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{% endhint %}
**This is a summary of the domain persistence techniques shared in [https://www.specterops.io/assets/resources/Certified\_Pre-Owned.pdf](https://www.specterops.io/assets/resources/Certified\_Pre-Owned.pdf)**. Check it for further details.
## Forging Certificates with Stolen CA Certificates - DPERSIST1
How can you tell that a certificate is a CA certificate?
It can be determined that a certificate is a CA certificate if several conditions are met:
- The certificate is stored on the CA server, with its private key secured by the machine's DPAPI, or by hardware such as a TPM/HSM if the operating system supports it.
- Both the Issuer and Subject fields of the certificate match the distinguished name of the CA.
- A "CA Version" extension is present in the CA certificates exclusively.
- The certificate lacks Extended Key Usage (EKU) fields.
To extract the private key of this certificate, the `certsrv.msc` tool on the CA server is the supported method via the built-in GUI. Nonetheless, this certificate does not differ from others stored within the system; thus, methods such as the [THEFT2 technique](certificate-theft.md#user-certificate-theft-via-dpapi-theft2) can be applied for extraction.
The certificate and private key can also be obtained using Certipy with the following command:
```bash
certipy ca 'corp.local/administrator@ca.corp.local' -hashes :123123.. -backup
```
Upon acquiring the CA certificate and its private key in `.pfx` format, tools like [ForgeCert](https://github.com/GhostPack/ForgeCert) can be utilized to generate valid certificates:
The user targeted for certificate forgery must be active and capable of authenticating in Active Directory for the process to succeed. Forging a certificate for special accounts like krbtgt is ineffective.
{% endhint %}
This forged certificate will be **valid** until the end date specified and as **long as the root CA certificate is valid** (usually from 5 to **10+ years**). It's also valid for **machines**, so combined with **S4U2Self**, an attacker can **maintain persistence on any domain machine** for as long as the CA certificate is valid.\
Moreover, the **certificates generated** with this method **cannot be revoked** as CA is not aware of them.
## Trusting Rogue CA Certificates - DPERSIST2
The `NTAuthCertificates` object is defined to contain one or more **CA certificates** within its `cacertificate` attribute, which Active Directory (AD) utilizes. The verification process by the **domain controller** involves checking the `NTAuthCertificates` object for an entry matching the **CA specified** in the Issuer field of the authenticating **certificate**. Authentication proceeds if a match is found.
A self-signed CA certificate can be added to the `NTAuthCertificates` object by an attacker, provided they have control over this AD object. Normally, only members of the **Enterprise Admin** group, along with **Domain Admins** or **Administrators** in the **forest root’s domain**, are granted permission to modify this object. They can edit the `NTAuthCertificates` object using `certutil.exe` with the command `certutil.exe -dspublish -f C:\Temp\CERT.crt NTAuthCA126`, or by employing the [**PKI Health Tool**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/windows-security/import-third-party-ca-to-enterprise-ntauth-store#method-1---import-a-certificate-by-using-the-pki-health-tool).
This capability is especially relevant when used in conjunction with a previously outlined method involving ForgeCert to dynamically generate certificates.
## Malicious Misconfiguration - DPERSIST3
Opportunities for **persistence** through **security descriptor modifications of AD CS** components are plentiful. Modifications described in the "[Domain Escalation](domain-escalation.md)" section can be maliciously implemented by an attacker with elevated access. This includes the addition of "control rights" (e.g., WriteOwner/WriteDACL/etc.) to sensitive components such as:
- The **CA server’s AD computer** object
- The **CA server’s RPC/DCOM server**
- Any **descendant AD object or container** in **`CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=<DOMAIN>,DC=<COM>`** (for instance, the Certificate Templates container, Certification Authorities container, the NTAuthCertificates object, etc.)
- **AD groups delegated rights to control AD CS** by default or by the organization (such as the built-in Cert Publishers group and any of its members)
An example of malicious implementation would involve an attacker, who has **elevated permissions** in the domain, adding the **`WriteOwner`** permission to the default **`User`** certificate template, with the attacker being the principal for the right. To exploit this, the attacker would first change the ownership of the **`User`** template to themselves. Following this, the **`mspki-certificate-name-flag`** would be set to **1** on the template to enable **`ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT`**, allowing a user to provide a Subject Alternative Name in the request. Subsequently, the attacker could **enroll** using the **template**, choosing a **domain administrator** name as an alternative name, and utilize the acquired certificate for authentication as the DA.
{% hint style="success" %}
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