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# macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
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<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Você trabalha em uma **empresa de cibersegurança**? Quer ver sua **empresa anunciada no HackTricks**? ou quer ter acesso à **versão mais recente do PEASS ou baixar o HackTricks em PDF**? Confira os [**PLANOS DE ASSINATURA**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Descubra [**A Família PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), nossa coleção de [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family) exclusivos
* Adquira o [**material oficial do PEASS & HackTricks**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* **Junte-se ao grupo do** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) ou ao [**grupo do telegram**](https://t.me/peass) ou **siga-me** no **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Compartilhe suas técnicas de hacking enviando PRs para o repositório** [**hacktricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **e** [**hacktricks-cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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O MIG foi criado para **simplificar o processo de criação de código Mach IPC**. Basicamente, **gera o código necessário** para que o servidor e o cliente se comuniquem com uma definição dada. Mesmo que o código gerado seja feio, um desenvolvedor só precisará importá-lo e seu código será muito mais simples do que antes.
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### Exemplo
Crie um arquivo de definição, neste caso com uma função muito simples:
{% code title="myipc.defs" %}
```cpp
subsystem myipc 500; // Arbitrary name and id
userprefix USERPREF; // Prefix for created functions in the client
serverprefix SERVERPREF; // Prefix for created functions in the server
#include <mach/mach_types.defs>
#include <mach/std_types.defs>
simpleroutine Subtract(
server_port : mach_port_t;
n1 : uint32_t;
n2 : uint32_t);
```
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```markdown
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{% endcode %}
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Agora use mig para gerar o código do servidor e do cliente que poderá se comunicar entre si para chamar a função Subtract:
```
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```bash
mig -header myipcUser.h -sheader myipcServer.h myipc.defs
```
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Vários arquivos novos serão criados no diretório atual.
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Nos arquivos **`myipcServer.c`** e **`myipcServer.h`**, você pode encontrar a declaração e definição da struct **`SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem`**, que basicamente define a função a ser chamada com base no ID da mensagem recebida (indicamos um número inicial de 500):
{% tabs %}
{% tab title="myipcServer.c" %}
```c
/* Description of this subsystem, for use in direct RPC */
const struct SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem = {
myipc_server_routine,
500, // start ID
501, // end ID
(mach_msg_size_t)sizeof(union __ReplyUnion__SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem),
(vm_address_t)0,
{
{ (mig_impl_routine_t) 0,
// Function to call
(mig_stub_routine_t) _XSubtract, 3, 0, (routine_arg_descriptor_t)0, (mach_msg_size_t)sizeof(__Reply__Subtract_t)},
}
};
```
{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="myipcServer.h" %}
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```c
/* Description of this subsystem, for use in direct RPC */
extern const struct SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem {
mig_server_routine_t server; /* Server routine */
mach_msg_id_t start; /* Min routine number */
mach_msg_id_t end; /* Max routine number + 1 */
unsigned int maxsize; /* Max msg size */
vm_address_t reserved; /* Reserved */
struct routine_descriptor /* Array of routine descriptors */
routine[1];
} SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem;
```
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
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Com base na struct anterior, a função **`myipc_server_routine`** irá obter o **ID da mensagem** e retornar a função apropriada a ser chamada:
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```c
mig_external mig_routine_t myipc_server_routine
(mach_msg_header_t *InHeadP)
{
int msgh_id;
msgh_id = InHeadP->msgh_id - 500;
if ((msgh_id > 0) || (msgh_id < 0))
return 0;
return SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem.routine[msgh_id].stub_routine;
}
```
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Neste exemplo, definimos apenas 1 função nas definições, mas se tivéssemos definido mais funções, elas estariam dentro do array de **`SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem`** e a primeira teria sido atribuída ao ID **500**, a segunda ao ID **501**...
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Na verdade, é possível identificar essa relação na struct **`subsystem_to_name_map_myipc`** de **`myipcServer.h`**:
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```c
#ifndef subsystem_to_name_map_myipc
#define subsystem_to_name_map_myipc \
{ "Subtract", 500 }
#endif
```
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Finalmente, outra função importante para fazer o servidor funcionar será **`myipc_server`**, que é a que realmente **chamará a função** relacionada ao id recebido:
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<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">mig_external boolean_t myipc_server
(mach_msg_header_t *InHeadP, mach_msg_header_t *OutHeadP)
{
/*
* typedef struct {
* mach_msg_header_t Head;
* NDR_record_t NDR;
* kern_return_t RetCode;
* } mig_reply_error_t;
*/
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mig_routine_t routine;
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OutHeadP->msgh_bits = MACH_MSGH_BITS(MACH_MSGH_BITS_REPLY(InHeadP->msgh_bits), 0);
OutHeadP->msgh_remote_port = InHeadP->msgh_reply_port;
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/* Tamanho mínimo: routine() atualizará se for diferente */
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OutHeadP->msgh_size = (mach_msg_size_t)sizeof(mig_reply_error_t);
OutHeadP->msgh_local_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
OutHeadP->msgh_id = InHeadP->msgh_id + 100;
OutHeadP->msgh_reserved = 0;
if ((InHeadP->msgh_id > 500) || (InHeadP->msgh_id &#x3C; 500) ||
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<strong> ((routine = SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem.routine[InHeadP->msgh_id - 500].stub_routine) == 0)) {
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</strong> ((mig_reply_error_t *)OutHeadP)->NDR = NDR_record;
((mig_reply_error_t *)OutHeadP)->RetCode = MIG_BAD_ID;
return FALSE;
}
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<strong> (*routine) (InHeadP, OutHeadP);
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</strong> return TRUE;
}
</code></pre>
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Verifique as linhas anteriormente destacadas acessando a função para chamada por ID.
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A seguir está o código para criar um **servidor** e **cliente** simples onde o cliente pode chamar as funções Subtract do servidor:
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{% tabs %}
{% tab title="myipc_server.c" %}
```c
// gcc myipc_server.c myipcServer.c -o myipc_server
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <servers/bootstrap.h>
#include "myipcServer.h"
kern_return_t SERVERPREFSubtract(mach_port_t server_port, uint32_t n1, uint32_t n2)
{
printf("Received: %d - %d = %d\n", n1, n2, n1 - n2);
return KERN_SUCCESS;
}
int main() {
mach_port_t port;
kern_return_t kr;
// Register the mach service
kr = bootstrap_check_in(bootstrap_port, "xyz.hacktricks.mig", &port);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
printf("bootstrap_check_in() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
return 1;
}
// myipc_server is the function that handles incoming messages (check previous exlpanation)
mach_msg_server(myipc_server, sizeof(union __RequestUnion__SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem), port, MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE);
}
```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="myipc_client.c" %}
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```c
// gcc myipc_client.c myipcUser.c -o myipc_client
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <servers/bootstrap.h>
#include "myipcUser.h"
int main() {
// Lookup the receiver port using the bootstrap server.
mach_port_t port;
kern_return_t kr = bootstrap_look_up(bootstrap_port, "xyz.hacktricks.mig", &port);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
printf("bootstrap_look_up() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
return 1;
}
printf("Port right name %d\n", port);
USERPREFSubtract(port, 40, 2);
}
```
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{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
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### Análise Binária
Como muitos binários agora usam MIG para expor portas mach, é interessante saber como **identificar que o MIG foi usado** e as **funções que o MIG executa** com cada ID de mensagem.
