-strings/README.md)
   * [Format Strings Template](binary-exploitation/format-strings/format-strings-template.md)
+* [Heap](binary-exploitation/heap/README.md)
+  * [Use After Free](binary-exploitation/heap/use-after-free.md)
+  * [Heap Overflow](binary-exploitation/heap/heap-overflow.md)
 * [Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses](binary-exploitation/common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/README.md)
   * [ASLR](binary-exploitation/common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/aslr/README.md)
     * [Ret2plt](binary-exploitation/common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/aslr/ret2plt.md)

binary-exploitation/heap/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Heap
+

binary-exploitation/heap/heap-overflow.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Heap Overflow
+
+<details>
+
+<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
+
+Other ways to support HackTricks:
+
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+* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
+
+</details>
+
+## Basic Information
+
+A heap overflow is like a [**stack overflow**](../stack-overflow/) but in the heap. Basically it means that some space was reserved in the heap to store some data and **stored data was bigger than the space reserved.**
+
+In stack overflows we know that some registers like the instruction pointer or the stack frame are going to be restored from the stack and it could be possible to abuse this. In case of heap overflows, there **isn't any sensitive information stored by default** in the heap chunk that can be overflowed. However, it could be sensitive information or pointers, so the **criticality** of this vulnerability **depends** on **which data could be overwritten** and how an attacker could abuse this.
+
+{% hint style="success" %}
+In order to find overflow offsets you can use the same patters as in [**stack overflows**](../stack-overflow/#finding-stack-overflows-offsets).
+{% endhint %}
+
+## Example ARM64
+
+In the page [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-1-arm-instruction-set-simple-heap-overflow/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-1-arm-instruction-set-simple-heap-overflow/) you can find a heap overflow example where a command that is going to be executed is stored in the following chunk from the overflowed chunk. So, it's possible to modify the executed command by overwriting it with an easy exploit such as:
+
+```bash
+python3 -c 'print("/"*0x400+"/bin/ls\x00")' > hax.txt
+```
+
+<details>
+
+<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
+
+Other ways to support HackTricks:
+
+* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
+
+</details>

binary-exploitation/heap/use-after-free.md

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Use After Free
+
+<details>
+
+<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
+
+Other ways to support HackTricks:
+
+* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
+
+</details>
+
+## Basic Information
+
+As the name implies, this vulnerability occurs when a program **stores some space** in the heap for an object, **writes** some info there, **frees** it apparently because it's not needed anymore and then **accesses it again**.
+
+The problem here is that it's not ilegal (there **won't be errors**) when a **freed memory is accessed**. So, if the program (or the attacker) managed to **allocate the freed memory and store arbitrary data**, when the freed memory is accessed from the initial pointer that **data would be have been overwritten** causing a **vulnerability that will depends on the sensitivity of the data** that was stored original (if it was a pointer of a function that was going to be be called, an attacker could know control it).
+
+## Other References & Examples
+
+* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-2-use-after-free/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-2-use-after-free/)
+  * ARM64. Use after free: Generate a user, free it, reuse the same chunk **overwriting the position of user->password** from the previous one. Reuse the user to **bypass the password check**
+
+<details>
+
+<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
+
+Other ways to support HackTricks:
+
+* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
+
+</details>

binary-exploitation/integer-overflow.md

@@ -112,18 +112,19 @@ In this example, if a user inputs a negative number, it will be interpreted as a
 ### Other Examples
 
 * [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/int\_overflow\_post/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/int\_overflow\_post/index.html)
-  * The program is only validating the lastbyte of a number to check for the size of the input, therefore it's possible to add any zie as long as the last byte is inside the allowed range. Then, the input creates a buffer overflow exploited with a ret2win.
+  * Only 1B is used to store the size of the password so it's possible to overflow it and make it think it's length of 4 while it actually is 260 to bypass the length check protection
 * [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/puzzle/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/35-integer\_exploitation/puzzle/index.html)
   *   Given a couple of numbers find out using z3 a new number that multiplied by the first one will give the second one: 
 
       ```
       (((argv[1] * 0x1064deadbeef4601) & 0xffffffffffffffff) == 0xD1038D2E07B42569)
       ```
+* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/)
+  * Only 1B is used to store the size of the password so it's possible to overflow it and make it think it's length of 4 while it actually is 260 to bypass the length check protection and overwrite in the stack the next local variable and bypass both protections
 
-      \
-
-
+## ARM64
 
+This **doesn't change in ARM64** as you can see in [**this blog post**](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-8-exploiting-an-integer-overflow-vulnerability/).
 
 <details>
 

binary-exploitation/rop-return-oriented-programing/README.md

@@ -159,6 +159,18 @@ In this example:
 Since **x64 uses registers for the first few arguments,** it often requires fewer gadgets than x86 for simple function calls, but finding and chaining the right gadgets can be more complex due to the increased number of registers and the larger address space. The increased number of registers and the larger address space in **x64** architecture provide both opportunities and challenges for exploit development, especially in the context of Return-Oriented Programming (ROP).
 {% endhint %}
 
+## ROP chain in ARM64 Example
+
+### **ARM64 Basics & Calling conventions**
+
+Check the following page for this information:
+
+{% content-ref url="../../macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/arm64-basic-assembly.md" %}
+[arm64-basic-assembly.md](../../macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/arm64-basic-assembly.md)
+{% endcontent-ref %}
+
+
+
 ## Protections Against ROP
 
 * [**ASLR**](../common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/aslr/) **&** [**PIE**](../common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/pie/): These protections makes harder the use of ROP as the addresses of the gadgets changes between execution.
@@ -192,6 +204,8 @@ Notice that ROP is just a technique in order to execute arbitrary code. Based in
 * [https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/return-oriented-programming/exploiting-calling-conventions](https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/return-oriented-programming/exploiting-calling-conventions)
 * [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/15-partial\_overwrite/hacklu15\_stackstuff/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/15-partial\_overwrite/hacklu15\_stackstuff/index.html)
   * 64 bit, Pie and nx enabled, no canary, overwrite RIP with a `vsyscall` address with the sole purpose or return to the next address in the stack which will be a partial overwrite of the address to get the part of the function that leaks the flag
+* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-4-using-mprotect-to-bypass-nx-protection-8ksec-blogs/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-4-using-mprotect-to-bypass-nx-protection-8ksec-blogs/)
+  * arm64, no ASLR, ROP gadget to make stack executable and jump to shellcode in stack
 
 <details>
 

binary-exploitation/stack-overflow/README.md

@@ -97,6 +97,14 @@ This technique is the fundamental framework to bypass the main protection to the
 [rop-return-oriented-programing](../rop-return-oriented-programing/)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
+## Heap Overflows
+
+An overflow is not always going to be in the stack, it could also be in the **heap** for example:
+
+{% content-ref url="../heap/heap-overflow.md" %}
+[heap-overflow.md](../heap/heap-overflow.md)
+{% endcontent-ref %}
+
 ## Types of protections
 
 There are several protections trying to prevent the exploitation of vulnerabilities, check them in:
@@ -105,8 +113,6 @@ There are several protections trying to prevent the exploitation of vulnerabilit
 [common-binary-protections-and-bypasses](../common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/)
 {% endcontent-ref %}
 
-
-
 <details>
 
 <summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

binary-exploitation/stack-overflow/ret2win/README.md

@@ -113,6 +113,10 @@ The Python script sends a carefully crafted message that, when processed by the
   * The program is only validating the last byte of a number to check for the size of the input, therefore it's possible to add any zie as long as the last byte is inside the allowed range. Then, the input creates a buffer overflow exploited with a ret2win.
 * [https://7rocky.github.io/en/ctf/other/blackhat-ctf/fno-stack-protector/](https://7rocky.github.io/en/ctf/other/blackhat-ctf/fno-stack-protector/)
   * 64 bit, relro, no canary, nx, pie. Partial overwrite to call the win function (ret2win)
+* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-3-a-simple-rop-chain/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-3-a-simple-rop-chain/)
+  * arm64, PIE, it gives a PIE leak the win function is actually 2 functions so ROP gadget that calls 2 functions
+* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-9-exploiting-an-off-by-one-overflow-vulnerability/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-9-exploiting-an-off-by-one-overflow-vulnerability/)
+  * ARM64, off-by-one to call a win function
 
 ## ARM64 Example
 

binary-exploitation/stack-overflow/ret2win/ret2win-arm64.md

@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ p.close()
 
 <figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1208).png" alt="" width="375"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
 
