Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">\
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png"alt=""data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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Vikosi vya DOM vinatokea wakati data kutoka kwa **vyanzo** vinavyodhibitiwa na mshambuliaji (kama `location.search`, `document.referrer`, au `document.cookie`) inahamishwa kwa usalama kwenda **sinks**. Sinks ni kazi au vitu (mfano, `eval()`, `document.body.innerHTML`) ambavyo vinaweza kutekeleza au kuonyesha maudhui hatari ikiwa vitapewa data mbaya.
The **`innerHTML`** sink doesn't accept `script` elements on any modern browser, nor will `svg onload` events fire. This means you will need to use alternative elements like `img` or `iframe`.
This kind of XSS is probably the **hardest to find**, as you need to look inside the JS code, see if it's **using** any object whose **value you control**, and in that case, see if there is **any way to abuse** it to execute arbitrary JS.
* Browser extension to check every data that reaches a potential sink: [https://github.com/kevin-mizu/domloggerpp](https://github.com/kevin-mizu/domloggerpp)
**Open redirect vulnerabilities in the DOM** occur when a script writes data, which an attacker can control, into a sink capable of initiating navigation across domains.
It's crucial to understand that executing arbitrary code, such as **`javascript:alert(1)`**, is possible if you have control over the start of the URL where the redirection occurs.
Vikosi vya usalama vya cookie vinavyotokana na DOM vinatokea wakati script inajumuisha data, ambayo inaweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji, katika thamani ya cookie. Uthibitisho huu unaweza kusababisha tabia isiyotarajiwa ya ukurasa wa wavuti ikiwa cookie itatumika ndani ya tovuti. Zaidi ya hayo, inaweza kutumika kutekeleza shambulio la fixation ya kikao ikiwa cookie inahusishwa na kufuatilia vikao vya watumiaji. Kichimbaji kikuu kinachohusishwa na uthibitisho huu ni:
Vikosi vya kuingiza JavaScript vinavyotokana na DOM vinaundwa wakati script inapoendesha data, ambayo inaweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji, kama msimbo wa JavaScript.
**Vulnerabilities za document-domain manipulation** hutokea wakati script inapoweka mali ya `document.domain` kwa kutumia data ambayo mshambuliaji anaweza kudhibiti.
Mali ya `document.domain` ina **jukumu muhimu** katika **utekelezaji** wa **sera ya asili sawa** na vivinjari. Wakati kurasa mbili kutoka asili tofauti zinapoweka `document.domain` yao kwa **thamani sawa**, zinaweza kuingiliana bila vizuizi. Ingawa vivinjari vinaweka **mipaka** fulani kwenye thamani zinazoweza kuwekwa kwa `document.domain`, kuzuia uwekaji wa thamani zisizohusiana kabisa na asili halisi ya ukurasa, kuna visamaha. Kawaida, vivinjari vinaruhusu matumizi ya **domain za mtoto** au **domain za mzazi**.
**Udhaifu wa DOM-based link-manipulation** unatokea wakati script inaandika **data zinazoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwenye lengo la urambazaji** ndani ya ukurasa wa sasa, kama vile kiungo kinachoweza kubofywabofya au URL ya kuwasilisha ya fomu.
**Vulnerabilities za uendeshaji wa ombi la Ajax** zinatokea wakati script inaandika **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika ombi la Ajax** ambalo linatolewa kwa kutumia `XmlHttpRequest` object.
**Vulnerabilities za usimamizi wa njia za faili za ndani** zinatokea wakati script inapopita **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwa API ya usimamizi wa faili** kama parameter ya `filename`. Vulnerability hii inaweza kutumika na mshambuliaji kuunda URL ambayo, ikiwa itatembelewa na mtumiaji mwingine, inaweza kusababisha **kuvunjika au kuandika faili la ndani la kiholela** kwenye kivinjari cha mtumiaji.
**Vikosi vya SQL-injection upande wa mteja** hutokea wakati script inajumuisha **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika ombi la SQL upande wa mteja kwa njia isiyo salama**.
**Vulnerabilities za HTML5-storage manipulation** zinatokea wakati script **inaweka data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika hifadhi ya HTML5 ya kivinjari cha wavuti** (`localStorage` au `sessionStorage`). Ingawa hatua hii si kasoro ya usalama kwa asili, inakuwa tatizo ikiwa programu itasoma **data iliyohifadhiwa na kuiprocess kwa njia isiyo salama**. Hii inaweza kumruhusu mshambuliaji kutumia mekanizma ya hifadhi kufanya mashambulizi mengine ya msingi wa DOM, kama vile cross-site scripting na JavaScript injection.
**Vikosi vya XPath-injection vinavyotokana na DOM** hutokea wakati script inajumuisha **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika ombi la XPath**.
**Vikosi vya JSON-injection vinavyotokana na DOM** hutokea wakati script inajumuisha **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji katika mfuatano ambao unachambuliwa kama muundo wa data wa JSON na kisha kushughulikiwa na programu**.
**Vulnerabilities za ujumbe wa wavuti** zinatokea wakati script inatuma **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kama ujumbe wa wavuti kwa hati nyingine** ndani ya kivinjari. **Mfano** wa udanganyifu wa ujumbe wa wavuti unaweza kupatikana katika [Akademia ya Usalama wa Wavuti ya PortSwigger](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/controlling-the-web-message-source).
Njia ya `postMessage()` ya kutuma ujumbe wa wavuti inaweza kusababisha udhaifu ikiwa msikilizaji wa tukio la kupokea ujumbe unashughulikia data inayokuja kwa njia isiyo salama.
**Vulnerabilities za udanganyifu wa data ya DOM** zinatokea wakati script inaandika **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwenye uwanja ndani ya DOM** ambayo inatumika ndani ya UI inayoonekana au mantiki ya upande wa mteja. Udhaifu huu unaweza kutumiwa na mshambuliaji kujenga URL ambayo, ikiwa itatembelewa na mtumiaji mwingine, inaweza kubadilisha muonekano au tabia ya UI ya upande wa mteja.
**Vulnerabilities za denial-of-service zinazotokana na DOM** hutokea wakati script inapopita **data inayoweza kudhibitiwa na mshambuliaji kwa njia isiyo salama kwa API ya jukwaa yenye matatizo**. Hii inajumuisha APIs ambazo, zinapoitwa, zinaweza kusababisha kompyuta ya mtumiaji kutumia **kiasi kikubwa cha CPU au nafasi ya diski**. Vulnerabilities kama hizi zinaweza kuwa na athari kubwa, kama vile kivinjari kuzuia utendaji wa tovuti kwa kukataa juhudi za kuhifadhi data katika `localStorage` au kumaliza scripts zinazoshughulika.
Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya AWS Hacking:<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">\
Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya GCP Hacking: <imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png"alt=""data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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