In the path `\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Notifications` you can find the database `appdb.dat` \(before Windows anniversary\) or `wpndatabase.db` \(after Windows Anniversary\).
This database can be open with a SQLite tool or with the tool [**WxTCmd**](https://github.com/EricZimmerman/WxTCmd) **\*\*which generates 2 files that can be opened with the tool \[**TimeLine Explorer\*\*\]\([https://ericzimmerman.github.io/\#!index.md](https://ericzimmerman.github.io/#!index.md)\).
Having these files you can sue the tool [**Rifiuti**](https://github.com/abelcheung/rifiuti2) to get the original address of the deleted files and the date it was deleted \(use `rifiuti-vista.exe` for Vista – Win10\).
Shadow Copy is a technology included in Microsoft Windows that can create **backup copies** or snapshots of computer files or volumes, even when they are in use.
These backups are usually located in the `\System Volume Information` from the roof of the file system and the name is composed by **UIDs** as in the following image:
Mounting the forensics image with the **ArsenalImageMounter**, the tool [**ShadowCopyView**](https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/shadow_copy_view.html) can be used to inspect a shadow copy and even **extract the files** from the shadow copy backups.
When a folder is created, a link to the folder, to the parent folder and to the grandparent folder is also created.
These automatically created link files **contain information about the origin** like if it's a **file****or** a **folder**, **MAC****times** of that file, **volume informatio**n of where is the file stored and **folder of the target file**.
This information can be useful to recover those files in case they were removed.
Also, the **date created of the link** file is the first **time** the original file was **first****used** and the **date****modified** of the link file is the **last****time** the origin file was used.
To inspect these files you can use [**LinkParser**](http://4discovery.com/our-tools/).
In this tools you will find 2 set of timestamps: **FileModifiedDate**, **FileAccessDate** and **FileCreationDate**, and **LinkModifiedDate**, **LinkAccessDate** and **LinkCreationDate**. The first set of timestamp references the **timestamps of the link file itself**. The second set references the **timestamps of the linked file**.
You can get the same information running the Windows cli tool: [**LECmd.exe**](https://github.com/EricZimmerman/LECmd)\*\*\*\*
These are the recent files that are indicated per application. It's the list of **recent files used by an application** that you can access on each application.
They can be created **automatically or be custom**.
The **jumplists** created automatically are stored in `C:\Users\{username}\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations\`.
The jumplists are named following the format `{id}.autmaticDestinations-ms` where the initial ID is the ID of the application.
The custom jumplists are stored in `C:\Users\{username}\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\CustomDestination\` and they are created by the application usually because something **important** has happened with the file \(maybe marked as favorite\)
The **created time** of any jumplist indicates the **first time the file was accessed** and the **modified time the last time**.
The files in the folder WPDNSE are a copy of the original ones, then won't survive a restart of the PC and the GUID is taken from a shellbag.
### Registry Information
[Check this page to learn](interesting-windows-registry-keys.md#usb-information) which registry keys contains interesting information about USB connected devices.
### setupapi
Check the file `C:\Windows\inf\setupapi.dev.log` to get the timestamps about when the USB connection was produced \(search for `Section start`\).
The 'Plug and Play Cleanup' scheduled task is responsible for **clearing** legacy versions of drivers. It would appear \(based upon reports online\) that it also picks up **drivers which have not been used in 30 days**, despite its description stating that "the most current version of each driver package will be kept". As such, **removable devices which have not been connected for 30 days may have their drivers removed**.
The scheduled task itself is located at ‘C:\Windows\System32\Tasks\Microsoft\Windows\Plug and Play\Plug and Play Cleanup’, and its content is displayed below:
The task references 'pnpclean.dll' which is responsible for performing the cleanup activity additionally we see that the ‘UseUnifiedSchedulingEngine’ field is set to ‘TRUE’ which specifies that the generic task scheduling engine is used to manage the task. The ‘Period’ and ‘Deadline’ values of 'P1M' and 'P2M' within ‘MaintenanceSettings’ instruct Task Scheduler to execute the task once every month during regular Automatic maintenance and if it fails for 2 consecutive months, to start attempting the task during.
