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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# Format Strings
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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@ -15,13 +15,12 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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{% embed url="https://www.stmcyber.com/careers" %}
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## Basic Information
|
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In C **`printf`** is a function that can be used to **print** some string. The **first parameter** this function expects is the **raw text with the formatters**. The **following parameters** expected are the **values** to **substitute** the **formatters** from the raw text.
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@ -260,21 +259,19 @@ It's possible to abuse the write actions of a format string vulnerability to **w
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* [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/10-fmt\_strings/tw16\_greeting/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/10-fmt\_strings/tw16\_greeting/index.html)
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* 32 bit, relro, no canary, nx, no pie, format string to write an address inside main in `.fini_array` (so the flow loops back 1 more time) and write the address to `system` in the GOT table pointing to `strlen`. When the flow goes back to main, `strlen` is executed with user input and pointing to `system`, it will execute the passed commands.
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<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
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{% embed url="https://www.stmcyber.com/careers" %}
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
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Support HackTricks
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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@ -498,15 +498,15 @@ int main() {
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Debugging the previous example it's possible to see how at the beginning there is only 1 arena:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Then, after calling the first thread, the one that calls malloc, a new arena is created:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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and inside of it some chunks can be found:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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## Bins & Memory Allocations/Frees
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@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ unlink_chunk (mstate av, mchunkptr p)
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Check this great graphical explanation of the unlink process:
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://ctf-wiki.mahaloz.re/pwn/linux/glibc-heap/implementation/figure/unlink_smallbin_intro.png">https://ctf-wiki.mahaloz.re/pwn/linux/glibc-heap/implementation/figure/unlink_smallbin_intro.png</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://ctf-wiki.mahaloz.re/pwn/linux/glibc-heap/implementation/figure/unlink_smallbin_intro.png">https://ctf-wiki.mahaloz.re/pwn/linux/glibc-heap/implementation/figure/unlink_smallbin_intro.png</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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### Security Checks
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@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ This gadget basically allows to confirm that something interesting was executed
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This technique uses the [**ret2csu**](ret2csu.md) gadget. And this is because if you access this gadget in the middle of some instructions you get gadgets to control **`rsi`** and **`rdi`**:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="278"><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf">https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="278"><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf">https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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These would be the gadgets:
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ gef➤ search-pattern 0x400560
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Another way to control **`rdi`** and **`rsi`** from the ret2csu gadget is by accessing it specific offsets:
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="283"><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf">https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="283"><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf">https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf</a></p></figcaption></figure>
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Check this page for more info:
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# Padding Oracle
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
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## CBC - Cipher Block Chaining
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@ -122,13 +120,11 @@ But if you BF the padding (using padbuster for example) you manage to get anothe
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block\_cipher\_mode\_of\_operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block\_cipher\_mode\_of\_operation)
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<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
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@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ There are several tools out there that will perform part of the proposed actions
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* All free courses of [**@Jhaddix**](https://twitter.com/Jhaddix) like [**The Bug Hunter's Methodology v4.0 - Recon Edition**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4JgIu1mceI)
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Check also the page about [**NTLM**](../windows-hardening/ntlm/), it could be ve
|
|||
* [**CBC-MAC**](../crypto-and-stego/cipher-block-chaining-cbc-mac-priv.md)
|
||||
* [**Padding Oracle**](../crypto-and-stego/padding-oracle-priv.md)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ However, in this kind of containers these protections will usually exist, but yo
|
|||
|
||||
You can find **examples** on how to **exploit some RCE vulnerabilities** to get scripting languages **reverse shells** and execute binaries from memory in [**https://github.com/carlospolop/DistrolessRCE**](https://github.com/carlospolop/DistrolessRCE).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
# Linux Active Directory
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
A linux machine can also be present inside an Active Directory environment.
|
||||
|
|
@ -81,8 +79,7 @@ make CONF=Release
|
|||
/tmp/tickey -i
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This procedure will attempt to inject into various sessions, indicating success by storing extracted tickets in `/tmp` with a naming convention of `__krb_UID.ccache`.
|
||||
|
||||
This procedure will attempt to inject into various sessions, indicating success by storing extracted tickets in `/tmp` with a naming convention of `__krb_UID.ccache`.
