If you want to **know** about my **latest modifications**/**additions** or you have **any suggestion for HackTricks or PEASS**, **join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [PEASS & HackTricks telegram group here](https://t.me/peass)**, or** follow me on Twitter **\*\*\[**🐦**\]\(**[https://emojipedia.org/bird/\)\*\*\*\*\[](https://emojipedia.org/bird/%29****[)@carlospolopm**\]\(**[https://twitter.com/carlospolopm](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**\).**
If you want to **share some tricks with the community** you can also submit **pull requests** to ****[**https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks]%28https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) ****that will be reflected in this book.
Don't forget to\*\* give ⭐ on the github to motivate me to continue developing this book.
> In this methodology we are going to suppose that you are going to a attack a domain \(or subdomain\) and only that. So, you should apply this methodology to each discovered domain, subdomain or IP with undetermined web server inside the scope.
* [ ] Start by **identifying** the **technologies** used by the web server. Look for **tricks** to keep in mind during the rest of the test if you can successfully identify the tech.
* [ ] Any **known vulnerability** of the version of the technology?
* [ ] Using any **well known tech**? Any **useful trick** to extract more information?
* [ ] Any **specialised scanner** to run \(like wpscan\)?
* [ ] Launch **general purposes scanners**. You never know if they are going to find something or if the are going to find some interesting information.
* [ ] Start with the **initial checks**: **robots**, **sitemap**, **404** error and **SSL/TLS scan** \(if HTTPS\).
* [ ] Start **spidering** the web page: It's time to **find** all the possible **files, folders** and **parameters being used.** Also, check for **special findings**.
* [ ]_Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be spidered._
* [ ]**Directory Brute-Forcing**: Try to brute force all the discovered folders searching for new **files** and **directories**.
* [ ]_Note that anytime a new directory is discovered during brute-forcing or spidering, it should be Brute-Forced._
* [ ]**Backups checking**: Test if you can find **backups** of **discovered files** appending common backup extensions.
* [ ]**Brute-Force parameters**: Try to **find hidden parameters**.
* [ ] Once you have **identified** all the possible **endpoints** accepting **user input**, check for all kind of **vulnerabilities** related to it.
Check if there are **known vulnerabilities** for the server **version** that is running.
The **HTTP headers and cookies of the response** could be very useful to **identify** the **technologies** and/or **version** being used. **Nmap scan** can identify the server version, but it could also be useful the tools [**whatweb**](https://github.com/urbanadventurer/WhatWeb)**,** [**webtech** ](https://github.com/ShielderSec/webtech)or [**https://builtwith.com/**](https://builtwith.com/)**:**
_Take into account that the **same domain** can be using **different technologies** in different **ports**, **folders** and **subdomains**._
If the web application is using any well known **tech/platform listed before** or **any other**, don't forget to **search on the Internet** new tricks \(and let me know!\).
## Source Code Review
If the **source code** of the application is available in **github**, apart of performing by **your own a White box test** of the application there is **some information** that could be **useful** for the current **Black-Box testing**:
* Are **passwords** in **plain text**, **encrypted** or which **hashing algorithm** is used?
* Is it using any **master key** for encrypting something? Which **algorithm** is used?
* Can you **access any of these files** exploiting some vulnerability?
* Is there any **interesting information in the github** \(solved and not solved\) **issues**? Or in **commit history** \(maybe some **password introduced inside an old commit**\)?
> At this point you should already have some information of the web server being used by the client \(if any data is given\) and some tricks to keep in mind during the test. If you are lucky you have even found a CMS and run some scanner.
Use [**testssl.sh**](https://github.com/drwetter/testssl.sh) to checks for **vulnerabilities** \(In Bug Bounty programs probably these kind of vulnerabilities won't be accepted\) and use [**a2sv** ](https://github.com/hahwul/a2sv)to recheck the vulnerabilities:
```bash
./testssl.sh [--htmlfile] 10.10.10.10:443
#Use the --htmlfile to save the output inside an htmlfile also
## You can also use other tools, by testssl.sh at this momment is the best one (I think)
Launch some kind of **spider** inside the web. The goal of the spider is to **find as much paths as possible** from the tested application. Therefore, web crawling and external sources should be used to find as much valid paths as possible.
* [**meg**](https://github.com/tomnomnom/meg) \(go\): This tool isn't a spider but it can be useful. You can just indicate a file with hosts and a file with paths and meg will fetch each path on each host and save the response.
* [**urlgrab**](https://github.com/IAmStoxe/urlgrab) \(go\): HTML spider with JS rendering capabilities. However, it looks like it's unmaintained, the precompiled version is old and the current code doesn't compile
* [**gau**](https://github.com/lc/gau) go\): HTML spider that uses external providers \(wayback, otx, commoncrawl\)
* [**LinkFinder**](https://github.com/GerbenJavado/LinkFinder) \(python\): HTML spider, with JS beautify capabilities capable of search new paths in JS files. It could be worth it also take a look to _\*\*_[JSScanner](https://github.com/dark-warlord14/JSScanner), which is a wrapper of LinkFinder.
* [**JSParser**](https://github.com/nahamsec/JSParser) \(python2.7\): A python 2.7 script using Tornado and JSBeautifier to parse relative URLs from JavaScript files. Useful for easily discovering AJAX requests. Looks like unmaintaned.
* [**relative-url-extractor**](https://github.com/jobertabma/relative-url-extractor) \(ruby\): Given a file \(HTML\) it will extract URLs from it using nifty regular expression to find and extract the relative URLs from ugly \(minify\) files.
* \*\*\*\*[**JSFScan**](https://github.com/KathanP19/JSFScan.sh) \(bash, several tools\): Gather interesting information from JS files using several tools.
* [**page-fetch**](https://github.com/detectify/page-fetch) _\*\*_\(go\): Load a page in a headless browser and print out all the urls loaded to load the page.
Start **brute-forcing** from the root folder and be sure to brute-force **all** the **directories found** using **this method** and all the directories **discovered** by the **Spidering** \(you can do this brute-forcing **recursively** and appending at the beginning of the used wordlist the names of the found directories\).
* **Dirb** / **Dirbuster** - Included in Kali, **old** \(and **slow**\) but functional. Allow auto-signed certificates and recursive search. Too slow compared with th other options.
* **File Backups**: Once you have found all the files, look for backups of all the executable files \("_.php_", "_.aspx_"...\). Common variations for naming a backup are: _file.ext~, \#file.ext\#, ~file.ext, file.ext.bak, file.ext.tmp, file.ext.old, file.bak, file.tmp and file.old._ You can also use the tool [**bfac**](https://github.com/mazen160/bfac).
* **Discover new parameters**: You can use tools like [**Arjun**](https://github.com/s0md3v/Arjun)**,** [**parameth**](https://github.com/maK-/parameth)**,** [**x8**](https://github.com/sh1yo/x8) **and** [**Param Miner**](https://github.com/PortSwigger/param-miner) **to discover hidden parameters. If you can, you could try to search** hidden parameters on each executable web file.
* **Comments:** Check the comments of all the files, you can find **credentials** or **hidden functionality**.
* If you are playing **CTF**, a "common" trick is to **hide****information** inside comments at the **right** of the **page** \(using **hundreds** of **spaces** so you don't see the data if you open the source code with the browser\). Other possibility is to use **several new lines** and **hide information** in a comment at the **bottom** of the web page.
* **API keys**: If you **find any API key** there is guide that indicates how to use API keys of different platforms: [keyhacks](https://github.com/streaak/keyhacks), [**zile**](https://github.com/xyele/zile.git)**,** [truffleHog](https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog/), [SecretFinder](https://github.com/m4ll0k/SecretFinder), [RegHex](https://github.com/l4yton/RegHex%29\).
* Google API keys: If you find any API key looking like **AIza**SyA-qLheq6xjDiEIRisP\_ujUseYLQCHUjik you can use the project [**gmapapiscanner**](https://github.com/ozguralp/gmapsapiscanner) _\*\*_to check which apis the key can access.
* **S3 Buckets**: While spidering look if any **subdomain** or any **link** is related with some **S3 bucket**. In that case, [**check** the **permissions** of the bucket](buckets/).
* **JS files**: In the spidering section several tools that can extract path from JS files were mentioned. Also, It would be interesting to **monitor each JS file found**, as in some ocations, a change may indicate that a potential vulnerability was introduced in the code. You could use for example [**JSMon**](https://github.com/robre/jsmon)**.**
* You should also check discovered JS files with [**RetireJS**](https://github.com/retirejs/retire.js/) or [**JSHole**](https://github.com/callforpapers-source/jshole) to find if it's vulnerable.
* **BrainFuck deobfuscation** \(javascript with chars:"\[\]!+" [https://ooze.ninja/javascript/poisonjs/](https://ooze.ninja/javascript/poisonjs/)\)
* In several occasions you will need to **understand regular expressions** used, this will be useful: [https://regex101.com/](https://regex101.com/)
* You could also **monitor the files were forms were detected**, as a change in the parameter or the apearance f a new form may indicate a potential new vulnerable functionality.
* If _/path_ is blocked, try using _**/**_**%2e/**path _\(if the access is blocked by a proxy, this could bypass the protection\). Try also_ /**%252e**/path \(double URL encode\)
* Try Unicode bypass: _/**%ef%bc%8f**path_ \(The URL encoded chars are like "/"\) so when encoded back it will be _//path_ and maybe you will have already bypassed the _/path_ name check
* Try to **stress the server** sending common GET requests \([It worked for this guy wit Facebook](https://medium.com/@amineaboud/story-of-a-weird-vulnerability-i-found-on-facebook-fc0875eb5125)\).
* Try to [**use other User Agents**](https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Fuzzing/User-Agents/UserAgents.fuzz.txt) to access the resource.
* **Fuzz the page**: Try using HTTP Proxy **Headers**, HTTP Authentication Basic and NTLM brute-force \(with a few combinations only\) and other techniques. To do all of this I have created the tool [**fuzzhttpbypass**](https://github.com/carlospolop/fuzzhttpbypass).
*`X-Originating-IP: 127.0.0.1`
*`X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1`
*`X-Remote-IP: 127.0.0.1`
*`X-Remote-Addr: 127.0.0.1`
*`X-ProxyUser-Ip: 127.0.0.1`
*`X-Original-URL: 127.0.0.1`
* If the **path is protected** you can try to bypass the path protection using these other headers:
*`X-Original-URL: /admin/console`
*`X-Rewrite-URL: /admin/console`
* **Guess the password**: Test the following common credentials. Do you know something about the victim? Or the CTF challenge name?
If any page **responds** with that **code**, it's probably a **bad configured proxy**. **If you send a HTTP request like: `GET https://google.com HTTP/1.1`** \(with the host header and other common headers\), the **proxy** will try to **access**_**google.com**_**\*\*and you will have found a** SSRF\*\*.
If the running server asking for authentication is **Windows** or you find a login asking for your **credentials** \(and asking for **domain****name**\), you can provoke an **information disclosure**.
**Send** the **header**: `“Authorization: NTLM TlRMTVNTUAABAAAAB4IIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=”` and due to how the **NTLM authentication works**, the server will respond with internal info \(IIS version, Windows version...\) inside the header "WWW-Authenticate".
It is possible to **put content** inside a **Redirection**. This content **won't be shown to the user** \(as the browser will execute the redirection\) but something could be **hidden** in there.
Now that a comprehensive enumeration of the web application has been performed it's time to check for a lot of possible vulnerabilities. You can find the checklist here:
TODO: Complete the list of vulnerabilities and techniques with [https://six2dez.gitbook.io/pentest-book/others/web-checklist](https://six2dez.gitbook.io/pentest-book/others/web-checklist) and [https://kennel209.gitbooks.io/owasp-testing-guide-v4/content/en/web\_application\_security\_testing/configuration\_and\_deployment\_management\_testing.html](https://kennel209.gitbooks.io/owasp-testing-guide-v4/content/en/web_application_security_testing/configuration_and_deployment_management_testing.html), [https://owasp-skf.gitbook.io/asvs-write-ups/kbid-111-client-side-template-injection](https://owasp-skf.gitbook.io/asvs-write-ups/kbid-111-client-side-template-injection)
