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@ -197,6 +197,7 @@
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* [macOS TCC Payloads](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-tcc/macos-tcc-payloads.md)
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* [macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-dangerous-entitlements.md)
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* [macOS MACF](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-macf.md)
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* [macOS Code Signing](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-code-signing.md)
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* [macOS FS Tricks](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-fs-tricks/README.md)
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* [macOS xattr-acls extra stuff](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-fs-tricks/macos-xattr-acls-extra-stuff.md)
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* [macOS Users & External Accounts](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-users.md)
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@ -498,11 +498,11 @@ int main() {
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Debugging the previous example it's possible to see how at the beginning there is only 1 arena:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Then, after calling the first thread, the one that calls malloc, a new arena is created:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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and inside of it some chunks can be found:
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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ This gadget basically allows to confirm that something interesting was executed
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This technique uses the [**ret2csu**](ret2csu.md) gadget. And this is because if you access this gadget in the middle of some instructions you get gadgets to control **`rsi`** and **`rdi`**:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="278"><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf">https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="278"><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf">https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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These would be the gadgets:
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ There are several tools out there that will perform part of the proposed actions
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* All free courses of [**@Jhaddix**](https://twitter.com/Jhaddix) like [**The Bug Hunter's Methodology v4.0 - Recon Edition**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4JgIu1mceI)
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Check also the page about [**NTLM**](../windows-hardening/ntlm/), it could be ve
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* [**CBC-MAC**](../crypto-and-stego/cipher-block-chaining-cbc-mac-priv.md)
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* [**Padding Oracle**](../crypto-and-stego/padding-oracle-priv.md)
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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|
|
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
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@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ However, in this kind of containers these protections will usually exist, but yo
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You can find **examples** on how to **exploit some RCE vulnerabilities** to get scripting languages **reverse shells** and execute binaries from memory in [**https://github.com/carlospolop/DistrolessRCE**](https://github.com/carlospolop/DistrolessRCE).
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
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# macOS Code Signing
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
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||||
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||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
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* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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## Basic Information
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Mach-o binaries contains a load command called **`LC_CODE_SIGNATURE`** that indicates the **offset** and **size** of the signatures inside the binary. Actually, using the GUI tool MachOView, it's possible to find at the end of the binary a section called **Code Signature** with this information:
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt="" width="431"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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The magic header of the Code Signature is **`0xFADE0CC0`**. Then you have information such as the length and the number of blobs of the superBlob that contains them.\
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It's possible to find this information in the [source code here](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/94d3b452840153a99b38a3a9659680b2a006908e/osfmk/kern/cs\_blobs.h#L276):
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```c
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/*
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* Structure of an embedded-signature SuperBlob
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*/
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typedef struct __BlobIndex {
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uint32_t type; /* type of entry */
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uint32_t offset; /* offset of entry */
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} CS_BlobIndex
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__attribute__ ((aligned(1)));
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typedef struct __SC_SuperBlob {
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uint32_t magic; /* magic number */
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uint32_t length; /* total length of SuperBlob */
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uint32_t count; /* number of index entries following */
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CS_BlobIndex index[]; /* (count) entries */
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/* followed by Blobs in no particular order as indicated by offsets in index */
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} CS_SuperBlob
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__attribute__ ((aligned(1)));
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#define KERNEL_HAVE_CS_GENERICBLOB 1
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typedef struct __SC_GenericBlob {
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uint32_t magic; /* magic number */
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uint32_t length; /* total length of blob */
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char data[];
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} CS_GenericBlob
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__attribute__ ((aligned(1)));
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```
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Common blobs contained are Code Directory, Requirements and Entitlements and a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS).\
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Moreover, note how the data encoded in the blobs is encoded in **Big Endian.**
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Moreover, signatures cloud be detached from the binaries and stored in `/var/db/DetachedSignatures` (used by iOS).
