hacktricks/reversing/reversing-tools-basic-methods/angr/angr-examples.md

# Angr - Examples

{% hint style="info" %}
If the program is using **`scanf`** to get **several values at once from stdin** you need to generate a state that starts after the **`scanf`**.
{% endhint %}

### Input to reach address \(indicating the address\)

```python
import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]  # :string
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  # Start in main()
  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
  # Start simulation
  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  # Find the way yo reach the good address
  good_address = 0x804867d
  
  # Avoiding this address
  avoid_address = 0x080485A8
  simulation.explore(find=good_address , avoid=avoid_address ))

  # If found a way to reach the address
  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Print the string that Angr wrote to stdin to follow solution_state
    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

### Input to reach address \(indicating prints\)

```python
# If you don't know the address you want to recah, but you know it's printing something
# You can also indicate that info

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    #Successful print
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return b'Good Job.' in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    #Avoid this print
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return b'Try again.' in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]
    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

### Registry values

```python
# Angr doesn't currently support reading multiple things with scanf (Ex: 
# scanf("%u %u).) You will have to tell the simulation engine to begin the
# program after scanf is called and manually inject the symbols into registers.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  # Address were you want to indicate the relation BitVector - registries
  start_address = 0x80488d1
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)


  # Create Bit Vectors
  password0_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', password0_size_in_bits)

  password1_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', password1_size_in_bits)

  password2_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
  password2 = claripy.BVS('password2', password2_size_in_bits)

  # Relate it Vectors with the registriy values you are interested in to reach an address
  initial_state.regs.eax = password0
  initial_state.regs.ebx = password1
  initial_state.regs.edx = password2

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0)
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1)
    solution2 = solution_state.solver.eval(password2)

    # Aggregate and format the solutions you computed above, and then print
    # the full string. Pay attention to the order of the integers, and the
    # expected base (decimal, octal, hexadecimal, etc).
    solution = ' '.join(map('{:x}'.format, [ solution0, solution1, solution2 ]))  # :string
    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

### Stack values

```python
# Put bit vectors in th stack to find out the vallue that stack position need to 
# have to reach a rogram flow

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  # Go to some address after the scanf where values have already being set in the stack
  start_address = 0x8048697
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # Since we are starting after scanf, we are skipping this stack construction
  # step. To make up for this, we need to construct the stack ourselves. Let us
  # start by initializing ebp in the exact same way the program does.
  initial_state.regs.ebp = initial_state.regs.esp

  # In this case scanf("%u %u") is used, so 2 BVS are going to be needed
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 32)
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', 32)

  # Now, in the address were you have stopped, check were are the scanf values saved
  # Then, substrack form the esp registry the needing padding to get to the
  # part of the stack were the scanf values are being saved and push the BVS
  # (see the image below to understan this -8)
  padding_length_in_bytes = 8  # :integer
  initial_state.regs.esp -= padding_length_in_bytes

  initial_state.stack_push(password0)
  initial_state.stack_push(password1)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0)
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1)

    solution = ' '.join(map(str, [ solution0, solution1 ]))
    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

In this scenario, the input was taken with `scanf("%u %u")` and the value `"1 1"` was given, so the values **`0x00000001`** of the stack come from the **user input**. You can see how this values starts in `$ebp - 8`. Therefore, in the code we have **subtracted 8 bytes to `$esp` \(as in that moment `$ebp` and `$esp` had the same value\)** and then we have pushed the BVS.

![](../../../.gitbook/assets/image%20%28613%29.png)

### Static Memory values \(Global variables\)

```python
import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  
  #Get an address after the scanf. Once the input has already being saved in the memory positions
  start_address = 0x8048606
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # The binary is calling scanf("%8s %8s %8s %8s").
  # So we need 4 BVS of size 8*8
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', 8*8)
  password2 = claripy.BVS('password2', 8*8)
  password3 = claripy.BVS('password3', 8*8)

  # Write the symbolic BVS in the memory positions
  password0_address = 0xa29faa0
  initial_state.memory.store(password0_address, password0)
  password1_address = 0xa29faa8
  initial_state.memory.store(password1_address, password1)
  password2_address = 0xa29fab0
  initial_state.memory.store(password2_address, password2)
  password3_address = 0xa29fab8
  initial_state.memory.store(password3_address, password3)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Get the values the memory addresses should store
    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution2 = solution_state.solver.eval(password2,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution3 = solution_state.solver.eval(password3,cast_to=bytes).decode()

    solution = ' '.join([ solution0, solution1, solution2, solution3 ])

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

### Dynamic Memory Values \(Malloc\)

```python
import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  
  # Get address after scanf
  start_address = 0x804869e
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # The binary is calling scanf("%8s %8s") so 2 BVS are needed.
  password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
  password1 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
  