**This section was copied from** [**here**](https://blog.1234n6.com/2018/07/windows-plug-and-play-cleanup.html)**.**
This application saves the emails in HTML or text. You can find the emails inside subfolders inside `\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Comms\Unistore\data\3\`. The emails are saved with `.dat` extension.
The **metadata** of the emails and the **contacts** can be found inside the **EDB database**: `\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Comms\UnistoreDB\store.vol`
**Change the extension** of the file from `.vol` to `.edb` and you can use the tool [ESEDatabaseView](https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/ese_database_view.html) to open it. Inside the `Message` table you can see the emails.
When Exchange servers or Outlook clients are used there are going to be some MAPI headers:
*`Mapi-Client-Submit-Time`: Time of the system when the email was sent
*`Mapi-Conversation-Index`: Number of children message of the thread and timestamp of each message of the thread
*`Mapi-Entry-ID`: Message identifier.
*`Mappi-Message-Flags` and `Pr_last_Verb-Executed`: Information about the MAPI client \(message read? no read? responded? redirected? out of the office?\)
In the Microsoft Outlook client all the sent and received messages, contacts and calendar data is stored in a PST file in:
The registry path `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\Windows Messagin Subsystem\Profiles\Outlook` indicates the file that is being used.
You can open the PST file using the tool [**Kernel PST Viewer**](https://www.nucleustechnologies.com/es/visor-de-pst.html).
When Microsoft Outlook is configured **using****IMAP** or using an **Exchange** server, it generates a **OST** file that stores almost the same info as the PST file. It keeps the file synchronized with the server for the l**ast 12 months**, with a **max file-size of 50GB** and in the **same folder as the PST** file is saved.
You can inspect this file using [**Kernel OST viewer**](https://www.nucleustechnologies.com/ost-viewer.html).
### Recovering Attachments
You may be able to find them in the folder:
*`%APPDATA%\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Outlook` -> IE10
**Thunderbird** stores the information in **MBOX****files** in the folder `\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Roaming\Thunderbird\Profiles`
## Thumbnails
When a user access a folder and organised it using thumbnails, then a `thumbs.db` file is created. This db **stores the thumbnails of the images** of the folder even if they are deleted.
in winXP and WIn8-8.1 this file is created automatically. In Win7/Win10, it's created automatically if it's accessed via an UNC path \(\IP\folder...\).
It is possible to read this file with the tool [**Thumbsviewer**](https://thumbsviewer.github.io/).
### Thumbcache
Beginning with Windows Vista, **thumbnail previews are stored in a centralized location on the system**. This provides the system with access to images independent of their location, and addresses issues with the locality of Thumbs.db files. The cache is stored at **`%userprofile%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Explorer`** as a number of files with the label **thumbcache\_xxx.db** \(numbered by size\); as well as an index used to find thumbnails in each sized database.
* Thumbcache\_32.db -> small
* Thumbcache\_96.db -> medium
* Thumbcache\_256.db -> large
* Thumbcache\_1024.db -> extra large
You can read this file using [**ThumbCache Viewer**](https://thumbcacheviewer.github.io/).
From Windows Vista and Windows 2008 Server upwards there are some backups of the `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE` registry files in **`%Windir%\System32\Config\RegBack\`**.
Also from these versions, the registry file **`%UserProfile%\{User}\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\USERCLASS.DAT`** is created saving information about program executions.
* **Registry Editor**: It's installed in Windows. It's a GUI to navigate through the Windows registry of the current session.
* [**Registry Explorer**](https://ericzimmerman.github.io/#!index.md): It allows to load the registry file and navigate through them with a GUI. It also contains Bookmarks highlighting keys with interesting information.
* [**RegRipper**](https://github.com/keydet89/RegRipper3.0): Again, it has a GUI that allows to navigate through the loaded registry and also contains plugins that highlight interesting information inside the loaded registry.
