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10
macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/README.md
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
</details>
@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ The I/O Kit is an open-source, object-oriented **device-driver framework** in th
The **kernelcache** is a **pre-compiled and pre-linked version of the XNU kernel**, along with essential device **drivers** and **kernel extensions**. It's stored in a **compressed** format and gets decompressed into memory during the boot-up process. The kernelcache facilitates a **faster boot time** by having a ready-to-run version of the kernel and crucial drivers available, reducing the time and resources that would otherwise be spent on dynamically loading and linking these components at boot time.
In iOS it's located in **`/System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache`** in macOS you can find it with **`find / -name kernelcache 2>/dev/null`**
In iOS it's located in **`/System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache`** in macOS you can find it with **`find / -name kernelcache 2>/dev/null`** or **`mdfind kernelcache | grep kernelcache`**
It's possible to run **`kextstat`** to check the loaded kernel extensions.
#### IMG4
@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ pyimg4 im4p extract -i kernelcache.release.iphone14 -o kernelcache.release.iphon
img4tool -e kernelcache.release.iphone14 -o kernelcache.release.iphone14.e
```
You can check the extracted kernelcache for symbols with: **`nm -a kernelcache.release.iphone14.e | wc -l`**
You can check the extracted kernelcache for symbols with: **`nm -a kernelcache.release.iphone14.e | wc -l`**
With this we can now **extract all the extensions** or the **one you are insterested in:**
@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ Other ways to support HackTricks:
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
</details>

16
macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/arm64-basic-assembly.md
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@ -337,10 +337,11 @@ Check out [**syscalls.master**](https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504
### Mach Traps
Check out [**syscall\_sw.c**](https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-3789.1.32/osfmk/kern/syscall\_sw.c.auto.html). Mach traps will have **x16 < 0**, so you need to call the numbers from the previous list with a **minus**: **`_kernelrpc_mach_vm_allocate_trap`** is **`-10`**.
Check out in [**syscall\_sw.c**](https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-3789.1.32/osfmk/kern/syscall\_sw.c.auto.html) the `mach_trap_table` and in [**mach\_traps.h**](https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-3789.1.32/osfmk/mach/mach\_traps.h) the prototypes. The mex number of Mach traps is `MACH_TRAP_TABLE_COUNT` = 128. Mach traps will have **x16 < 0**, so you need to call the numbers from the previous list with a **minus**: **`_kernelrpc_mach_vm_allocate_trap`** is **`-10`**.
You can also check **`libsystem_kernel.dylib`** in a disassembler to find how to call these (and BSD) syscalls:
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
# macOS
dyldex -e libsystem_kernel.dylib /System/Volumes/Preboot/Cryptexes/OS/System/Library/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_arm64e
@ -348,11 +349,22 @@ dyldex -e libsystem_kernel.dylib /System/Volumes/Preboot/Cryptexes/OS/System/Lib
# iOS
dyldex -e libsystem_kernel.dylib /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.dyld/dyld_shared_cache_arm64
```
{% endcode %}
{% hint style="success" %}
Sometimes it's easier to check the **decompiled** code from **`libsystem_kernel.dylib`** **than** checking the **source code** becasue the code of several syscalls (BSD and Mach) are generated via scripts (check comments in the source code) while in the dylib you can find what is being called.
Sometimes it's easier to check the **decompiled** code from **`libsystem_kernel.dylib`** **than** checking the **source code** because the code of several syscalls (BSD and Mach) are generated via scripts (check comments in the source code) while in the dylib you can find what is being called.
{% endhint %}
### machdep calls
XNU supports another type of calls called machine dependent. The numbers of these calls depends on the architecture and neither the calls or numbers are guaranteed to remain constant.
### comm page
This is a kernel owner memory page that is mapped into the address scape of every users process. It's meant to make the transition from user mode to kernel space faster than using syscalls for kernel services that are used so much the this transition would be vey inneficient.
For example the call `gettimeofdate` reads the value of `timeval` directly from the comm page.
### objc\_msgSend
It's super common to find this function used in Objective-C or Swift programs. This function allows to call a method of an objective-C object.