  # Find a coupble of addresses that aren't used by the binary (like 0x4444444 & 0x4444454)
  # The address generated by mallosc is going to be saved in some address
  # Then, make that address point to the fake heap addresses were the BVS are going to be saved
  fake_heap_address0 = 0x4444444
  pointer_to_malloc_memory_address0 = 0xa79a118
  initial_state.memory.store(pointer_to_malloc_memory_address0, fake_heap_address0, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)
  fake_heap_address1 = 0x4444454
  pointer_to_malloc_memory_address1 = 0xa79a120
  initial_state.memory.store(pointer_to_malloc_memory_address1, fake_heap_address1, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)

  # Save the VBS in the new fake heap addresses created
  initial_state.memory.store(fake_heap_address0, password0)
  initial_state.memory.store(fake_heap_address1, password1)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0,cast_to=bytes).decode()
    solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1,cast_to=bytes).decode()

    solution = ' '.join([ solution0, solution1 ])

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

### File Simulation

```python
#In this challenge a password is read from a file and we want to simulate its content

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
  
  # Get an address just before opening the file with th simbolic content
  # Or at least when the file is not going to suffer more changes before being read
  start_address = 0x80488db
  initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

  # Specify the filena that is going to open
  # Note that in theory, the filename could be symbolic.
  filename = 'WCEXPXBW.txt'
  symbolic_file_size_bytes = 64

  # Create a BV which is going to be the content of the simbolic file
  password = claripy.BVS('password', symbolic_file_size_bytes * 8)

  # Create the file simulation with the simbolic content
  password_file = angr.storage.SimFile(filename, content=password)
  
  # Add the symbolic file we created to the symbolic filesystem.
  initial_state.fs.insert(filename, password_file)

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  def is_successful(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

  def should_abort(state):
    stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
    return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

  simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    solution = solution_state.solver.eval(password,cast_to=bytes).decode()

    print(solution)
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)
```

{% hint style="info" %}
Note that the symbolic file could also contain constant data merged with symbolic data:

```python
  # Hello world, my name is John.
  # ^                       ^
  # ^ address 0             ^ address 24 (count the number of characters)
  # In order to represent this in memory, we would want to write the string to
  # the beginning of the file:
  #
  # hello_txt_contents = claripy.BVV('Hello world, my name is John.', 30*8)
  #
  # Perhaps, then, we would want to replace John with a
  # symbolic variable. We would call:
  #
  # name_bitvector = claripy.BVS('symbolic_name', 4*8)
  #
  # Then, after the program calls fopen('hello.txt', 'r') and then
  # fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 30, hello_txt_file), the buffer would contain
  # the string from the file, except four symbolic bytes where the name would be
  # stored.
  # (!)
```
{% endhint %}

### Applying Constrains

{% hint style="info" %}
Sometimes simple human operations like compare 2 words of length 16 **char by char** \(loop\), **cost** a lot to a **angr** because it needs to generate branches **exponentially** because it generates 1 branch per if: `2^16`  
Therefore, it's easier to **ask angr get to a previous point** \(where the real difficult part was already done\) and **set those constrains manually**.
{% endhint %}

```python
# After perform some complex poperations to the input the program checks
# char by char the password against another password saved, like in the snippet:
#
# #define REFERENCE_PASSWORD = "AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH";
# int check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH(char* to_check, size_t length) {
#   uint32_t num_correct = 0;
#   for (int i=0; i<length; ++i) {
#     if (to_check[i] == REFERENCE_PASSWORD[i]) {
#       num_correct += 1;
#     }
#   }
#   return num_correct == length;
# }
#
# ...
# 
# char* input = user_input();
# char* encrypted_input = complex_function(input);
# if (check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH(encrypted_input, 16)) {
#   puts("Good Job.");
# } else {
#   puts("Try again.");
# }
#
# The function checks if *to_check == "AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH". This is very RAM consumming 
# as the computer needs to branch every time the if statement in the loop was called (16 
# times), resulting in 2^16 = 65,536 branches, which will take too long of a 
# time to evaluate for our needs.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
  path_to_binary = argv[1]
  project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

  initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

  simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

  # Get an address to check after the complex function and before the "easy compare" operation
  address_to_check_constraint = 0x8048671
  simulation.explore(find=address_to_check_constraint)


  if simulation.found:
    solution_state = simulation.found[0]

    # Find were the input that is going to be compared is saved in memory
    constrained_parameter_address = 0x804a050
    constrained_parameter_size_bytes = 16
    # Set the bitvector
    constrained_parameter_bitvector = solution_state.memory.load(
      constrained_parameter_address,
      constrained_parameter_size_bytes
    )

    # Indicate angr that this BV at this point needs to be equal to the password
    constrained_parameter_desired_value = 'BWYRUBQCMVSBRGFU'.encode()
    solution_state.add_constraints(constrained_parameter_bitvector == constrained_parameter_desired_value)

    print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
  else:
    raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
  main(sys.argv)

```