GitBook: [#3675] No subject

SUMMARY.md

@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@
     * [Seccomp](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/seccomp.md)
     * [AppArmor](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/apparmor.md)
     * [Namespaces](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/namespaces.md)
+    * [Cgroups](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/cgroups.md)
     * [Docker --privileged](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/docker-privileged.md)
     * [Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/abusing-docker-socket-for-privilege-escalation.md)
   * [Escaping from Jails](linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/escaping-from-limited-bash.md)

linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/cgroups.md

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# Cgroups
+
+<details>
+
+<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
+
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
+
+</details>
+
+## Basic Information
+
+**Linux control groups**, also known as cgroups, are a Linux kernel feature that allows you to **limit**, police, and prioritize **system resources** for a collection of processes. Cgroups provide a way to **manage and isolate the resource usage** (CPU, memory, disk I/O, network, etc.) of groups of processes in a system. This can be useful for many purposes, such as limiting the resources available to a particular group of processes, isolating certain types of workloads from others, or prioritizing the use of system resources between different groups of processes.
+
+There are **two versions of cgroups**, 1 and 2, and both are currently in use and can be configured simultaneously on a system. The most **significant difference** between cgroups version 1 and **version 2** is that the latter introduced a new hierarchical organization for cgroups, where groups can be arranged in a **tree-like structure** with parent-child relationships. This allows for a more flexible and fine-grained control over the allocation of resources between different groups of processes.
+
+In addition to the new hierarchical organization, cgroups version 2 also introduced **several other changes and improvements**, such as support for **new resource controllers**, better support for legacy applications, and improved performance.
+
+Overall, cgroups **version 2 offers more features and better performance** than version 1, but the latter may still be used in certain scenarios where compatibility with older systems is a concern.
+
+You can list the v1 and v2 cgroups for any process by looking at its cgroup file in /proc/\<pid>. You can start by looking at your shell’s cgroups with this command:
+
+```shell-session
+$ cat /proc/self/cgroup
+12:rdma:/
+11:net_cls,net_prio:/
+10:perf_event:/
+9:cpuset:/
+8:cpu,cpuacct:/user.slice
+7:blkio:/user.slice
+6:memory:/user.slice 5:pids:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-2.scope 4:devices:/user.slice
+3:freezer:/
+2:hugetlb:/testcgroup
+1:name=systemd:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-2.scope
+0::/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-2.scope
+```
+
+Don’t be alarmed if the **output is significantly shorter** on your system; this just means that you probably **have only cgroups v2**. Every line of output here starts with a number and is a different cgroup. Here are some pointers on how to read it:
+
+* **Numbers 2–12 are for cgroups v1**. The **controllers** for those are listed next to the number.
+* **Number 1** is also for **version 1**, but it does not have a controller. This cgroup is for **management purposes** only (in this case, systemd configured it).
+* The last line, **number 0**, is for **cgroups v2**. No controllers are visible here. On a system that doesn’t have cgroups v1, this will be the only line of output.
+* **Names are hierarchical and look like parts of file paths**. You can see in this example that some of the cgroups are named /user.slice and others /user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-2.scope.
+* The name /testcgroup was created to show that in cgroups v1, the cgroups for a process can be completely independent.
+* **Names under user.slice** that include session are login sessions, assigned by systemd. You’ll see them when you’re looking at a shell’s cgroups. The **cgroups** for your **system services** will be **under system.slice**.
+
+### Viewing cgroups
+
+Cgroups are typically **accessed through the filesystem**. This is in contrast to the traditional Unix system call interface for interacting with the kernel.\
+To explore the cgroup setup of a shell, you can look in the `/proc/self/cgroup` file to find the shell's cgroup, and then navigate to the `/sys/fs/cgroup` (or `/sys/fs/cgroup/unified`) directory and look for a **directory with the same name as the cgroup**. Changing to this directory and looking around will allow you to see the various **settings and resource usage information for the cgroup**.
+
+<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (10).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+
+Among the many files that can be here, **the primary cgroup interface files begin with `cgroup`**. Start by looking at `cgroup.procs` (using cat is fine), which lists the processes in the cgroup. A similar file, `cgroup.threads`, also includes threads.
+
+<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+
+Most cgroups used for shells have these two controllers, which can control the **amount of memory** used and the **total number of processes in the cgroup**. To interact with a controller, look for the **files that match the controller prefix**. For example, if you want to see the number of threads running in the cgroup, consult pids.current:
+
+<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+
+A value of **max means that this cgroup has no specific limit**, but because cgroups are hierarchical, a cgroup back down the subdirectory chain might limit it.
+
+### Manipulating and Creating cgroups
+
+To put a process into a cgroup, **write its PID to its `cgroup.procs` file as root:**
+
+```shell-session
+# echo pid > cgroup.procs
+```
+
+This is how many changes to cgroups work. For example, if you want to **limit the maximum number of PIDs of a cgroup** (to, say, 3,000 PIDs), do it as follows:
+
+```shell-session
+# echo 3000 > pids.max
+```
+
+**Creating cgroups is trickier**. Technically, it’s as easy as creating a subdirectory somewhere in the cgroup tree; when you do so, the kernel automatically creates the interface files. If a cgroup has no processes, you can remove the cgroup with rmdir even with the interface files present. What can trip you up are the rules governing cgroups, including:
+
+* You can put **processes only in outer-level (“leaf”) cgroups**. For example, if you have cgroups named /my-cgroup and /my-cgroup/my-subgroup, you can’t put processes in /my-cgroup, but /my-cgroup/my-subgroup is okay. (An exception is if the cgroups have no controllers, but let’s not dig further.)
+* A cgroup **can’t have a controller that isn’t in its parent cgroup**.
+* You must explicitly **specify controllers for child cgroups**. You do this through the `cgroup.subtree_control` file; for example, if you want a child cgroup to have the cpu and pids controllers, write +cpu +pids to this file.
+
+An exception to these rules is the **root cgroup** found at the bottom of the hierarchy. You can **place processes in this cgroup**. One reason you might want to do this is to detach a process from systemd’s control.
+
+Even with no controllers enabled, you can see the CPU usage of a cgroup by looking at its cpu.stat file:
+
+<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+
+Because this is the accumulated CPU usage over the entire lifespan of the cgroup, you can see how a service consumes processor time even if it spawns many subprocesses that eventually terminate.
+
+<details>
+
+<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
+
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
+
+</details>

linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/namespaces.md

@@ -1,22 +1,17 @@
-
+# Namespaces
 
 <details>
 
-<summary><strong><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule">🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</a> Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE">🎥 Youtube 🎥</a></strong></summary>
+<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
 
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
 
 </details>
 
-
 To get the namespace of a container you can do:
 
 ```bash
@@ -32,7 +27,7 @@ docker run -ti --name ubuntu1 -v /usr:/ubuntu1 ubuntu bash
 docker run -ti --name ubuntu2 -v /usr:/ubuntu2 ubuntu bash
 ```
 
-## **PID namespace**
+### **PID namespace**
 
 Let’s look at processes running in Container ubuntu1:
 
@@ -62,7 +57,7 @@ root      5516  1697  0 05:54 pts/31   00:00:00 bash
 
 bash process in Container1 and Container2 have the same PID 1 since they have their own process namespace. The same bash process shows up in host machine as a different pid.
 
-## **Mount namespace**
+### **Mount namespace**
 
 Let’s look at the root directory content in Container ubuntu1:
 
@@ -82,7 +77,7 @@ boot  etc  lib   media  opt  root  sbin  sys  ubuntu2  var
 
 As we can see above, each Container has its own filesystem and we can see “/usr” from host machine mounted as “/ubuntu1” in Container1 and as “/ubuntu2” in Container2.
 
-## **Network namespace**
+### **Network namespace**
 
 Let’s look at ifconfig output in Container ubuntu1:
 
@@ -132,7 +127,7 @@ lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
 
 As we can see above, each Container has their own IP address.
 
-## **IPC Namespace**
+### **IPC Namespace**
 
 Let’s create shared memory in Container ubuntu1:
 
@@ -160,7 +155,7 @@ key        shmid      owner      perms      bytes      nattch     status
 
 As we can see above, each Container has its own IPC namespace and shared memory created in Container 1 is not visible in Container 2.
 
-## **UTS namespace**
+### **UTS namespace**
 
 Let’s look at hostname of Container ubuntu1:
 
@@ -178,7 +173,7 @@ root@8beb85abe6a5:/# hostname
 
 As we can see above, each Container has its own hostname and domainname.
 
-## User namespace
+### User namespace
 
 User namespaces are available from Linux kernel versions > 3.8. With User namespace, **userid and groupid in a namespace is different from host machine’s userid and groupid** for the same user and group. When Docker Containers use User namespace, each **container gets their own userid and groupid**. For example, **root** user **inside** **Container** is **not** root **inside** **host** **machine**. This provides greater security. In case the Container gets compromised and the hacker gets root access inside Container, the hacker still cannot break inside the host machine since the root user inside the Container is not root inside the host machine. Docker introduced support for user namespace in version 1.10.\
 To use user namespace, Docker daemon needs to be started with **`--userns-remap=default`**(In ubuntu 14.04, this can be done by modifying `/etc/default/docker` and then executing `sudo service docker restart`)\
@@ -212,30 +207,35 @@ smakam14@jungle1:/usr$ cat /proc/8955/uid_map
 As we can see above, userid 0(root) in container 1 is mapped to userid 231072 in host machine.\
 In the current Docker user namespace implementation, UID and GID mapping happens at Docker daemon level. There is work ongoing to allow the mappings to be done at Container level so that multi-tenant support is possible.
 