-### Off-by-2
+### Off-by-1
 
-Instead of overwritting all the return address we are going to overwrite **only the last 2 bytes** with `0x06c4`.
+Actually this is going to by more like a off-by-2 in the stored PC in the stack. Instead of overwriting all the return address we are going to overwrite **only the last 2 bytes** with `0x06c4`.
 
 ```python
 from pwn import *
@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ p.close()
 
 <figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1209).png" alt="" width="375"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
 
+You can find another off-by-one example in ARM64 in [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-9-exploiting-an-off-by-one-overflow-vulnerability/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-9-exploiting-an-off-by-one-overflow-vulnerability/), which is a real off-by-**one** in a fictitious vulnerability.
+
 ## With PIE
 
 {% hint style="success" %}

binary-exploitation/stack-overflow/stack-shellcode/README.md

@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ The **NOP slide** (`asm('nop')`) is used to increase the chance that execution w
   * 32 bit, ASLR with stack leak, write shellcode and jump to it
 * [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/06-bof\_shellcode/tu18\_shellaeasy/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/06-bof\_shellcode/tu18\_shellaeasy/index.html)
   * 32 bit, ASLR with stack leak, comparison to prevent call to exit(), overwrite variable with a value and write shellcode and jump to it
+* [https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-4-using-mprotect-to-bypass-nx-protection-8ksec-blogs/](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-4-using-mprotect-to-bypass-nx-protection-8ksec-blogs/)
+  * arm64, no ASLR, ROP gadget to make stack executable and jump to shellcode in stack
 
 <details>
 

binary-exploitation/stack-overflow/uninitialized-variables.md

@@ -28,6 +28,13 @@ When we run these two functions **sequentially**:
 
 This behavior illustrates a key concept in low-level programming: **Memory management is crucial**, and uninitialized variables can lead to unpredictable behavior or security vulnerabilities, as they may unintentionally hold sensitive data left in memory.
 
+Uninitialized stack variables could pose several security risks like:
+
+* **Data Leakage**: Sensitive information such as passwords, encryption keys, or personal details can be exposed if stored in uninitialized variables, allowing attackers to potentially read this data.
+* **Information Disclosure**: The contents of uninitialized variables might reveal details about the program's memory layout or internal operations, aiding attackers in developing targeted exploits.
+* **Crashes and Instability**: Operations involving uninitialized variables can result in undefined behavior, leading to program crashes or unpredictable outcomes.
+* **Arbitrary Code Execution**: In certain scenarios, attackers could exploit these vulnerabilities to alter the program's execution flow, enabling them to execute arbitrary code, which might include remote code execution threats.
+
 ### Example
 
 ```c
@@ -66,6 +73,10 @@ int main() {
 * **`demonstrateUninitializedVar` Function**: In this function, we declare an integer variable `uninitializedVar` without initializing it. When we attempt to print its value, the output might show a random number. This number represents whatever data was previously at that memory location. Depending on the environment and compiler, the actual output can vary, and sometimes, for safety, some compilers might automatically initialize variables to zero, though this should not be relied upon.
 * **`main` Function**: The `main` function calls both of the above functions in sequence, demonstrating the contrast between an initialized variable and an uninitialized one.
 
+## ARM64 Example
+
+This doesn't change at all in ARM64 as local variables are also managed in the stack, you can [**check this example**](https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-6-exploiting-an-uninitialized-stack-variable-vulnerability/) were this is shown.
+
 <details>
 
 <summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/arm64-basic-assembly.md

@@ -519,6 +519,24 @@ _main:
 
 ```
 {% endtab %}
+
+{% tab title="with adr for linux" %}
+```armasm
+; From https://8ksec.io/arm64-reversing-and-exploitation-part-5-writing-shellcode-8ksec-blogs/
+.section __TEXT,__text ; This directive tells the assembler to place the following code in the __text section of the __TEXT segment.
+.global _main         ; This makes the _main label globally visible, so that the linker can find it as the entry point of the program.
+.align 2              ; This directive tells the assembler to align the start of the _main function to the next 4-byte boundary (2^2 = 4).
+
+_main:    
+    adr  x0, sh_path  ; This is the address of "/bin/sh".
+    mov  x1, xzr      ; Clear x1, because we need to pass NULL as the second argument to execve.
+    mov  x2, xzr      ; Clear x2, because we need to pass NULL as the third argument to execve.    
+    mov  x16, #59     ; Move the execve syscall number (59) into x16.
+    svc  #0x1337      ; Make the syscall. The number 0x1337 doesn't actually matter, because the svc instruction always triggers a supervisor call, and the exact action is determined by the value in x16.
+
+sh_path: .asciz "/bin/sh"
+```
+{% endtab %}
 {% endtabs %}
 
 #### Read with cat