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## Code Directory Blob
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It's possible to find the declaration of the [Code Directory Blob in the code](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/94d3b452840153a99b38a3a9659680b2a006908e/osfmk/kern/cs\_blobs.h#L104):
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```c
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typedef struct __CodeDirectory {
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uint32_t magic; /* magic number (CSMAGIC_CODEDIRECTORY) */
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uint32_t length; /* total length of CodeDirectory blob */
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uint32_t version; /* compatibility version */
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uint32_t flags; /* setup and mode flags */
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uint32_t hashOffset; /* offset of hash slot element at index zero */
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uint32_t identOffset; /* offset of identifier string */
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uint32_t nSpecialSlots; /* number of special hash slots */
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uint32_t nCodeSlots; /* number of ordinary (code) hash slots */
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uint32_t codeLimit; /* limit to main image signature range */
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uint8_t hashSize; /* size of each hash in bytes */
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uint8_t hashType; /* type of hash (cdHashType* constants) */
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uint8_t platform; /* platform identifier; zero if not platform binary */
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uint8_t pageSize; /* log2(page size in bytes); 0 => infinite */
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uint32_t spare2; /* unused (must be zero) */
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char end_earliest[0];
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/* Version 0x20100 */
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uint32_t scatterOffset; /* offset of optional scatter vector */
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char end_withScatter[0];
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/* Version 0x20200 */
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uint32_t teamOffset; /* offset of optional team identifier */
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char end_withTeam[0];
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/* Version 0x20300 */
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uint32_t spare3; /* unused (must be zero) */
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uint64_t codeLimit64; /* limit to main image signature range, 64 bits */
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char end_withCodeLimit64[0];
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/* Version 0x20400 */
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uint64_t execSegBase; /* offset of executable segment */
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uint64_t execSegLimit; /* limit of executable segment */
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uint64_t execSegFlags; /* executable segment flags */
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char end_withExecSeg[0];
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/* Version 0x20500 */
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uint32_t runtime;
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uint32_t preEncryptOffset;
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char end_withPreEncryptOffset[0];
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/* Version 0x20600 */
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uint8_t linkageHashType;
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uint8_t linkageApplicationType;
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uint16_t linkageApplicationSubType;
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uint32_t linkageOffset;
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uint32_t linkageSize;
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char end_withLinkage[0];
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/* followed by dynamic content as located by offset fields above */
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} CS_CodeDirectory
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__attribute__ ((aligned(1)));
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```
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Note that there are different versions of this struct where old ones might contain less information.
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## Signing Code Pages
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Hashing the full binary would be inefficient and even useless if when it's only loaded in memory partially. Therefore, the code signature is actually a hash of hashes where each binary page is hashed individually.\
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Actually, in the previous **Code Directory** code you can see that the **page size is specified** in one of its fields. Moreover, if the size of the binary is not a multiple of the size of a page, the field **CodeLimit** specifies where is the end of the signature.
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```bash
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# Get all hashes of /bin/ps
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codesign -d -vvvvvv /bin/ps
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[...]
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CandidateCDHash sha256=c46e56e9490d93fe35a76199bdb367b3463c91dc
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CandidateCDHashFull sha256=c46e56e9490d93fe35a76199bdb367b3463c91dcdb3c46403ab8ba1c2d13fd86
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Hash choices=sha256
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CMSDigest=c46e56e9490d93fe35a76199bdb367b3463c91dcdb3c46403ab8ba1c2d13fd86
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CMSDigestType=2
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Executable Segment base=0
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Executable Segment limit=32768
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Executable Segment flags=0x1
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Page size=4096
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-7=a542b4dcbc134fbd950c230ed9ddb99a343262a2df8e0c847caee2b6d3b41cc8
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-6=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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-5=2bb2de519f43b8e116c7eeea8adc6811a276fb134c55c9c2e9dcbd3047f80c7d
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-4=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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-3=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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-2=4ca453dc8908dc7f6e637d6159c8761124ae56d080a4a550ad050c27ead273b3
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-1=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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0=a5e6478f89812c0c09f123524cad560a9bf758d16014b586089ddc93f004e39c
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1=ad7facb2586fc6e966c004d7d1d16b024f5805ff7cb47c7a85dabd8b48892ca7
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2=93d476eeace15a5ad14c0fb56169fd080a04b99582b4c7a01e1afcbc58688f
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[...]
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# Calculate the hasehs of each page manually
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BINARY=/bin/ps
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SIZE=`stat -f "%Z" $BINARY`
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PAGESIZE=4096 # From the previous output
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PAGES=`expr $SIZE / $PAGESIZE`
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for i in `seq 0 $PAGES`; do
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dd if=$BINARY of=/tmp/`basename $BINARY`.page.$i bs=$PAGESIZE skip=$i count=1
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done
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openssl sha256 /tmp/*.page.*
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```
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## Entitlements Blob
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Note that applications might also contain an **entitlement blob** where all the entitlements are defined. Moreover, some iOS binaries might have their entitlements specific in the special slot -7 (instead of in the -5 entitlements special slot).
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## Special Slots
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MacOS applications doesn't have everything they need to execute inside the binary but they also use **external resources** (usually inside the applications **bundle**). Therefore, there are some slots inside the binary who will be containing the hashes of some interesting external resources to check they weren't modified.
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Actually, it's possible to see in the Code Directory structs a parameter called **`nSpecialSlots`** indicating the number of the special slots. The there isn't a special slot 0 and the most common ones (from -1 to -6 are):
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* Hash of `info.plist` (or the one inside `__TEXT.__info__plist`).
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* Has of the Requirements
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* Hash of the Resource Directory (hash of `_CodeSignature/CodeResources` file inside the bundle).
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* Application specific (unused)
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* Hash of the entitlements
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* DMG code signatures only
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* DER Entitlements
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## Code Signing Flags
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Every process has related a bitmask known as the `status` which is started by the kernel and some of them can be overridden by the **code signature**. These flags that can be included in the code signing are [defined in the code](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/94d3b452840153a99b38a3a9659680b2a006908e/osfmk/kern/cs\_blobs.h#L36):
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```c
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/* code signing attributes of a process */
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#define CS_VALID 0x00000001 /* dynamically valid */
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#define CS_ADHOC 0x00000002 /* ad hoc signed */
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#define CS_GET_TASK_ALLOW 0x00000004 /* has get-task-allow entitlement */
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#define CS_INSTALLER 0x00000008 /* has installer entitlement */
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#define CS_FORCED_LV 0x00000010 /* Library Validation required by Hardened System Policy */
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#define CS_INVALID_ALLOWED 0x00000020 /* (macOS Only) Page invalidation allowed by task port policy */
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#define CS_HARD 0x00000100 /* don't load invalid pages */
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#define CS_KILL 0x00000200 /* kill process if it becomes invalid */
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#define CS_CHECK_EXPIRATION 0x00000400 /* force expiration checking */
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#define CS_RESTRICT 0x00000800 /* tell dyld to treat restricted */
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#define CS_ENFORCEMENT 0x00001000 /* require enforcement */
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#define CS_REQUIRE_LV 0x00002000 /* require library validation */
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#define CS_ENTITLEMENTS_VALIDATED 0x00004000 /* code signature permits restricted entitlements */
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#define CS_NVRAM_UNRESTRICTED 0x00008000 /* has com.apple.rootless.restricted-nvram-variables.heritable entitlement */
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#define CS_RUNTIME 0x00010000 /* Apply hardened runtime policies */
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#define CS_LINKER_SIGNED 0x00020000 /* Automatically signed by the linker */
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||||
#define CS_ALLOWED_MACHO (CS_ADHOC | CS_HARD | CS_KILL | CS_CHECK_EXPIRATION | \
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||||
CS_RESTRICT | CS_ENFORCEMENT | CS_REQUIRE_LV | CS_RUNTIME | CS_LINKER_SIGNED)
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||||
|
||||
#define CS_EXEC_SET_HARD 0x00100000 /* set CS_HARD on any exec'ed process */
|
||||
#define CS_EXEC_SET_KILL 0x00200000 /* set CS_KILL on any exec'ed process */
|
||||
#define CS_EXEC_SET_ENFORCEMENT 0x00400000 /* set CS_ENFORCEMENT on any exec'ed process */
|
||||
#define CS_EXEC_INHERIT_SIP 0x00800000 /* set CS_INSTALLER on any exec'ed process */
|
||||
|
||||
#define CS_KILLED 0x01000000 /* was killed by kernel for invalidity */
|
||||
#define CS_NO_UNTRUSTED_HELPERS 0x02000000 /* kernel did not load a non-platform-binary dyld or Rosetta runtime */
|
||||
#define CS_DYLD_PLATFORM CS_NO_UNTRUSTED_HELPERS /* old name */
|
||||
#define CS_PLATFORM_BINARY 0x04000000 /* this is a platform binary */
|
||||
#define CS_PLATFORM_PATH 0x08000000 /* platform binary by the fact of path (osx only) */
|
||||
|
||||
#define CS_DEBUGGED 0x10000000 /* process is currently or has previously been debugged and allowed to run with invalid pages */
|
||||
#define CS_SIGNED 0x20000000 /* process has a signature (may have gone invalid) */
|
||||
#define CS_DEV_CODE 0x40000000 /* code is dev signed, cannot be loaded into prod signed code (will go away with rdar://problem/28322552) */
|
||||
#define CS_DATAVAULT_CONTROLLER 0x80000000 /* has Data Vault controller entitlement */
|
||||
|
||||
#define CS_ENTITLEMENT_FLAGS (CS_GET_TASK_ALLOW | CS_INSTALLER | CS_DATAVAULT_CONTROLLER | CS_NVRAM_UNRESTRICTED)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the function [**exec\_mach\_imgact**](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/94d3b452840153a99b38a3a9659680b2a006908e/bsd/kern/kern\_exec.c#L1420) can also add the `CS_EXEC_*` flags dynamically when starting the execution.
|
||||
|
||||
## Code Signature Requirements
|
||||
|
||||
Each application store some **requirements** that it must **satisfy** in order to be able to be executed. If the **application contains requirements aren't satisfied by the application**, it won't be executed (as it has probably been altered).
|
||||
|
||||
The requirements of a binary use a **special grammar** which is a stream of **expressions** and are encoded as blobs using `0xfade0c00` as the magic whose **hash is stored in a special code slot**.
|
||||
|
||||
The requirements of a binary can be seen running:
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
codesign -d -r- /bin/ls
|
||||
Executable=/bin/ls
|
||||
designated => identifier "com.apple.ls" and anchor apple
|
||||
|
||||
codesign -d -r- /Applications/Signal.app/
|
||||
Executable=/Applications/Signal.app/Contents/MacOS/Signal
|
||||
designated => identifier "org.whispersystems.signal-desktop" and anchor apple generic and certificate 1[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.2.6] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.1.13] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[subject.OU] = U68MSDN6DR
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
Note how this signatures can check things like certification information, TeamID, IDs, entitlements and many other data.
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, it's possible to generate some compiled requirements using the `csreq` tool:
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Generate compiled requirements
|
||||
csreq -b /tmp/output.csreq -r='identifier "org.whispersystems.signal-desktop" and anchor apple generic and certificate 1[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.2.6] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[field.1.2.840.113635.100.6.1.13] /* exists */ and certificate leaf[subject.OU] = U68MSDN6DR'
|
||||
|
||||
# Get the compiled bytes
|
||||
od -A x -t x1 /tmp/output.csreq
|
||||
0000000 fa de 0c 00 00 00 00 b0 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 06
|
||||
0000010 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 02
|
||||
0000020 00 00 00 21 6f 72 67 2e 77 68 69 73 70 65 72 73
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to access this information and create or modify requirements with some APIs from the `Security.framework` like:
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Checking Validity**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`Sec[Static]CodeCheckValidity`**: Check the validity of SecCodeRef per Requirement.
|
||||
* **`SecRequirementEvaluate`**: Validate requirement in certificate context
|
||||
* **`SecTaskValidateForRequirement`**: Validate a running SecTask against `CFString` requirement.