|
||||
|
||||
### CCACHE ticket reuse from SSSD KCM
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,17 +133,16 @@ crackmapexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'ServiceAccount$' -H "HashPlaceholder" -d "YourDO
|
|||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://www.tarlogic.com/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/](https://www.tarlogic.com/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/)
|
||||
* [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey)
|
||||
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack.md#linux-active-directory](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack.md#linux-active-directory)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Moreover using the security tool it's possible to test many `Security.framework`
|
|||
|
||||
That will fork and exec `/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline /bin/ls` as root, which will ask for permissions in a prompt to execute ls as root:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (10).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="
|
|||
|
||||
Mach-o binaries contains a load command called **`LC_CODE_SIGNATURE`** that indicates the **offset** and **size** of the signatures inside the binary. Actually, using the GUI tool MachOView, it's possible to find at the end of the binary a section called **Code Signature** with this information:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt="" width="431"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1).png" alt="" width="431"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The magic header of the Code Signature is **`0xFADE0CC0`**. Then you have information such as the length and the number of blobs of the superBlob that contains them.\
|
||||
It's possible to find this information in the [source code here](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/94d3b452840153a99b38a3a9659680b2a006908e/osfmk/kern/cs\_blobs.h#L276):
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ This type of vulnerability was [**originally discovered in this post**](https://
|
|||
|
||||
This is because in the SMTP protocol, the **data of the message** to be sent in the email is controlled by a user (attacker) which could send specially crafted data abusing differences in parsers that will smuggle extra emails in the receptor. Take a look to this illustrated example from the original post:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (8) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://sec-consult.com/fileadmin/user_upload/sec-consult/Dynamisch/Blogartikel/2023_12/SMTP_Smuggling-Overview__09_.png">https://sec-consult.com/fileadmin/user_upload/sec-consult/Dynamisch/Blogartikel/2023_12/SMTP_Smuggling-Overview__09_.png</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (8) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://sec-consult.com/fileadmin/user_upload/sec-consult/Dynamisch/Blogartikel/2023_12/SMTP_Smuggling-Overview__09_.png">https://sec-consult.com/fileadmin/user_upload/sec-consult/Dynamisch/Blogartikel/2023_12/SMTP_Smuggling-Overview__09_.png</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### How
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ If there is an ACL that only allows some IPs to query the SMNP service, you can
|
|||
* snmpd.conf
|
||||
* snmp-config.xml
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ msf6 auxiliary(scanner/snmp/snmp_enum) > exploit
|
|||
|
||||
* [https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9](https://medium.com/@in9uz/cisco-nightmare-pentesting-cisco-networks-like-a-devil-f4032eb437b9)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
# 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -68,15 +68,15 @@ I save the tool here also for ease of access:
|
|||
|
||||
* `port:5900 RFB`
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://www.stmcyber.com/careers" %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ In the _Extend_ menu (/admin/modules), you can activate what appear to be plugin
|
|||
|
||||
Before activation:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
After activation:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### Part 2 (leveraging feature _Configuration synchronization_) <a href="#part-2-leveraging-feature-configuration-synchronization" id="part-2-leveraging-feature-configuration-synchronization"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ allow_insecure_uploads: false
|
|||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
To:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ allow_insecure_uploads: true
|
|||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**Patch field.field.media.document.field\_media\_document.yml**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ File: field.field.media.document.field\_media\_document.yml
|
|||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
To:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ File: field.field.media.document.field\_media\_document.yml
|
|||
|
||||
> I don’t use it in this blogpost but it is noted that it is possible to define the entry `file_directory` in an arbitrary way and that it is vulnerable to a path traversal attack (so we can go back up within the Drupal filesystem tree).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### Part 3 (leveraging feature _Add Document_) <a href="#part-3-leveraging-feature-add-document" id="part-3-leveraging-feature-add-document"></a>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ Why name our Webshell LICENSE.txt?
|
|||
|
||||
Simply because if we take the following file, for example [core/LICENSE.txt](https://github.com/drupal/drupal/blob/11.x/core/LICENSE.txt) (which is already present in the Drupal core), we have a file of 339 lines and 17.6 KB in size, which is perfect for adding a small snippet of PHP code in the middle (since the file is big enough).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
File: Patched LICENSE.txt
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -257,11 +257,11 @@ programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
|
|||
|
||||
First, we leverage the _Add Document_ (/media/add/document) feature to upload our file containing the Apache directives (.htaccess).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (8) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (8) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**Part 3.2 (upload file LICENSE.txt)**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ If the preload script exposes an IPC endpoint from the main.js file, the rendere
|
|||
|
||||
Example from [https://speakerdeck.com/masatokinugawa/how-i-hacked-microsoft-teams-and-got-150000-dollars-in-pwn2own?slide=21](https://speakerdeck.com/masatokinugawa/how-i-hacked-microsoft-teams-and-got-150000-dollars-in-pwn2own?slide=21) (you have the full example of how MS Teams was abusing from XSS to RCE in those slides, this is just a very basic example):
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Example 1
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
# H2 - Java SQL database
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
Official page: [https://www.h2database.com/html/main.html](https://www.h2database.com/html/main.html)
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,13 +50,11 @@ In [**this post**](https://blog.assetnote.io/2023/07/22/pre-auth-rce-metabase/)
|
|||
[...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ These are some of the actions a malicious plugin could perform:
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" d
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ More information in: [https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-frie
|
|||
* [https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/](https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/)
|
||||
* [https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a](https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ The token's expiry is checked using the "exp" Payload claim. Given that JWTs are
|
|||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://github.com/ticarpi/jwt_tool" %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ It is important to note that cookies prefixed with `__Host-` are not allowed to
|
|||
|
||||
So, one of the protection of `__Host-` prefixed cookies is to prevent them from being overwritten from subdomains. Preventing for example [**Cookie Tossing attacks**](cookie-tossing.md). In the talk [**Cookie Crumbles: Unveiling Web Session Integrity Vulnerabilities**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F\_wAzF4a7Xg) ([**paper**](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity23-squarcina.pdf)) it's presented that it was possible to set \_\_HOST- prefixed cookies from subdomain, by tricking the parser, for example, adding "=" at the beggining or at the beginig and the end...:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Or in PHP it was possible to add **other characters at the beginning** of the cookie name that were going to be **replaced by underscore** characters, allowing to overwrite `__HOST-` cookies:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="373"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="373"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Cookies Attacks
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ intitle:"phpLDAPadmin" inurl:cmd.php
|
|||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/LDAP%20Injection" %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ SELECT $$hacktricks$$;
|
|||
SELECT $TAG$hacktricks$TAG$;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
|
|||
# SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1\*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpe](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1\*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg)Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,6 +58,12 @@ To detect Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI), initially, **fuzzing the templa
|
|||
|
||||
Identifying the template engine involves analyzing error messages or manually testing various language-specific payloads. Common payloads causing errors include `${7/0}`, `{{7/0}}`, and `<%= 7/0 %>`. Observing the server's response to mathematical operations helps pinpoint the specific template engine.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Identification by payloads
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (9).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* More info in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
|
||||
|
||||
## Tools
|
||||
|
||||
### [TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA)
|
||||
|
|
@ -470,6 +478,12 @@ this.evaluate(new String(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("QGdyb292eS50cmFuc
|
|||
this.evaluate(new String(new byte[]{64, 103, 114, 111, 111, 118, 121, 46, 116, 114, 97, 110, 115, 102, 111, 114, 109, 46, 65, 83, 84, 84, 101, 115, 116, 40, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 61, 123, 97, 115, 115, 101, 114, 116, 32, 106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 46, 103, 101, 116, 82,117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 40, 41, 46, 101, 120, 101, 99, 40, 34, 105, 100, 34, 41, 125, 41, 100, 101, 102, 32, 120}))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Java
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (7).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* More info in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2FelPCTwoecVdnsfjxCZtN%2Fimage.png?alt=media&token=9ee4ff3e-92dc-471c-abfe-1c25e446a6ed" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
[**RootedCON**](https://www.rootedcon.com/) is the most relevant cybersecurity event in **Spain** and one of the most important in **Europe**. With **the mission of promoting technical knowledge**, this congress is a boiling meeting point for technology and cybersecurity professionals in every discipline.
|
||||
|
|
@ -650,6 +664,12 @@ echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors'));
|
|||
|
||||
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html\_template\_phplib](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html\_template\_phplib)
|
||||
|
||||
### Other PHP
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* More info in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
|
||||
|
||||
### Jade (NodeJS)
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
|
|
@ -789,6 +809,14 @@ home = pugjs.render(injected_page)
|
|||
|
||||
* [http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine](http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine)
|
||||
|
||||
### Other NodeJS
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image.png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* More info in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
|
||||
|
||||
### ERB (Ruby)
|
||||
|
||||
* `{{7*7}} = {{7*7}}`
|
||||
|
|
@ -824,6 +852,14 @@ home = pugjs.render(injected_page)
|
|||
|
||||
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby)
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Ruby
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (4).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (5).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* More info in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
|
||||
|
||||
### Python
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the following page to learn tricks about **arbitrary command execution bypassing sandboxes** in python:
|
||||
|
|
@ -944,6 +980,14 @@ ${x}
|
|||
|
||||
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako)
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Python
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* More info in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
|
||||
|
||||
### Razor (.Net)
|
||||
|
||||
* `@(2+2) <= Success`
|
||||
|
|
@ -999,6 +1043,8 @@ In Go's template engine, confirmation of its usage can be done with specific pay
|
|||
* `{{printf "%s" "ssti" }}`: Expected to display the string "ssti".
|
||||
* `{{html "ssti"}}`, `{{js "ssti"}}`: These payloads should return "ssti" without appending "html" or "js". Further directives can be explored in the Go documentation [here](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (8).png" alt="" width="375"><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**XSS Exploitation**
|
||||
|
||||
With the `text/template` package, XSS can be straightforward by inserting the payload directly. Contrastingly, the `html/template` package encodes the response to prevent this (e.g., `{{"<script>alert(1)</script>"}}` results in `<script>alert(1)</script>`). Nonetheless, template definition and invocation in Go can bypass this encoding: \{{define "T1"\}}alert(1)\{{end\}} \{{template "T1"\}}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
# XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1574,7 +1574,7 @@ Find **more SVG payloads in** [**https://github.com/allanlw/svg-cheatsheet**](ht
|
|||
* [https://gist.github.com/rvrsh3ll/09a8b933291f9f98e8ec](https://gist.github.com/rvrsh3ll/09a8b933291f9f98e8ec)
|
||||
* [https://netsec.expert/2020/02/01/xss-in-2020.html](https://netsec.expert/2020/02/01/xss-in-2020.html)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
|
||||
# Steal Info JS
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,11 +15,8 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
// SELECT HERE THE EXFILTRATION MODE (more than 1 can be selected)
|
||||
// If any GET method is selected (like location or RQ_GET), it's recommended to exfiltrate each info 1 by 1
|
||||
|
|
@ -128,13 +125,11 @@ window.onmessage = function(e){
|
|||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -146,5 +141,3 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ At the heart of automatic differentiation is the **chain rule** from calculus. T
|
|||
|
||||
Mathematically, if `y=f(u)` and `u=g(x)`, then the derivative of `y` with respect to `x` is:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Computational Graph**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ In AD, computations are represented as nodes in a **computational graph**, where
|
|||
|
||||
Let's consider a simple function:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Where:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ We want to compute the gradient of the loss `L` with respect to the weight `w` a
|
|||
|
||||
**4. Computing Gradients Manually**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**5. Numerical Calculation**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### Implementing Automatic Differentiation in PyTorch
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ In larger neural networks with multiple layers, the process of computing gradien
|
|||
|
||||
Consider a simple neural network with one hidden layer:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (5).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### **4. PyTorch Implementation**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ For each word in the sentence, compute the **attention score** with respect to "
|
|||
|
||||
**Attention Score between "Hello" and "shiny"**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**Attention Score between "shiny" and "shiny"**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
**Attention Score between "sun" and "shiny"**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Normalize Attention Scores to Obtain Attention Weights
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -67,19 +67,19 @@ Moreover, **softmax** function is used because it accentuates differences due to
|
|||
|
||||
Apply the **softmax function** to the attention scores to convert them into attention weights that sum to 1.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="293"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="293"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Calculating the exponentials:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="249"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="249"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Calculating the sum:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Calculating attention weights:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1).png" alt="" width="404"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="404"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Compute the Context Vector
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ Calculating each component:
|
|||
|
||||
* **Weighted Embedding of "Hello"**:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (7) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
* **Weighted Embedding of "shiny"**:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (8) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (8) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
* **Weighted Embedding of "sun"**:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Summing the weighted embeddings:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ Summing the weighted embeddings:
|
|||
|
||||
In practice, self-attention mechanisms use **trainable weights** to learn the best representations for queries, keys, and values. This involves introducing three weight matrices:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1).png" alt="" width="239"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="239"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The query is the data to use like before, while the keys and values matrices are just random-trainable matrices.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ LLM architecture example from [https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch/blob/m
|
|||
|
||||
A high level representation can be observed in:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption><p><a href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6c8c392f72d5b9e86c94aeb9470beab435b888d24135926f1746eb88e0cc18fb/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830345f636f6d707265737365642f31332e776562703f31">https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6c8c392f72d5b9e86c94aeb9470beab435b888d24135926f1746eb88e0cc18fb/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830345f636f6d707265737365642f31332e776562703f31</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption><p><a href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6c8c392f72d5b9e86c94aeb9470beab435b888d24135926f1746eb88e0cc18fb/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830345f636f6d707265737365642f31332e776562703f31">https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6c8c392f72d5b9e86c94aeb9470beab435b888d24135926f1746eb88e0cc18fb/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830345f636f6d707265737365642f31332e776562703f31</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Input (Tokenized Text)**: The process begins with tokenized text, which is converted into numerical representations.
|
||||
2. **Token Embedding and Positional Embedding Layer**: The tokenized text is passed through a **token embedding** layer and a **positional embedding layer**, which captures the position of tokens in a sequence, critical for understanding word order.
|
||||
|
|
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class GELU(nn.Module):
|
|||
* **Smooth Activation:** Unlike ReLU, which zeroes out negative inputs, GELU smoothly maps inputs to outputs, allowing for small, non-zero values for negative inputs.
|
||||
* **Mathematical Definition:**
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
The goal of the use of this function after linear layers inside the FeedForward layer is to change the linear data to be none linear to allow the model to learn complex, non-linear relationships.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Then, for each entry with a context length of 5 tokens for example, the model wi
|
|||
|
||||
Therefore, after performing the natural logarithm to each prediction, the **average** is calculated, the **minus symbol removed** (this is called _cross entropy loss_) and thats the **number to reduce as close to 0 as possible** because the natural logarithm of 1 is 0:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (10).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption><p><a href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/3c0ab9c55cefa10b667f1014b6c42df901fa330bb2bc9cea88885e784daec8ba/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830355f636f6d707265737365642f63726f73732d656e74726f70792e776562703f313233">https://camo.githubusercontent.com/3c0ab9c55cefa10b667f1014b6c42df901fa330bb2bc9cea88885e784daec8ba/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830355f636f6d707265737365642f63726f73732d656e74726f70792e776562703f313233</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (10) (1).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption><p><a href="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/3c0ab9c55cefa10b667f1014b6c42df901fa330bb2bc9cea88885e784daec8ba/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830355f636f6d707265737365642f63726f73732d656e74726f70792e776562703f313233">https://camo.githubusercontent.com/3c0ab9c55cefa10b667f1014b6c42df901fa330bb2bc9cea88885e784daec8ba/68747470733a2f2f73656261737469616e72617363686b612e636f6d2f696d616765732f4c4c4d732d66726f6d2d736372617463682d696d616765732f636830355f636f6d707265737365642f63726f73732d656e74726f70792e776562703f313233</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Another way to measure how good the model is is called perplexity. **Perplexity** is a metric used to evaluate how well a probability model predicts a sample. In language modelling, it represents the **model's uncertainty** when predicting the next token in a sequence.\
|
||||
For example, a perplexity value of 48725, means that when needed to predict a token it's unsure about which among 48,725 tokens in the vocabulary is the good one.
|
||||
|
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@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ _Note that this improvement isn't included in the previous code._
|
|||
Check the following example:
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### Loading Data
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ LoRA makes it possible to fine-tune **large models** efficiently by only changin
|
|||
1. This is because instead of calculating the complete weight update of a layer (matrix), it approximates it to a product of 2 smaller matrices reducing the update to calculate:\
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (9).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (9) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
2. **Keeps Original Model Weights Unchanged**: LoRA allows you to keep the original model weights the same, and only updates the **new small matrices** (A and B). This is helpful because it means the model’s original knowledge is preserved, and you only tweak what's necessary.
|
||||
3. **Efficient Task-Specific Fine-Tuning**: When you want to adapt the model to a **new task**, you can just train the **small LoRA matrices** (A and B) while leaving the rest of the model as it is. This is **much more efficient** than retraining the entire model.
|
||||
4. **Storage Efficiency**: After fine-tuning, instead of saving a **whole new model** for each task, you only need to store the **LoRA matrices**, which are very small compared to the entire model. This makes it easier to adapt the model to many tasks without using too much storage.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
# Antivirus (AV) Bypass
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -599,15 +599,15 @@ https://github.com/praetorian-code/vulcan
|
|||
|
||||
* [https://github.com/persianhydra/Xeexe-TopAntivirusEvasion](https://github.com/persianhydra/Xeexe-TopAntivirusEvasion)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
If you are interested in **hacking career** and hack the unhackable - **we are hiring!** (_fluent polish written and spoken required_).
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://www.stmcyber.com/careers" %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
# PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-s
|
|||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
## How do they work
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,13 +52,11 @@ SharpLateral.exe redexec HOSTNAME C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop\\malware.exe
|
|||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="/..https:/pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue