Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">\
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
1. If they apply, the **check** the **previous extensions.** Also test them using some **uppercase letters**: _pHp, .pHP5, .PhAr ..._
2._Check **adding a valid extension before** the execution extension (use previous extensions also):_
* _file.png.php_
* _file.png.Php5_
3. Try adding **special characters at the end.** You could use Burp to **bruteforce** all the **ascii** and **Unicode** characters. (_Note that you can also try to use the **previously** motioned **extensions**_)
* _file.php%20_
* _file.php%0a_
* _file.php%00_
* _file.php%0d%0a_
* _file.php/_
* _file.php.\\_
* _file._
* _file.php...._
* _file.pHp5...._
4. Try to bypass the protections **tricking the extension parser** of the server-side with techniques like **doubling** the **extension** or **adding junk** data (**null** bytes) between extensions. _You can also use the **previous extensions** to prepare a better payload._
* _file.png.php_
* _file.png.pHp5_
* _file.php#.png_
* _file.php%00.png_
* _file.php\x00.png_
* _file.php%0a.png_
* _file.php%0d%0a.png_
* _file.phpJunk123png_
5. Add **another layer of extensions** to the previous check:
* _file.png.jpg.php_
* _file.php%00.png%00.jpg_
6. Try to put the **exec extension before the valid extension** and pray so the server is misconfigured. (useful to exploit Apache misconfigurations where anything with extension\*\* _**.php**_**, but** not necessarily ending in .php\*\* will execute code):
* _ex: file.php.png_
7. Using **NTFS alternate data stream (ADS)** in **Windows**. In this case, a colon character “:” will be inserted after a forbidden extension and before a permitted one. As a result, an **empty file with the forbidden extension** will be created on the server (e.g. “file.asax:.jpg”). This file might be edited later using other techniques such as using its short filename. The “**::$data**” pattern can also be used to create non-empty files. Therefore, adding a dot character after this pattern might also be useful to bypass further restrictions (.e.g. “file.asp::$data.”)
8. Try to break the filename limits. The valid extension gets cut off. And the malicious PHP gets left. AAA<--SNIP-->AAA.php
Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac2Ac3Ac4Ac5Ac6Ac7Ac8Ac9Ad0Ad1Ad2Ad3Ad4Ad5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ae0Ae1Ae2Ae3Ae4Ae5Ae6Ae7Ae8Ae9Af0Af1Af2Af3Af4Af5Af6Af7Af8Af9Ag0Ag1Ag2Ag3Ag4Ag5Ag6Ag7Ag8Ag9Ah0Ah1Ah2Ah3Ah4Ah5Ah6Ah7Ah8Ah9Ai0Ai1Ai2Ai3Ai4 # minus 4 here and adding .png
# Upload the file and check response how many characters it alllows. Let's say 236
* Bypass **magic number** check by adding at the beginning of the file the **bytes of a real image** (confuse the _file_ command). Or introduce the shell inside the **metadata**:\
* If **compressions is being added to your image**, for example using some standard PHP libraries like [PHP-GD](https://www.php.net/manual/fr/book.image.php), the previous techniques won't be useful it. However, you could use the **PLTE chunk** [**technique defined here**](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/persistent-php-payloads-in-pngs-how-to-inject-php-code-in-an-image-and-keep-it-there.html) to insert some text that will **survive compression**.
* [**Github with the code**](https://github.com/synacktiv/astrolock/blob/main/payloads/generators/gen\_plte\_png.php)
* The web page cold also be **resizing** the **image**, using for example the PHP-GD functions `imagecopyresized` or `imagecopyresampled`. However, you could use the **IDAT chunk** [**technique defined here**](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/persistent-php-payloads-in-pngs-how-to-inject-php-code-in-an-image-and-keep-it-there.html) to insert some text that will **survive compression**.
* [**Github with the code**](https://github.com/synacktiv/astrolock/blob/main/payloads/generators/gen\_idat\_png.php)
* Another technique to make a payload that **survives an image resizing**, using the PHP-GD function `thumbnailImage`. However, you could use the **tEXt chunk** [**technique defined here**](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/persistent-php-payloads-in-pngs-how-to-inject-php-code-in-an-image-and-keep-it-there.html) to insert some text that will **survive compression**.
* [**Github with the code**](https://github.com/synacktiv/astrolock/blob/main/payloads/generators/gen\_tEXt\_png.php)
* Find a vulnerability to **rename** the file already uploaded (to change the extension).
* Find a **Local File Inclusion** vulnerability to execute the backdoor.
* **Possible Information disclosure**:
1. Upload **several times** (and at the **same time**) the **same file** with the **same name**
2. Upload a file with the **name** of a **file** or **folder** that **already exists**
3. Uploading a file with **“.”, “..”, or “…” as its name**. For instance, in Apache in **Windows**, if the application saves the uploaded files in “/www/uploads/” directory, the “.” filename will create a file called “uploads” in the “/www/” directory.
4. Upload a file that may not be deleted easily such as **“…:.jpg”** in **NTFS**. (Windows)
5. Upload a file in **Windows** with **invalid characters** such as `|<>*?”` in its name. (Windows)
6. Upload a file in **Windows** using **reserved** (**forbidden**) **names** such as CON, PRN, AUX, NUL, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, and LPT9.
* Try also to **upload an executable** (.exe) or an **.html** (less suspicious) that **will execute code** when accidentally opened by victim.
If you are trying to upload files to a **PHP server**, [take a look at the **.htaccess** trick to execute code](https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-web/php-tricks-esp#code-execution-via-httaccess).\
If you are trying to upload files to an **ASP server**, [take a look at the **.config** trick to execute code](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/iis-internet-information-services.md#execute-config-files).
The `.phar` files are like the `.jar` for java, but for php, and can be **used like a php file** (executing it with php, or including it inside a script...)
The `.inc` extension is sometimes used for php files that are only used to **import files**, so, at some point, someone could have allow **this extension to be executed**.
If you can upload a XML file into a Jetty server you can obtain [RCE because **new \*.xml and \*.war are automatically processed**](https://twitter.com/ptswarm/status/1555184661751648256/photo/1)**.** So, as mentioned in the following image, upload the XML file to `$JETTY_BASE/webapps/` and expect the shell!
For a detailed exploration of this vulnerability check the original research: [uWSGI RCE Exploitation](https://blog.doyensec.com/2023/02/28/new-vector-for-dirty-arbitrary-file-write-2-rce.html).
Remote Command Execution (RCE) vulnerabilities can be exploited in uWSGI servers if one has the capability to modify the `.ini` configuration file. uWSGI configuration files leverage a specific syntax to incorporate "magic" variables, placeholders, and operators. Notably, the '@' operator, utilized as `@(filename)`, is designed to include the contents of a file. Among the various supported schemes in uWSGI, the "exec" scheme is particularly potent, allowing the reading of data from a process's standard output. This feature can be manipulated for nefarious purposes such as Remote Command Execution or Arbitrary File Write/Read when a `.ini` configuration file is processed.
The execution of the payload occurs during the parsing of the configuration file. For the configuration to be activated and parsed, the uWSGI process must either be restarted (potentially after a crash or due to a Denial of Service attack) or the file must be set to auto-reload. The auto-reload feature, if enabled, reloads the file at specified intervals upon detecting changes.
It's crucial to understand the lax nature of uWSGI's configuration file parsing. Specifically, the discussed payload can be inserted into a binary file (such as an image or PDF), further broadening the scope of potential exploitation.
In some occasions you may find that a server is using **`wget`** to **download files** and you can **indicate** the **URL**. In these cases, the code may be checking that the extension of the downloaded files is inside a whitelist to assure that only allowed files are going to be downloaded. However, **this check can be bypassed.**\
The **maximum** length of a **filename** in **linux** is **255**, however, **wget** truncate the filenames to **236** characters. You can **download a file called "A"\*232+".php"+".gif"**, this filename will **bypass** the **check** (as in this example **".gif"** is a **valid** extension) but `wget` will **rename** the file to **"A"\*232+".php"**.
New name is AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.php.
Saving to: ‘AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.php’
Note that **chaguo kingine** unachoweza kufikiria ili kupita ukaguzi huu ni kufanya **seva ya HTTP irejeleze faili tofauti**, hivyo URL ya awali itapita ukaguzi na kisha wget itashusha faili iliyoelekezwa kwa jina jipya. Hii **haitafanya kazi****isipokuwa** wget inatumika na **parameta**`--trust-server-names` kwa sababu **wget itashusha ukurasa ulioelekezwa kwa jina la faili lililoonyeshwa katika URL ya awali**.
* [Upload Bypass](https://github.com/sAjibuu/Upload\_Bypass) ni zana yenye nguvu iliyoundwa kusaidia Pentesters na Bug Hunters katika kupima mifumo ya kupakia faili. Inatumia mbinu mbalimbali za bug bounty ili kurahisisha mchakato wa kubaini na kutumia udhaifu, kuhakikisha tathmini kamili za programu za wavuti.
* Weka **jina la faili** kuwa `../../../tmp/lol.png` na jaribu kufikia **path traversal**
* Weka **jina la faili** kuwa `sleep(10)-- -.jpg` na huenda ukawa na uwezo wa kufikia **SQL injection**
* Weka **jina la faili** kuwa `<svg onload=alert(document.domain)>` ili kufikia XSS
* Weka **jina la faili** kuwa `; sleep 10;` ili kupima baadhi ya injection ya amri (zaidi ya [mbinu za injection za amri hapa](../command-injection.md))
* [**XSS** katika picha (svg) ya upakiaji wa faili](../xss-cross-site-scripting/#xss-uploading-files-svg)
* **JS** faili **upakiaji** + **XSS** = [**Service Workers** exploitation](../xss-cross-site-scripting/#xss-abusing-service-workers)
* [**XXE katika upakiaji wa svg**](../xxe-xee-xml-external-entity.md#svg-file-upload)
* [**Open Redirect** kupitia upakiaji wa faili ya svg](../open-redirect.md#open-redirect-uploading-svg-files)
* Jaribu **payloads tofauti za svg** kutoka [**https://github.com/allanlw/svg-cheatsheet**](https://github.com/allanlw/svg-cheatsheet)\*\*\*\*
* Ikiwa unaweza **kuonyesha seva ya wavuti kukamata picha kutoka URL** unaweza kujaribu kutumia [SSRF](../ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/). Ikiwa **picha** hii itahifadhiwa katika tovuti **ya umma**, unaweza pia kuonyesha URL kutoka [https://iplogger.org/invisible/](https://iplogger.org/invisible/) na **kuiba taarifa za kila mtembezi**.
* [**XXE na CORS** bypass na upakiaji wa PDF-Adobe](pdf-upload-xxe-and-cors-bypass.md)
* PDFs zilizoundwa kwa makini kwa XSS: [ukurasa ufuatao unaonyesha jinsi ya **kuingiza data za PDF ili kupata utekelezaji wa JS**](../xss-cross-site-scripting/pdf-injection.md). Ikiwa unaweza kupakia PDFs unaweza kuandaa PDF ambayo itatekeleza JS isiyo na mipaka kufuatia maelekezo yaliyotolewa.
* Pakia maudhui ya \[eicar]\([**https://secure.eicar.org/eicar.com.txt**](https://secure.eicar.org/eicar.com.txt)) ili kuangalia ikiwa seva ina **antivirus**
* Angalia ikiwa kuna **kikomo cha ukubwa** katika upakiaji wa faili
Rejelea [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_file\_signatures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_file\_signatures) kwa aina nyingine za faili.
Uundaji wa faili zisizotarajiwa katika saraka wakati wa uundaji ni tatizo kubwa. Licha ya dhana za awali kwamba mpangilio huu unaweza kulinda dhidi ya utekelezaji wa amri za kiwango cha OS kupitia upakuaji wa faili zenye uharibifu, msaada wa uhamasishaji wa kihierarkia na uwezo wa kupita saraka wa muundo wa ZIP unaweza kutumika. Hii inawawezesha washambuliaji kupita vizuizi na kutoroka saraka salama za upakuaji kwa kubadilisha kazi ya uundaji ya programu inayolengwa.
Kibao cha kiotomatiki cha kutengeneza faili kama hizo kinapatikana kwenye [**evilarc on GitHub**](https://github.com/ptoomey3/evilarc). Chombo hiki kinaweza kutumika kama inavyoonyeshwa:
Zaidi ya hayo, **symlink trick with evilarc** ni chaguo. Ikiwa lengo ni kulenga faili kama `/flag.txt`, symlink kwa faili hiyo inapaswa kuundwa katika mfumo wako. Hii inahakikisha kwamba evilarc haikabiliwi na makosa wakati wa operesheni yake.
Kwa maelezo zaidi **angalia chapisho la asili katika**: [https://blog.silentsignal.eu/2014/01/31/file-upload-unzip/](https://blog.silentsignal.eu/2014/01/31/file-upload-unzip/)
3.**Mabadiliko kwa kutumia Hex Editor au vi**: Majina ya faili ndani ya zip yanabadilishwa kwa kutumia vi au mhariri wa hex, kubadilisha "xxA" kuwa "../" ili kupita kwenye saraka.
Pakia maudhui haya yenye kiendelezi cha picha ili kutumia udhaifu **(ImageMagick , 7.0.1-1)** (fanya kutoka [exploit](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39767))
Kuunganisha PHP shell katika IDAT chunk ya faili ya PNG kunaweza kupita kwa ufanisi operesheni fulani za usindikaji wa picha. Kazi za `imagecopyresized` na `imagecopyresampled` kutoka PHP-GD ni muhimu katika muktadha huu, kwani hutumiwa mara nyingi kwa ajili ya kubadilisha saizi na kusampuli picha, mtawalia. Uwezo wa PHP shell iliyounganishwa kubaki bila kuathiriwa na operesheni hizi ni faida kubwa kwa matumizi fulani.
Uchunguzi wa kina wa mbinu hii, ikiwa ni pamoja na mbinu zake na matumizi yanayoweza, unapatikana katika makala ifuatayo: ["Encoding Web Shells in PNG IDAT chunks"](https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/). Rasilimali hii inatoa ufahamu wa kina wa mchakato na athari zake.
Maelezo zaidi katika: [https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/](https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/)
Faili za polyglot hutumikia kama chombo cha kipekee katika usalama wa mtandao, zikifanya kazi kama chameleons ambazo zinaweza kuwepo kwa halali katika muundo wa faili mbalimbali kwa wakati mmoja. Mfano wa kuvutia ni [GIFAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifar), mchanganyiko unaofanya kazi kama GIF na RAR archive. Faili kama hizi hazijazuiliwa kwa mchanganyiko huu; mchanganyiko kama GIF na JS au PPT na JS pia yanaweza.
Faida kuu ya faili za polyglot inategemea uwezo wao wa kupita hatua za usalama ambazo zinachuja faili kulingana na aina. Utaratibu wa kawaida katika programu mbalimbali unajumuisha kuruhusu aina fulani tu za faili kupakiwa—kama JPEG, GIF, au DOC—ili kupunguza hatari inayoweza kutokea kutokana na muundo hatari (k.m., JS, PHP, au faili za Phar). Hata hivyo, polyglot, kwa kuzingatia vigezo vya muundo wa aina mbalimbali za faili, inaweza kupita kwa siri vizuizi hivi.
Licha ya uwezo wao wa kubadilika, polyglots wanakutana na vikwazo. Kwa mfano, wakati polyglot inaweza kuwa na faili ya PHAR (PHp ARchive) na JPEG kwa wakati mmoja, mafanikio ya kupakia kwake yanaweza kutegemea sera za upanuzi wa faili za jukwaa. Ikiwa mfumo unakuwa mkali kuhusu upanuzi unaoruhusiwa, muundo wa polyglot unaweza usitoshe kuhakikisha kupakia kwake.
Maelezo zaidi katika: [https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a](https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a)
Ikiwa unavutiwa na **hacking career** na kuhack yasiyoweza kuhackiwa - **tunatafuta wafanyakazi!** (_kuandika na kuzungumza kwa ufasaha Kiswahili kunahitajika_).
Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya AWS Hacking:<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png"alt=""data-size="line">\
Jifunze na fanya mazoezi ya GCP Hacking: <imgsrc="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png"alt=""data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
* Angalia [**mpango wa usajili**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* **Jiunge na** 💬 [**kikundi cha Discord**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) au [**kikundi cha telegram**](https://t.me/peass) au **fuata** sisi kwenye **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Shiriki mbinu za hacking kwa kuwasilisha PRs kwa** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) na [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