* [**Windows Registry Recovery**](https://www.mitec.cz/wrr.html): Another GUI application capable of extracting the important information from the registry loaded.
When a key is deleted it's marked as such but until the space it's occupying is needed it won't be removed. Therefore, using tools like **Registry Explorer** it's possible to recover these deleted keys.
The file/hive **SAM** contains the **users, groups and users passwords** hashes of the system.
In `SAM\Domains\Account\Users` you can obtain the username, the RID, last logon, last failed logon, login counter, password policy and when the account was created. In order to get the **hashes** you also **need** the file/hive **SYSTEM**.
Inside the registry `NTUSER.DAT` in the path `Software\Microsoft\Current Version\Search\RecentApps` you can subkeys with information about the **application executed**, **last time** it was executed, and **number of times** it was launched.
### BAM
You can open the `SYSTEM` file with a registry editor and inside the path `SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\bam\UserSettings\{SID}` you can find the information about the **applications executed by each user** \(note the `{SID}` in the path\) and at **what time** they were executed \(the time is inside the Data value of the registry\).
Prefetching is a technique that allows a computer to silently **fetch the necessary resources needed to display content** that a user **might access in the near future** so resources can be accessed in less time.
Windows prefetch consist on creating **caches of the executed programs** in order to be able to load them faster. These caches as created as `.pf` files inside the path: `C:\Windows\Prefetch`.
there is a limit of 128 files in XP/VISTA/WIN7 and 1024 files in Win8/Win10.
The file name is created as `{program_name}-{hash}.pf` \(the hash is based on the path and arguments of the executable\). In W10 these files are compressed.
Note that the sole presence of the file indicates that **the program was executed** at some point.
The file `C:\Windows\Prefetch\Layout.ini` contains the **names of the folders of the files that are prefetched**. This file contains **information about the number of the executions**, **dates** of the execution and **files****open** by the program.
To inspect these files you can use the tool [**PEcmd.exe**](https://github.com/EricZimmerman/PECmd):
**Superprefetch** has the same goal as prefetch, **load programs faster** by predicting what is going to be loaded next. However, it doesn't substitute the prefetch service.
This service will generate database files in `C:\Windows\Prefetch\Ag*.db`.
In these databases you can find the **name** of the **program**, **number** of **executions**, **files****opened**, **volume****accessed**, **complete****path**, **timeframes** and **timestamps**.
You can access this information using the tool [**CrowdResponse**](https://www.crowdstrike.com/resources/community-tools/crowdresponse/).
### SRUM
**System Resource Usage Monitor** \(SRUM\) **monitors** the **resources****consumed****by a process**. It appeared in W8 and it stores the data en an ESE database located in `C:\Windows\System32\sru\SRUDB.dat`.
It gives the information:
* AppID and Path
* User that executed the process
* Sent Bytes
* Received Bytes
* Network Interface
* Connection duration
* Process duration
This information is updated every 60mins.
You can obtain the date from this file using the tool [**srum\_dump**](https://github.com/MarkBaggett/srum-dump).
**Shimcache**, also known as **AppCompatCache**, is a component of the **Application Compatibility Database**, which was created by **Microsoft** and used by the operating system to identify application compatibility issues.
The cache stores various file metadata depending on the operating system, such as:
* File Full Path
* File Size
* **$Standard\_Information** \(SI\) Last Modified time
The **Amcache.hve** file is a registry file that stores the information of executed applications. It's located in `C:\Windows\AppCompat\Programas\Amcache.hve`
**Amcache.hve** records the recent processes that were run and lists the path of the files that’s executed which can then be used to find the executed program. It also record the SHA1 of the program.
You can parse this information with the tool [**Amcacheparser**](https://github.com/EricZimmerman/AmcacheParser)\*\*\*\*
The most interesting CVS file generated if the `Amcache_Unassociated file entries`.
### RecentFileCache
This artifact can only be found in W7 in `C:\Windows\AppCompat\Programs\RecentFileCache.bcf` and it contains information about the recent execution of some binaries.