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Creating and Managing Code Requirements**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`SecRequirementCreateWithData`:** Creates a `SecRequirementRef` from binary data representing the requirement.
|
||||
* **`SecRequirementCreateWithString`:** Creates a `SecRequirementRef` from a string expression of the requirement.
|
||||
* **`SecRequirementCopy[Data/String]`**: Retrieves the binary data representation of a `SecRequirementRef`.
|
||||
* **`SecRequirementCreateGroup`**: Create a requirement for app-group membership
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Accessing Code Signing Information**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`SecStaticCodeCreateWithPath`**: Initializes a `SecStaticCodeRef` object from a file system path for inspecting code signatures.
|
||||
* **`SecCodeCopySigningInformation`**: Obtains signing information from a `SecCodeRef` or `SecStaticCodeRef`.
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Modifying Code Requirements**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`SecCodeSignerCreate`**: Creates a `SecCodeSignerRef` object for performing code signing operations.
|
||||
* **`SecCodeSignerSetRequirement`**: Sets a new requirement for the code signer to apply during signing.
|
||||
* **`SecCodeSignerAddSignature`**: Adds a signature to the code being signed with the specified signer.
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Validating Code with Requirements**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`SecStaticCodeCheckValidity`**: Validates a static code object against specified requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Additional Useful APIs**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`SecCodeCopy[Internal/Designated]Requirement`: Get SecRequirementRef from SecCodeRef**
|
||||
* **`SecCodeCopyGuestWithAttributes`**: Creates a `SecCodeRef` representing a code object based on specific attributes, useful for sandboxing.
|
||||
* **`SecCodeCopyPath`**: Retrieves the file system path associated with a `SecCodeRef`.
|
||||
* **`SecCodeCopySigningIdentifier`**: Obtains the signing identifier (e.g., Team ID) from a `SecCodeRef`.
|
||||
* **`SecCodeGetTypeID`**: Returns the type identifier for `SecCodeRef` objects.
|
||||
* **`SecRequirementGetTypeID`**: Gets a CFTypeID of a `SecRequirementRef`
|
||||
|
||||
#### **Code Signing Flags and Constants**
|
||||
|
||||
* **`kSecCSDefaultFlags`**: Default flags used in many Security.framework functions for code signing operations.
|
||||
* **`kSecCSSigningInformation`**: Flag used to specify that signing information should be retrieved.
|
||||
|
||||
## Code Signature Enforcement
|
||||
|
||||
The **kernel** is the one that **checks the code signature** before allowing the code of the app to execute. Moreover, one way to be able to write and execute in memory new code is abusing JIT if `mprotect` is called with `MAP_JIT` flag. Note that the application needs a special entitlement to be able to do this.
|
||||
|
||||
## `cs_blobs` & `cs_blob`
|
||||
|
||||
[**cs\_blob**](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/94d3b452840153a99b38a3a9659680b2a006908e/bsd/sys/ubc\_internal.h#L106) struct contains the information about the entitlement of the running process on it. `csb_platform_binary` also informs if the application is a platform binary (which is checked in different moments by the OS to apply security mechanisms like to protect the SEND rights to the task ports of these processes).
|
||||
|
||||
```c
|
||||
struct cs_blob {
|
||||
struct cs_blob *csb_next;
|
||||
vnode_t csb_vnode;
|
||||
void *csb_ro_addr;
|
||||
__xnu_struct_group(cs_cpu_info, csb_cpu_info, {
|
||||
cpu_type_t csb_cpu_type;
|
||||
cpu_subtype_t csb_cpu_subtype;
|
||||
});
|
||||
__xnu_struct_group(cs_signer_info, csb_signer_info, {
|
||||
unsigned int csb_flags;
|
||||
unsigned int csb_signer_type;
|
||||
});
|
||||
off_t csb_base_offset; /* Offset of Mach-O binary in fat binary */
|
||||
off_t csb_start_offset; /* Blob coverage area start, from csb_base_offset */
|
||||
off_t csb_end_offset; /* Blob coverage area end, from csb_base_offset */
|
||||
vm_size_t csb_mem_size;
|
||||
vm_offset_t csb_mem_offset;
|
||||
void *csb_mem_kaddr;
|
||||
unsigned char csb_cdhash[CS_CDHASH_LEN];
|
||||
const struct cs_hash *csb_hashtype;
|
||||
#if CONFIG_SUPPLEMENTAL_SIGNATURES
|
||||
unsigned char csb_linkage[CS_CDHASH_LEN];
|
||||
const struct cs_hash *csb_linkage_hashtype;
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
int csb_hash_pageshift;
|
||||
int csb_hash_firstlevel_pageshift; /* First hash this many bytes, then hash the hashes together */
|
||||
const CS_CodeDirectory *csb_cd;
|
||||
const char *csb_teamid;
|
||||
#if CONFIG_SUPPLEMENTAL_SIGNATURES
|
||||
char *csb_supplement_teamid;
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
const CS_GenericBlob *csb_entitlements_blob; /* raw blob, subrange of csb_mem_kaddr */
|
||||
const CS_GenericBlob *csb_der_entitlements_blob; /* raw blob, subrange of csb_mem_kaddr */
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
* OSEntitlements pointer setup by AMFI. This is PAC signed in addition to the
|
||||
* cs_blob being within RO-memory to prevent modifications on the temporary stack
|
||||
* variable used to setup the blob.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
void *XNU_PTRAUTH_SIGNED_PTR("cs_blob.csb_entitlements") csb_entitlements;
|
||||
|
||||
unsigned int csb_reconstituted; /* signature has potentially been modified after validation */
|
||||
__xnu_struct_group(cs_blob_platform_flags, csb_platform_flags, {
|
||||
/* The following two will be replaced by the csb_signer_type. */
|
||||
unsigned int csb_platform_binary:1;
|
||||
unsigned int csb_platform_path:1;
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
/* Validation category used for TLE */
|
||||
unsigned int csb_validation_category;
|
||||
|
||||
#if CODE_SIGNING_MONITOR
|
||||
void *XNU_PTRAUTH_SIGNED_PTR("cs_blob.csb_csm_obj") csb_csm_obj;
|
||||
bool csb_csm_managed;
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
};
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
* [**\*OS Internals Volume III**](https://newosxbook.com/home.html)
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ If there is an ACL that only allows some IPs to query the SMNP service, you can
|
|||
* snmpd.conf
|
||||
* snmp-config.xml
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/snmp_enum) > exploit
|
|||
|
||||
* [https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9](https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ Find more info about web vulns in:
|
|||
|
||||
You can use tools such as [https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io](https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io) to monitor pages for modifications that might insert vulnerabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Before activation:
|
|||
|
||||
After activation:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ These are some of the actions a malicious plugin could perform:
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ More information in: [https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-frie
|
|||
* [https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/](https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/)
|
||||
* [https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a](https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ The token's expiry is checked using the "exp" Payload claim. Given that JWTs are
|
|||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://github.com/ticarpi/jwt_tool" %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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||||
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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||||
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||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
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@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ intitle:"phpLDAPadmin" inurl:cmd.php
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{% embed url="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/LDAP%20Injection" %}
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
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|||
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|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ SELECT $$hacktricks$$;
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|||
SELECT $TAG$hacktricks$TAG$;
|
||||
```
|
||||
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||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
# XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1574,7 +1574,7 @@ Find **more SVG payloads in** [**https://github.com/allanlw/svg-cheatsheet**](ht
|
|||
* [https://gist.github.com/rvrsh3ll/09a8b933291f9f98e8ec](https://gist.github.com/rvrsh3ll/09a8b933291f9f98e8ec)
|
||||
* [https://netsec.expert/2020/02/01/xss-in-2020.html](https://netsec.expert/2020/02/01/xss-in-2020.html)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ At the heart of automatic differentiation is the **chain rule** from calculus. T
|
|||
|
||||
Mathematically, if `y=f(u)` and `u=g(x)`, then the derivative of `y` with respect to `x` is:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Computational Graph**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ In AD, computations are represented as nodes in a **computational graph**, where
|
|||
|
||||
Let's consider a simple function:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Where:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ For each word in the sentence, compute the **attention score** with respect to "
|
|||
|
||||
**Attention Score between "shiny" and "shiny"**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**Attention Score between "sun" and "shiny"**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue