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There are other account memberships and access token privileges that can also be useful during security assessments when chaining multiple attack vectors.
The Access Control List (ACL) of the **AdminSDHolder** object is used as a template to **copy****permissions** to **all “protected groups”** in Active Directory and their members. Protected groups include privileged groups such as Domain Admins, Administrators, Enterprise Admins, and Schema Admins.\
By default, the ACL of this group is copied inside all the "protected groups". This is done to avoid intentional or accidental changes to these critical groups. However, if an attacker modifies the ACL of the group **AdminSDHolder** for example giving full permissions to a regular user, this user will have full permissions on all the groups inside the protected group (in an hour).\
If you don't want to wait an hour you can use a PS script to make the restore happen instantly: [https://github.com/edemilliere/ADSI/blob/master/Invoke-ADSDPropagation.ps1](https://github.com/edemilliere/ADSI/blob/master/Invoke-ADSDPropagation.ps1)
[**More information in ired.team.**](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/how-to-abuse-and-backdoor-adminsdholder-to-obtain-domain-admin-persistence)
A user who is member of the **DNSAdmins** group or have **write privileges to a DNS** server object can load an **arbitrary DLL** with **SYSTEM** privileges on the **DNS server**.\
This is really interesting as the **Domain Controllers** are used very frequently as DNS servers.
Then, if you have a user inside the DNSAdmins group, you can make the DNS server load an arbitrary DLL with SYSTEM privileges. You can make the DNS server load a local or remote (shared by SMB) DLL file executing:
An example of a valid DLL can be found in [https://github.com/kazkansouh/DNSAdmin-DLL](https://github.com/kazkansouh/DNSAdmin-DLL). I would change the code of the function `DnsPluginInitialize` to something like:
[**Learn more about this privilege escalation in ired.team.**](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/from-dnsadmins-to-system-to-domain-compromise)
In most of the infrastructures, service accounts are typical user accounts with “**Password never expire**” option. Maintaining these accounts could be a real mess and that's why Microsoft introduced **Managed Service Accounts:**
* No more password management. It uses a complex, random, 240-character password and changes that automatically when it reaches the domain or computer password expire date.
* Simplified SPN Management – System will automatically change the SPN value if **sAMaccount** details of the computer change or DNS name property change.
gMSA accounts have their passwords stored in a LDAP property called _**msDS-ManagedPassword**_ which **automatically** get **resets** by the DC’s every 30 days, are **retrievable** by **authorized administrators** and by the **servers** who they are installed on. _**msDS-ManagedPassword**_ is an encrypted data blob called [MSDS-MANAGEDPASSWORD\_BLOB](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows\_protocols/ms-adts/a9019740-3d73-46ef-a9ae-3ea8eb86ac2e) and it’s only retrievable when the connection is secured, **LDAPS** or when the authentication type is ‘Sealing & Secure’ for an example.
Also, check this [web page](https://cube0x0.github.io/Relaying-for-gMSA/) about how to perform a **NTLM relay attack** to **read** the **password** of **gMSA**.
A very dangerous privilege to assign to any user - it allows the user to load kernel drivers and execute code with kernel privilges aka `NT\System`. See how `offense\spotless` user has this privilege:
`Whoami /priv` shows the privilege is disabled by default:
However, the below code allows enabling that privilege fairly easily:
But, according with to the **documentation** you **could** also **use** paths under **HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER**, so you could **modify** a **registry** there to **load arbitrary drivers** on the system.\
* **ImagePath:** REG\_EXPAND\_SZ type value which specifies the driver path. In this context, the path should be a directory with modification permissions by the non-privileged user.
* **Type**: Value of type REG\_WORD in which the type of the service is indicated. For our purpose, the value should be defined as SERVICE\_KERNEL\_DRIVER (0x00000001).
Therefore you could create a new registry in **`\Registry\User\<User-SID>\System\CurrentControlSet\MyService`** indicating in **ImagePath** the path to the driver and in **Type** the with value 1 and use those values on the exploit (you can obtain the User SID using: `Get-ADUser -Identity 'USERNAME' | select SID` or `(New-Object System.Security.Principal.NTAccount("USERNAME")).Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]).value`
The first one declares a string variable indicating where the vulnerable **Capcom.sys** driver is located on the victim system and the second one is a string variable indicating a service name that will be used (could be any service).\
Note, that the **driver must be signed by Windows** so you cannot load arbitrary drivers. But, **Capcom.sys****can be abused to execute arbitrary code and is signed by Windows**, so the goal is to load this driver and exploit it.
**No it's time to abuse the loaded driver to execute arbitrary code.**
You can download exploits from [https://github.com/tandasat/ExploitCapcom](https://github.com/tandasat/ExploitCapcom) and [https://github.com/zerosum0x0/puppetstrings](https://github.com/zerosum0x0/puppetstrings) and execute it on the system to elevate our privileges to `NT Authority\System`:
You can use [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/EoPLoadDriver/](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/EoPLoadDriver/) to **automatically enable** the **privilege**, **create** the **registry key** under HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER and **execute NTLoadDriver** indicating the registry key that you want to create and the path to the driver:
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