You can use the tool [**RecentFileCacheParse**](https://github.com/EricZimmerman/RecentFileCacheParser) to parse the file.
### Scheduled tasks
You can extract them from `C:\Windows\Tasks` or `C:\Windows\System32\Tasks` and read them as XML.
### Services
You can find them in the registry under `SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services`. You can see what is going to be executed and when.
The installed applications can be found in `\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\AppRepository\`
This repository has a **log** with **each application installed** in the system inside the database **`StateRepository-Machine.srd`**.
Inside the Application table of this database it's possible to find the columns: "Application ID", "PackageNumber", and "Display Name". This columns have information about pre-installed and installed applications and it can be found if some applications were uninstalled because the IDs of installed applications should be sequential.
It's also possible to **find installed application** inside the registry path: `Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Appx\AppxAllUserStore\Applications\`
And **uninstalled****applications** in: `Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Appx\AppxAllUserStore\Deleted\`
The logs are located in `C:\Windows\System32\config` before Windows Vista and in `C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs` after Windows Vista.
Before Windows Vista the event logs were in binary format and after it, they are in **XML format** and use the **.evtx** extension.
The location of the event files can be found in the SYSTEM registry in **`HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\EventLog\{Application|System|Security}`**
They can be visualized from the Windows Event Viewer \(**`eventvwr.msc`**\) or with other tools like [**Event Log Explorer**](https://eventlogxp.com/)**.**
These event register the accesses and give information about the security configuration.
they can be found in `C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Security.evtx`.
The **max size** of the event file is configurable, and it will start overwriting old events when the maximum size is reached.
Events that are registered:
* Login/Logoff
* Actions of the user
* Access to files, folders and shared assets
* Modification of the security configuration
Events related to the user authentication:
| EventID | Description |
| :--- | :--- |
| 4624 | Successful authentication |
| 4625 | Authentication error |
| 4634/4647 | log off |
| 4672 | Logon with admin permissions |
Inside the EventID 4634/4647 there are interesting sub-types:
* **2 \(interactive\)**: The login was interactive using the keyboard or software like VNC or `PSexec -U-`
* **3 \(network\)**: Connection to a shared folder
* **4 \(Batch\)**: Process executed
* **5 \(service\)**: Service started by the Service Control Manager
* **7**: Screen unblocked using password
* **8 \(network cleartext\)**: User authenticated sendin clear text passwords. This event use to come from the IIS
* **9 \(new credentials\)**: It's generated when the command `RunAs` is used or the user access to a network service with different credentials.
* **10 \(remote interactive\)**: Authentication via Terminal Services or RDP
* **11 \(cache interactive\)**: Access using the last cached credentials because it wasn't possible to contact the domain controller
The Status and sub status information of the event s can indicate more details about the causes of the event. For example take a look to the following Status and Sub Status Codes of the Event ID 4625:
It's highly recommended to turn off the suspicious PC by **unplugging it** to maximize the probabilities of recovering the Windows Events. In case they were deleted, a tool that can be useful to try to recover them is [**Bulk\_extractor**](../partitions-file-systems-carving/file-data-carving-recovery-tools.md#bulk-extractor) indicating the **evtx** extension.
A brute-force attack can be easily identifiable because **several EventIDs 4625 will appear**. **If** the attack was **successful**, after the EventIDs 4625, **an EventID 4624 will appear**.
### Time Change
This is awful for the forensics team as all the timestamps will be modified.
This event is recorded by the EventID 4616 inside the Security Event log.
### USB devices
The following System EventIDs are useful:
* 20001 / 20003 / 10000: First time it was used
* 10100: Driver update
The EventID 112 from DeviceSetupManager contains the timestamp of each USB device inserted.
### Turn Off / Turn On
The ID 6005 of the "Event Log" service indicates the PC was turned On. The ID 6006 indicates it was turned Off.
### Logs Deletion
The Security EventID 1102 indicates the logs were deleted.