-## CGroup Namespace
+It's possible to check the user map from the docker container with:
+
+```
+cat /proc/self/uid_map 
+         0          0 4294967295  --> Root is root in host
+         0     231072      65536  --> Root is 231072 userid in host
+```
+
+### CGroup Namespace
 
 Each cgroup namespace has its **own set of cgroup root directories**. These root directories are the base points for the relative locations displayed in the corresponding records in the `/proc/[pid]/cgroup` file. When a process creates a new cgroup namespace using clone(2) or unshare(2) with the CLONE\_NEWCGROUP flag, its current cgroups directories become the cgroup root directories of the new namespace. (This applies both for the cgroups version 1 hierarchies and the cgroups version 2 unified hierarchy.)
 
-# References
+{% content-ref url="cgroups.md" %}
+[cgroups.md](cgroups.md)
+{% endcontent-ref %}
+
+## References
 
 * [https://sreeninet.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/docker-security-part-2docker-engine/](https://sreeninet.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/docker-security-part-2docker-engine/)
 * [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/cgroup\_namespaces.7.html](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/cgroup\_namespaces.7.html)
 
-
 <details>
 
-<summary><strong><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule">🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</a> Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE">🎥 Youtube 🎥</a></strong></summary>
+<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
 
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
 
 </details>
-
-

pentesting-web/http-connection-contamination.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fetch('//sub1.hackxor.net/', {mode: 'no-cors', credentials: 'include'}).then(()=
 ```
 {% endcode %}
 
-<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (3).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
 
 I haven't invested the time required to explore this threat in depth or scan for it in the wild as I believe it's currently rare for two reasons. Firstly, first-request routing is relatively uncommon and HTTP/2's implementation complexity means there's only a small pool of unique HTTP/2 servers relative to HTTP/1.1. Secondly, connection coalescing means HTTP/2 servers performing first-request routing may intermittently break for genuine visitors, so the owners may end up fixing the vulnerability without attacker encouragement.
 

windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/kerberos-double-hop-problem.md

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Download the latest [OpenSSH Release zip from github](https://github.com/PowerSh
 
 Uncompress the zip to where you’d like. Then, run the install script - `Install-sshd.ps1`
 
-<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (3).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
 
 Lastly, just add a firewall rule to **open port 22**. Verify the SSH services are installed, and start them. Both of these services will need to be running for SSH to work.
 

windows-hardening/av-bypass.md

@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ Dynamic analysis is when the AV runs your binary in a sandbox and watches for ma
 
 It turns out that Microsoft Defender's Sandbox computername is HAL9TH, so, you can check for the computer name in your malware before detonation, if the name matches HAL9TH, it means you're inside defender's sandbox, so you can make your program exit.
 
-<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (3).png" alt=""><figcaption><p>source: <a href="https://youtu.be/StSLxFbVz0M?t=1439">https://youtu.be/StSLxFbVz0M?t=1439</a></p></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (6).png" alt=""><figcaption><p>source: <a href="https://youtu.be/StSLxFbVz0M?t=1439">https://youtu.be/StSLxFbVz0M?t=1439</a></p></figcaption></figure>
 
 Some other really good tips from [@mgeeky](https://twitter.com/mariuszbit) for going against Sandboxes&#x20;
 
-<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://discord.com/servers/red-team-vx-community-1012733841229746240">Red Team VX Discord</a> #malware-dev channel</p></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://discord.com/servers/red-team-vx-community-1012733841229746240">Red Team VX Discord</a> #malware-dev channel</p></figcaption></figure>
 
 As we've said before in this post, **public tools** will eventually **get detected**, so, you should ask yourself something:
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Whenever it's possible, always **prioritize using DLLs for evasion**, in my expe
 
 As we can see in this image, a DLL Payload from Havoc has a detection rate of 4/26 in antiscan.me, while the EXE payload has a 7/26 detection rate.
 
-<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (6).png" alt=""><figcaption><p>antiscan.me comparison of a normal Havoc EXE payload vs a normal Havoc DLL</p></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (3).png" alt=""><figcaption><p>antiscan.me comparison of a normal Havoc EXE payload vs a normal Havoc DLL</p></figcaption></figure>
 
 Now we'll show some tricks you can use with DLL files to be much more stealthier.
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ You may have seen this screen when downloading some executables from the interne
 
 Microsoft Defender SmartScreen is a security mechanism intended to protect the end user against running potentially malicious applications.
 
-<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
 
 SmartScreen mainly works with a reputation-based approach, meaning that uncommonly download applications will trigger SmartScreen thus alerting and preventing the end user from executing the file (although the file can still be executed by clicking More Info -> Run anyway).