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4. Is the HTML content being interpreted by any client side JS engine (_AngularJS_, _VueJS_, _Mavo_...), you could abuse a [**Client Side Template Injection**](../client-side-template-injection-csti.md).
5. If you cannot create HTML tags that execute JS code, could you abuse a [**Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection**](../dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection.md)?
In order to successfully exploit a XSS the first thing you need to find is a **value controlled by you that is being reflected** in the web page.
* **Intermediately reflected**: If you find that the value of a parameter or even the path is being reflected in the web page you could exploit a **Reflected XSS**.
* **Stored and reflected**: If you find that a value controlled by you is saved in the server and is reflected every time you access a page you could exploit a **Stored XSS**.
* **Accessed via JS**: If you find that a value controlled by you is being access using JS you could exploit a **DOM XSS**.
When trying to exploit a XSS the first thing you need to know if **where is your input being reflected**. Depending on the context, you will be able to execute arbitrary JS code on different ways.
If your input is **reflected on the raw HTML** page you will need to abuse some **HTML tag** in order to execute JS code: `<img , <iframe , <svg , <script` ... these are just some of the many possible HTML tags you could use.\
1. To **escape from the attribute and from the tag** (then you will be in the raw HTML) and create new HTML tag to abuse: `"><img [...]`
2. If you **can escape from the attribute but not from the tag** (`>` is encoded or deleted), depending on the tag you could **create an event** that executes JS code: `" autofocus onfocus=alert(1) x="`
3. If you **cannot escape from the attribute** (`"` is being encoded or deleted), then depending on **which attribute** your value is being reflected in **if you control all the value or just a part** you will be able to abuse it. For **example**, if you control an event like `onclick=` you will be able to make it execute arbitrary code when it's clicked. Another interesting **example** is the attribute `href`, where you can use the `javascript:` protocol to execute arbitrary code: **`href="javascript:alert(1)"`**
4. If your input is reflected inside "**unexpoitable tags**" you could try the **`accesskey`** trick to abuse the vuln (you will need some kind of social engineer to exploit this): **`" accesskey="x" onclick="alert(1)" x="`**
In this case your input is reflected between **`<script> [...] </script>`** tags of a HTML page, inside a \*\*`.js` \*\* file or inside an attribute using **`javascript:`** protocol:
* If reflected between **`<script> [...] </script>`** tags, even if your input if inside any kind of quotes, you can try to inject `</script>` and escape from this context. This works because the **browser will first parse the HTML tags** and then the content, therefore, it won't notice that your injected `</script>` tag is inside the HTML code.
* If reflected **inside a JS string** and the last trick isn't working you would need to **exit** the string, **execute** your code and **reconstruct** the JS code (if there is any error, it won't be executed:
* If reflected inside template literals you can **embed JS expressions** using `${ ... }` syntax: `` var greetings = `Hello, ${alert(1)}` ``
#### Javascript Hoisting
Javascript Hoisting references the opportunity to **declare functions, variables or classes after they are used**.
Therefore if you have scenarios where you can **Inject JS code after an undeclared object** is used, you could **fix the syntax** by declaring it (so your code gets executed instead of throwing an error):
```javascript
// The function vulnerableFunction is not defined
vulnerableFunction('test', '<INJECTION>');
// You can define it in your injection to execute JS
// If an undeclared class is used, you cannot declare it AFTER being used
var variable = new unexploitableClass();
<INJECTION>
// But you can actually declare it as a function, being able to fix the syntax with something like:
function unexploitableClass() {
return 1;
}
alert(1);
```
```javascript
// Properties are not hoisted
// So the following examples where the 'cookie' attribute doesn´t exist
// cannot be fixed if you can only inject after that code:
test.cookie('leo','INJECTION')
test['cookie','injection']
```
For more info about Javascript Hoisting check: [https://jlajara.gitlab.io/Javascript\_Hoisting\_in\_XSS\_Scenarios](https://jlajara.gitlab.io/Javascript\_Hoisting\_in\_XSS\_Scenarios)
Several web pages have endpoints that **accept as parameter the name of the function to execute**. A common example to see in the wild is something like: `?callback=callbackFunc`.
A good way to find out if something given directly by the user is trying to be executed is **modifying the param value** (for example to 'Vulnerable') and looking in the console for errors like:
In case it's vulnerable, you could be able to **trigger an alert** just doing sending the value: **`?callback=alert(1)`**. However, it' very common that this endpoints will **validate the content** to only allow letters, numbers, dots and underscores (**`[\w\._]`**).
However, even with that limitation it's still possible to perform some actions. This is because you can use that valid chars to **access any element in the DOM**:
.png>)
Some useful functions for this:
```
firstElementChild
lastElementChild
nextElementSibiling
lastElementSibiling
parentElement
```
You can also try to **trigger Javascript functions** directly: `obj.sales.delOrders`.
However, usually the endpoints executing the indicated function are endpoints without much interesting DOM, **other pages in the same origin** will have a **more interesting DOM** to perform more actions.
Therefore, in order to **abuse this vulnerability in a different DOM** the **Same Origin Method Execution (SOME)** exploitation was developed:
There is **JS code** that is using **unsafely** some **data controlled by an attacker** like `location.href` . An attacker, could abuse this to execute arbitrary JS code.
These kind of XSS can be found **anywhere**. They not depend just on the client exploitation of a web application but on **any****context**. These kind of **arbitrary JavaScript execution** can even be abuse to obtain **RCE**, **read****arbitrary****files** in clients and servers, and more.\
When your input is reflected **inside the HTML page** or you can escape and inject HTML code in this context the **first** thing you need to do if check if you can abuse `<` to create new tags: Just try to **reflect** that **char** and check if it's being **HTML encoded** or **deleted** of if it is **reflected without changes**. **Only in the last case you will be able to exploit this case**.\
For this cases also **keep in mind** [**Client Side Template Injection**](../client-side-template-injection-csti.md)**.**\
Once you have **located which tags are allowed**, you would need to **brute-force attributes/events** inside the found valid tags to see how you can attack the context.
Go to [**https://portswigger.net/web-security/cross-site-scripting/cheat-sheet**](https://portswigger.net/web-security/cross-site-scripting/cheat-sheet) and click on _**Copy tags to clipboard**_. Then, send all of them using Burp intruder and check if any tags wasn't discovered as malicious by the WAF. Once you have discovered which tags you can use, you can **brute force all the events** using the valid tags (in the same web page click on _**Copy events to clipboard**_ and follow the same procedure as before).
If you didn't find any valid HTML tag, you could try to **create a custom tag** and and execute JS code with the `onfocus` attribute. In the XSS request, you need to end the URL with `#` to make the page **focus on that object** and **execute** the code:
**More tiny XSS for different environments** payload [**can be found here**](https://github.com/terjanq/Tiny-XSS-Payloads) and [**here**](https://tinyxss.terjanq.me).
If in order to exploit the vulnerability you need the **user to click a link or a form** with prepopulated data you could try to [**abuse Clickjacking**](../clickjacking.md#xss-clickjacking) (if the page is vulnerable).
If you just think that **it's impossible to create an HTML tag with an attribute to execute JS code**, you should check [**Danglig Markup** ](../dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection.md)because you could **exploit** the vulnerability **without** executing **JS** code.
If you are in **inside a HTML tag**, the first thing you could try is to **escape** from the tag and use some of the techniques mentioned in the [previous section](./#injecting-inside-raw-html) to execute JS code.\
If you **cannot escape from the tag**, you could create new attributes inside the tag to try to execute JS code, for example using some payload like (_note that in this example double quotes are use to escape from the attribute, you won't need them if your input is reflected directly inside the tag_):
Even if you **cannot escape from the attribute** (`"` is being encoded or deleted), depending on **which attribute** your value is being reflected in **if you control all the value or just a part** you will be able to abuse it. For **example**, if you control an event like `onclick=` you will be able to make it execute arbitrary code when it's clicked.\
Another interesting **example** is the attribute `href`, where you can use the `javascript:` protocol to execute arbitrary code: **`href="javascript:alert(1)"`**
The **HTML encoded characters** inside the value of HTML tags attributes are **decoded on runtime**. Therefore something like the following will be valid (the payload is in bold): `<a id="author" href="http://none" onclick="var tracker='http://foo?`**`'-alert(1)-'`**`';">Go Back </a>`
There you can use the protocols **`javascript:`** or **`data:`** in some places to **execute arbitrary JS code**. Some will require user interaction on some won't.
**In general** the `javascript:` protocol can be **used in any tag that accepts the attribute `href`** and in **most** of the tags that accepts the **attribute `src`** (but not `<img`)
Moreover, there is another **nice trick** for these cases\*\*: Even if your input inside `javascript:...` is being URL encoded, it will be URL decoded before it's executed.\*\* So, if you need to **escape** from the **string** using a **single quote** and you see that **it's being URL encoded**, remember that **it doesn't matter,** it will be **interpreted** as a **single quote** during the **execution** time.
Note that if you try to **use both**`URLencode + HTMLencode` in any order to encode the **payload** it **won't****work**, but you can **mix them inside the payload**.
If you can inject any URL in an arbitrary **`<a href=`** tag that contains the **`target="_blank" and rel="opener"`** attributes, check the **following page to exploit this behavior**:
First of all check this page ([https://portswigger.net/web-security/cross-site-scripting/cheat-sheet](https://portswigger.net/web-security/cross-site-scripting/cheat-sheet)) for useful **"on" event handlers**.\
You can execute an **XSS payload inside a hidden attribute**, provided you can **persuade** the **victim** into pressing the **key combination**. On Firefox Windows/Linux the key combination is **ALT+SHIFT+X** and on OS X it is **CTRL+ALT+X**. You can specify a different key combination using a different key in the access key attribute. Here is the vector:
Several tricks with using different encoding were exposed already inside this section. Go **back to learn where can you use HTML encoding, Unicode encoding, URL encoding, Hex and Octal encoding and even data encoding**.
If you found a **XSS in a very small part** of the web that requires some kind of interaction (maybe a small link in the footer with an onmouseover element), you can try to **modify the space that element occupies** to maximize the probabilities of have the link fired.
For example, you could add some styling in the element like: `position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: red; opacity: 0.5`
But, if the WAF is filtering the style attribute, you can use CSS Styling Gadgets, so if you find, for example
This trick was taken from [https://medium.com/@skavans\_/improving-the-impact-of-a-mouse-related-xss-with-styling-and-css-gadgets-b1e5dec2f703](https://medium.com/@skavans\_/improving-the-impact-of-a-mouse-related-xss-with-styling-and-css-gadgets-b1e5dec2f703)
In these case you **input** is going to be **reflected inside the JS code** of a `.js` file or between `<script>...</script>` tags or between HTML events that can execute JS code or between attributes that accepts the `javascript:` protocol.
If your code is inserted within `<script> [...] var input = 'reflected data' [...] </script>` you could easily **escape closing the `<script>`** tag:
```javascript
</script><imgsrc=1onerror=alert(document.domain)>
```
Note that in this example we **haven't even closed the single quote**, but that's not necessary as the **browser first performs HTML parsing** to identify the page elements including blocks of script, and only later performs JavaScript parsing to understand and execute the embedded scripts.
If `<>` are being sanitised you can still **escape the string** where your input is being **located** and **execute arbitrary JS**. It's important to **fix JS syntax**, because if there are any errors, the JS code won't be executed:
In order to construct **strings** apart from single and double quotes JS also accepts **backticks****` `` `** . This is known as template literals as they allow to **embedded JS expressions** using `${ ... }` syntax.\
Therefore, if you find that your input is being **reflected** inside a JS string that is using backticks, you can abuse the syntax `${ ... }` to execute **arbitrary JS code**:
There is **JS code** that is using **unsafely data controlled by an attacker** like `location.href` . An attacker, could abuse this to execute arbitrary JS code.\
Also, don't forget that **at the end of the mentioned post** you can find an explanation about [**DOM Clobbering attacks**](dom-xss.md#dom-clobbering).
You could check is the **reflected values** are being **unicode normalized** in the server (or in the client side) and abuse this functionality to bypass protections. [**Find an example here**](../unicode-injection/#xss-cross-site-scripting).
Due to **RoR mass assignment** quotes are inserted in the HTML and then the quote restriction is bypassed and additoinal fields (onfocus) can be added inside the tag.\
Form example ([from this report](https://hackerone.com/reports/709336)), if you send the payload:
If you find that you can **inject headers in a 302 Redirect response** you could try to **make the browser execute arbitrary JavaScript**. This is **not trivial** as modern browsers do not interpret the HTTP response body if the HTTP response status code is a 302, so just a cross-site scripting payload is useless.
In [**this report**](https://www.gremwell.com/firefox-xss-302) and [**this one**](https://www.hahwul.com/2020/10/03/forcing-http-redirect-xss/) you can read how you can test several protocols inside the Location header and see if any of them allows the browser to inspect and execute the XSS payload inside the body.\
If you are able to indicate the **callback** that javascript is going to **execute** limited to those chars. [**Read this section of this post**](./#javascript-function) to find how to abuse this behaviour.
* More sofisticated JSFuck: [https://medium.com/@Master\_SEC/bypass-uppercase-filters-like-a-pro-xss-advanced-methods-daf7a82673ce](https://medium.com/@Master\_SEC/bypass-uppercase-filters-like-a-pro-xss-advanced-methods-daf7a82673ce)
You **won't be able to access the cookies from JavaScript** if the HTTPOnly flag is set in the cookie. But here you have [some ways to bypass this protection](../hacking-with-cookies/#httponly) if you are lucky enough.
Review the list of ports banned in Chrome [**here**](https://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome/trunk/src/net/base/net\_util.cc) and in Firefox [**here**](https://www-archive.mozilla.org/projects/netlib/portbanning#portlist).
When any data is introduced in the password field, the username and password is sent to the attackers server, even if the client selects a saved password and don't write anything the credentials will be ex-filtrated.
A service worker is a **script** that your browser **runs** in the **background**, separate from a web page, opening the door to features that don't need a web page or user interaction. ([More info about what is a service worker here](https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/primers/service-workers)).\
The goal of this attack is to **create service workers** on the **victim session** inside the **vulnerable** web **domain** that grant the **attacker control** over **all the pages** the **victim** will load in **that domain**.
You can see them in the **Service Workers** field in the **Application** tab of **Developer Tools**. You can also look at [chrome://serviceworker-internals](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/chrome%3A/serviceworker-internals).
If the victim didn't grant push notifications permissions the service worker won't be able to receive communications from the server if the user doesn't access the attacker page again. This will prevent for example, maintain conversations with all the pages that accessed the attacker web page so web a exploit if found the SW can receive it and execute it. However, if the victim grants push notifications permissions this could be a risk.
* A **vulnerable JSONP request** where you can **manipulate the output (with arbitrary JS code)** and a **XSS** to **load the JSONP with a payload** that will **load a malicious service worker**.
In the following example I'm going to present a code to **register a new service worke**r that will listen to the `fetch` event and will **send to the attackers server each fetched URL** (this is the code you would need to **upload** to the **server** or load via a **vulnerable JSONP** response):
And this is the code that will **register the worker** (the code you should be able to execute abusing a **XSS**). In this case a **GET** request will be sent to the **attackers** server **notifying** if the **registration** of the service worker was successful or not:
There is **C2** dedicated to the **exploitation of Service Workers** called [**Shadow Workers**](https://shadow-workers.github.io) that will be very useful to abuse these vulnerabilities.
In an XSS situation, the 24 hour cache directive limit ensures that a malicious or compromised SW will outlive a fix to the XSS vulnerability by a maximum of 24 hours (assuming the client is online). Site operators can shrink the window of vulnerability by setting lower TTLs on SW scripts. We also encourage developers to [build a kill-switch SW](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33986976/how-can-i-remove-a-buggy-service-worker-or-implement-a-kill-switch/38980776#38980776).
<!-- html5sec - eventhandler - element fires an "onpageshow" event without user interaction on all modern browsers. This can be abused to bypass blacklists as the event is not very well known. -->
<!-- ... add more CDNs, you'll get WARNING: Tried to load angular more than once if multiple load. but that does not matter you'll get a HTTP interaction/exfiltration :-]... -->
If a web page is creating a PDF using user controlled input, you can try to **trick the bot** that is creating the PDF into **executing arbitrary JS code**.\
So, if the **PDF creator bot finds** some kind of **HTML****tags**, it is going to **interpret** them, and you can **abuse** this behaviour to cause a **Server XSS**.
AMP is a technology known for developing super fast web pages on mobile clients. **AMP is a set of HTML tags backed by JavaScript** that easily enables functionality with an added focus on performance and security. There are [AMP components](https://amp.dev/documentation/components/?format=websites) for everything from carousels, to responsive form elements, to retrieving fresh content from remote endpoints.
The [**AMP for Email**](https://amp.dev/documentation/guides-and-tutorials/learn/email-spec/amp-email-format/) format provides [a subset of AMP components](https://github.com/ampproject/amphtml/blob/master/docs/spec/email/amp-email-components.md) that you can use in email messages. Recipients of AMP emails can view and interact with the AMP components directly in the email.
Example [**writeup XSS in Amp4Email in Gmail**](https://adico.me/post/xss-in-gmail-s-amp4email).
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