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[**jtool2**](../../macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/#jtool2) pode analisar informações do MIG de um binário Mach-O indicando o ID da mensagem e identificando a função a ser executada:
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```bash
jtool2 -d __DATA.__const myipc_server | grep MIG
```
{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="myipc_server decompilado 1" %}
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<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">int _myipc_server(int arg0, int arg1) {
var_10 = arg0;
var_18 = arg1;
// Instruções iniciais para encontrar os ponteiros de função corretos
*(int32_t *)var_18 = *(int32_t *)var_10 &#x26; 0x1f;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x8) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x8);
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x4) = 0x24;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0xc) = 0x0;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x14) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) + 0x64;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x10) = 0x0;
if (*(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) &#x3C;= 0x1f4 &#x26;&#x26; *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) >= 0x1f4) {
rax = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
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// Chamada para sign_extend_64 que pode ajudar a identificar esta função
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// Isso armazena em rax o ponteiro para a chamada que precisa ser feita
// Verifique o uso do endereço 0x100004040 (array de endereços de funções)
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// 0x1f4 = 500 (o ID inicial)
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<strong> rax = *(sign_extend_64(rax - 0x1f4) * 0x28 + 0x100004040);
</strong> var_20 = rax;
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// If - else, o if retorna falso, enquanto o else chama a função correta e retorna verdadeiro
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<strong> if (rax == 0x0) {
</strong> *(var_18 + 0x18) = **_NDR_record;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffffffffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
else {
// Endereço calculado que chama a função correta com 2 argumentos
<strong> (var_20)(var_10, var_18);
</strong> var_4 = 0x1;
}
}
else {
*(var_18 + 0x18) = **_NDR_record;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffffffffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
rax = var_4;
return rax;
}
</code></pre>
{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="myipc_server decompilado 2" %}
Esta é a mesma função decompilada em uma versão gratuita diferente do Hopper:
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<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">int _myipc_server(int arg0, int arg1) {
r31 = r31 - 0x40;
saved_fp = r29;
stack[-8] = r30;
var_10 = arg0;
var_18 = arg1;
// Instruções iniciais para encontrar os ponteiros de função corretos
*(int32_t *)var_18 = *(int32_t *)var_10 &#x26; 0x1f | 0x0;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x8) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x8);
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x4) = 0x24;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0xc) = 0x0;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x14) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) + 0x64;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x10) = 0x0;
r8 = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
r8 = r8 - 0x1f4;
if (r8 > 0x0) {
if (CPU_FLAGS &#x26; G) {
r8 = 0x1;
}
}
if ((r8 &#x26; 0x1) == 0x0) {
r8 = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
r8 = r8 - 0x1f4;
if (r8 &#x3C; 0x0) {
if (CPU_FLAGS &#x26; L) {
r8 = 0x1;
}
}
if ((r8 &#x26; 0x1) == 0x0) {
r8 = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
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// 0x1f4 = 500 (o ID inicial)
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<strong> r8 = r8 - 0x1f4;
</strong> asm { smaddl x8, w8, w9, x10 };
r8 = *(r8 + 0x8);
var_20 = r8;
r8 = r8 - 0x0;
if (r8 != 0x0) {
if (CPU_FLAGS &#x26; NE) {
r8 = 0x1;
}
}
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// Mesmo if else da versão anterior
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// Verifique o uso do endereço 0x100004040 (array de endereços de funções)
<strong> if ((r8 &#x26; 0x1) == 0x0) {
</strong><strong> *(var_18 + 0x18) = **0x100004000;
</strong> *(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
else {
// Chamada para o endereço calculado onde a função deve estar
<strong> (var_20)(var_10, var_18);
</strong> var_4 = 0x1;
}
}
else {
*(var_18 + 0x18) = **0x100004000;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
}
else {
*(var_18 + 0x18) = **0x100004000;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
r0 = var_4;
return r0;
}
</code></pre>
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
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Na verdade, se você for à função **`0x100004000`**, encontrará o array de structs **`routine_descriptor`**. O primeiro elemento da struct é o **endereço** onde a **função** é implementada, e a **struct ocupa 0x28 bytes**, então a cada 0x28 bytes (começando do byte 0) você pode obter 8 bytes e esse será o **endereço da função** que será chamada:
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<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Esses dados podem ser extraídos [**usando este script do Hopper**](https://github.com/knightsc/hopper/blob/master/scripts/MIG%20Detect.py).
<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/specific-software-file
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Translated ['macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac
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</details>
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