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* The CA certificate exists on the **CA server itself**, with its **private key protected by machine DPAPI** (unless the OS uses a TPM/HSM/other hardware for protection).
* The **Issuer** and **Subject** for the cert are both set to the **distinguished name of the CA**.
* CA certificates (and only CA certs) **have a “CA Version” extension**.
The built-in GUI supported way to **extract this certificate private key** is with `certsrv.msc` on the CA server.\
However, this certificate **isn't different** from other certificates stored in the system, so for example check the [**THEFT2 technique**](certificate-theft.md#user-certificate-theft-via-dpapi-theft2) to see how to **extract** them.
Once you have the **CA cert** with the private key in `.pfx` format you can use [**ForgeCert**](https://github.com/GhostPack/ForgeCert) **** to create valid certificates:
**Note**: The target **user** specified when forging the certificate needs to be **active/enabled** in AD and **able to authenticate** since an authentication exchange will still occur as this user. Trying to forge a certificate for the krbtgt account, for example, will not work.
{% endhint %}
This forged certificate will be **valid** until the end date specified and as **long as the root CA certificate is valid** (usually from 5 to **10+ years**). It's also valid for **machines**, so combined with **S4U2Self**, an attacker can **maintain persistence on any domain machine** for as long as the CA certificate is valid.\
Moreover, the **certificates generated** with this method **cannot be revoked** as CA is not aware of them.
## Trusting Rogue CA Certificates - DPERSIST2
The object `NTAuthCertificates` defines one or more **CA certificates** in its `cacertificate`**attribute** and AD uses it: During authentication, the **domain controller** checks if **`NTAuthCertificates`** object **contains** an entry for the **CA specified** in the authenticating **certificate’s** Issuer field. If **it is, authentication proceeds**.
An attacker could generate a **self-signed CA certificate** and **add** it to the **`NTAuthCertificates`** object. Attackers can do this if they have **control** over the **`NTAuthCertificates`** AD object (in default configurations only **Enterprise Admin** group members and members of the **Domain Admins** or **Administrators** in the **forest root’s domain** have these permissions). With the elevated access, one can **edit** the **`NTAuthCertificates`** object from any system with `certutil.exe -dspublish -f C:\Temp\CERT.crt NTAuthCA126` , or using the [**PKI Health Tool**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/windows-security/import-third-party-ca-to-enterprise-ntauth-store#method-1---import-a-certificate-by-using-the-pki-health-tool). 
The specified certificate should **work with the previously detailed forgery method with ForgeCert** to generate certificates on demand.
## Malicious Misconfiguration - DPERSIST3
There is a myriad of opportunities for **persistence** via **security descriptor modifications of AD CS** components. Any scenario described in the “[Domain Escalation](domain-escalation.md)” section could be maliciously implemented by an attacker with elevated access, as well as addition of “control rights'' (i.e., WriteOwner/WriteDACL/etc.) to sensitive components. This includes:
* **CA server’s AD computer** object
* The **CA server’s RPC/DCOM server**
* Any **descendant AD object or container** in the container **`CN=Public Key Services,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=<DOMAIN>,DC=<COM>`** (e.g., the Certificate Templates container, Certification Authorities container, the NTAuthCertificates object, etc.)
* **AD groups delegated rights to control AD CS by default or by the current organization** (e.g., the built-in Cert Publishers group and any of its members)
For example, an attacker with **elevated permissions** in the domain could add the **`WriteOwner`** permission to the default **`User`** certificate template, where the attacker is the principal for the right. To abuse this at a later point, the attacker would first modify the ownership of the **`User`** template to themselves, and then would **set****`mspki-certificate-name-flag`** to **1** on the template to enable **`ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT`** (i.e., allowing a user to supply a Subject Alternative Name in the request). The attacker could then **enroll** in the **template**, specifying a **domain administrator** name as an alternative name, and use the resulting certificate for authentication as the DA.
## References
* All the information of this page was taken from [https://www.specterops.io/assets/resources/Certified\_Pre-Owned.pdf](https://www.specterops.io/assets/resources/Certified\_Pre-Owned.pdf)
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