hacktricks/binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2exec-got-plt.md

# WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT

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## **Basic Information**

### **GOT: Global Offset Table**

The **Global Offset Table (GOT)** is a mechanism used in dynamically linked binaries to manage the **addresses of external functions**. Since these **addresses are not known until runtime** (due to dynamic linking), the GOT provides a way to **dynamically update the addresses of these external symbols** once they are resolved.

Each entry in the GOT corresponds to a symbol in the external libraries that the binary may call. When a **function is first called, its actual address is resolved by the dynamic linker and stored in the GOT**. Subsequent calls to the same function use the address stored in the GOT, thus avoiding the overhead of resolving the address again.

### **PLT: Procedure Linkage Table**

The **Procedure Linkage Table (PLT)** works closely with the GOT and serves as a trampoline to handle calls to external functions. When a binary **calls an external function for the first time, control is passed to an entry in the PLT associated with that function**. This PLT entry is responsible for invoking the dynamic linker to resolve the function's address if it has not already been resolved. After the address is resolved, it is stored in the **GOT**.

**Therefore,** GOT entries are used directly once the address of an external function or variable is resolved. **PLT entries are used to facilitate the initial resolution** of these addresses via the dynamic linker.

## Get Execution

### Check the GOT

Get the address to the GOT table with: **`objdump -s -j .got ./exec`**

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (121).png>)

Observe how after **loading** the **executable** in GEF you can **see** the **functions** that are in the **GOT**: `gef➤ x/20x 0xADDR_GOT`

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (620) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2).png>)

Using GEF you can **start** a **debugging** session and execute **`got`** to see the got table:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (496).png>)

### GOT2Exec

In a binary the GOT has the **addresses to the functions or** to the **PLT** section that will load the function address. The goal of this arbitrary write is to **override a GOT entry** of a function that is going to be executed later **with** the **address** of the PLT of the **`system`** **function** for example.

Ideally, you will **override** the **GOT** of a **function** that is **going to be called with parameters controlled by you** (so you will be able to control the parameters sent to the system function).

If **`system`** **isn't used** by the binary, the system function **won't** have an entry in the PLT. In this scenario, you will **need to leak first the address** of the `system` function and then overwrite the GOT to point to this address.

You can see the PLT addresses with **`objdump -j .plt -d ./vuln_binary`**

## libc GOT entries

The **GOT of libc** is usually compiled with **partial RELRO**, making it a nice target for this supposing it's possible to figure out its address ([**ASLR**](../common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/aslr/)).

Common functions of the libc are going to call **other internal functions** whose GOT could be overwritten in order to get code execution.

Find [**more information about this technique here**](https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md#1---targetting-libc-got-entries).

### **Free2system**

In heap exploitation CTFs it's common to be able to control the content of chunks and at some point even overwrite the GOT table. A simple trick to get RCE if one gadgets aren't available is to overwrite the `free` GOT address to point to `system` and to write inside a chunk `"/bin/sh"`. This way when this chunk is freed, it'll execute `system("/bin/sh")`.

### **Strlen2system**

Another common technique is to overwrite the **`strlen`** GOT address to point to **`system`**, so if this function is called with user input it's posisble to pass the string `"/bin/sh"` and get a shell.

Moreover, if `puts` is used with user input, it's possible to overwrite the `strlen` GOT address to point to `system` and pass the string `"/bin/sh"` to get a shell because **`puts` will call `strlen` with the user input**.

## **One Gadget**

{% content-ref url="../rop-return-oriented-programing/ret2lib/one-gadget.md" %}
[one-gadget.md](../rop-return-oriented-programing/ret2lib/one-gadget.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## **Abusing GOT from Heap**

A common way to obtain RCE from a heap vulnerability is to abuse a fastbin so it's possible to add the part of the GOT table into the fast bin, so whenever that chunk is allocated it'll be possible to **overwrite the pointer of a function, usually `free`**.\
Then, pointing `free` to `system` and freeing a chunk where was written `/bin/sh\x00` will execute a shell.

It's possible to find an [**example here**](https://ctf-wiki.mahaloz.re/pwn/linux/glibc-heap/chunk\_extend\_overlapping/#hitcon-trainging-lab13)**.**

## **Protections**

The **Full RELRO** protection is meant to protect agains this kind of technique by resolving all the addresses of the functions when the binary is started and making the **GOT table read only** after it:

{% content-ref url="../common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/relro.md" %}
[relro.md](../common-binary-protections-and-bypasses/relro.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## References

* [https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/got-overwrite/exploiting-a-got-overwrite](https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/got-overwrite/exploiting-a-got-overwrite)
* [https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/one-gadgets-and-malloc-hook](https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/one-gadgets-and-malloc-hook)

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